Middle Term Examinations PDF

2 Biology -​ Unit 1: Cell Reproduction & The Continuity of Life ​describe how genetic material is organized within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells ​explain the significance of chromosome number in somatic cells ​describe the stages of the cell cycle ​describe the functions of...

2 Biology -​ Unit 1: Cell Reproduction & The Continuity of Life ​describe how genetic material is organized within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells ​explain the significance of chromosome number in somatic cells ​describe the stages of the cell cycle ​describe the functions of mitosis and cytokinesis ​identify and describe the mitotic phases ​describe differences in cytokinesis for plant and animal cells ​describe somatic cell division using specific terminology ​recognize that meiosis occurs in germ cells ​explain the significance of chromosome number in gametes ​identify and describe the phases of meiosis I and II ​describe gametic cell division using specific terminology ​describe the ways in which meiosis contributes to genetic variation ​compare the processes of mitosis and meiosis ​describe and compare the processes of oogenesis and spermatogenesis using specific terminology ​compare sperm and egg ​explain the human life cycle ​analyze the life cycle of a flowering plant and explain its structure and dynamics ​identify human sperm producing reproductive structures and describe their functions ​describe the path sperm travels through the human sperm producing reproductive system ​identify human egg producing reproductive structures and describe their functions ​describe the path an egg travels through the human egg producing reproductive system. ​identify reproductive hormones and describe their function in reproductive systems ​explain how hormone feedback mechanisms regulate the reproductive system and the menstrual cycle ​Explain the ovarian and uterine cycles  3 ​analyze blood hormone data to infer associated physiological events in reproductive system ​identify and describe the stages, processes, structures, and key events occurring during embryonic development ​identify stages and key events in fetal growth and refinement ​explain the positive feedback mechanisms controlling lactation ​describe the effects of teratogens on embryonic and fetal development. ​identify causes of infertility and sterility in humans ​describe reproductive technologies to enhance the ability to conceive ​describe reproductive technologies to prevent conception ​discuss the risks and benefits to society of reproductive technology use ​debate ethical and moral questions that arise from reproductive technology use ​debate the merits of funding research to enhance conception versus controlling human population growth. -​ Unit 2: Genetic Basis of Hereditary ​explain the roles of evidence, theories, and paradigms in the development of scientific knowledge ​summarize the events and experiments that led to the concept of the gene ​demonstrate an understanding of Mendelian genetics and predict the outcome of various genetic crosses ​state a prediction and a hypothesis based on available evidence and background information ​examine early historical explanations of the mechanism of inheritance and summarize the experiments that led to Mendel’s theory of inheritance ​explain and use the following inheritance-related terminology: genetics, trait, dominant, recessive, gene, allele, genotype, phenotype, homozygous, heterozygous, Punnett square, P, F1 , and F2 generations, test cross, complete dominance, incomplete dominance, co-dominance ​compare ratios of genotypes and phenotypes for crosses with dominant and recessive alleles, incompletely dominant alleles, and co-dominant alleles ​interpret inheritance patterns and predict the outcomes of one and two trait crosses (include monohybrid and dihybrid) and crosses involving incomplete dominance and co-dominance.  4 ​explain how scientific knowledge evolves as new evidence comes to light and as laws and theories are tested and subsequently restricted, revised, or replaced ​explain the Sutton-Boveri chromosome theory of inheritance and Morgan’s amendment, the gene-chromosome theory ​explain inheritance patterns for genes on the same chromosome ​describe how gene linkage and crossing over impact variation ​describe and interpret sex-linked inheritance patterns and predict the outcome of crosses involving sex-linked traits ​describe and interpret inheritance patterns for traits controlled by multiple alleles and predict the outcome of crosses ​describe and interpret polygenic inheritance patterns and predict the outcome of crosses ​describe examples of environmental conditions affecting gene expression ​explain circumstances that lead to genetic disorders ​recognize pedigrees as an important tool for studying inherited genetic disorders ​interpret pedigrees that show inheritance of autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, sex-linked, and multiple allele traits ​analyze pedigrees to identify unknown genotypes and phenotypes