Microsoft Excel 365 PDF

Microsoft Excel 365​ ​ Introduction ​ Collaborative Features: ○​ Allows multiple users to work on the same worksheet simultaneously, enhancing efficiency and teamwork. ○​ Supports combining data fr...

Microsoft Excel 365​ ​ Introduction ​ Collaborative Features: ○​ Allows multiple users to work on the same worksheet simultaneously, enhancing efficiency and teamwork. ○​ Supports combining data from various sources into a single worksheet. ​ Excel Pivot: ○​ Integrates large volumes of data from different sources. ○​ Enables connections between datasets, making Excel a powerful analytical tool. ​ Accessibility: ○​ Can be used online via a web browser with a Microsoft account. ○​ Offers a free version of Excel with cloud functionality. ​ Subscription Model: ○​ Requires monthly or yearly payments for access to premium features. ○​ Includes updates, security enhancements, and bug fixes. ​ Cloud Storage: ○​ Provides 1 TB of OneDrive cloud storage. ○​ Allows secure document storage with global access via the internet. ​ Comparison with Traditional Excel: ○​ Traditional Excel runs on a local computer, accessed via the Start menu. ○​ Online Excel runs on the cloud, accessed through a web browser. ​ User-Friendly Interface: ○​ Similar interface to traditional Excel, making it easy for existing users to adapt. ○​ Designed for users at all levels with a focus on ease of use. ​ Purpose: ○​ Acts as a comprehensive user guide for creating accurate worksheets with formulas and templates. Origin of Excel ​ Microsoft’s Early Years: ○​ Microsoft has existed since the early 1980s. ○​ Excel gained prominence in 1987/1988 with the release of Excel version 2.0. ​ Key Milestones: ○​ Excel version 5.0 included VBA (Visual Basic for Applications), enabling advanced data analysis and reporting for businesses. ​ Modern Versions: ○​ The latest versions are Excel 2019 and Excel 365. ○​ These versions are widely popular due to their enhanced capabilities and impact on business efficiency. ​ Integration with Other Microsoft Applications: ○​ Excel’s functionality improves significantly when used alongside other Microsoft tools, making complex tasks more achievable.  Meaning of Excel ​ Excel is a spreadsheet application with the major of organizing and carrying out calculations on data. ​ A tool for recording, analyzing data, and representing such data on a graph or chart. ​ Most potent electronic application for data analysis and documentation ​ Composed of rows and columns for inputting and managing data. ​ Allows creation and editing of formulas. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Relevance of Excel Excel is favored over other spreadsheet programs and it is utilized in both small and large offices for its effectiveness. Among what makes Excel relevant are the following: a.​ It is used in keeping track of expenditures you made and for monthly budget preparation. b.​ Effective modeling and practically analyzing every data c.​ It is used to create a formula and edit the formula. d.​ Good for finance and accounting analysis. e.​ It is used to create a check and balance of a report and checkbook. f.​ Performing work easier and faster. g.​ Performing better in making a concise and accurate prediction. h.​ Virtually developing the new feature on every new release for proper calculation such as CONCATENATE and TEXTJOIN in Excel 2019. i.​ It is used in storing and manipulating data What is Excel 365? ​ Excel 365 is an online-based version of Excel that operates on the web or cloud through a monthly or yearly subscription. ​ It provides access to new features with each release and allows users to save documents both on the cloud and local storage devices. Difference Between Microsoft Excel Pricing Methods FOR HOME a.​ Microsoft 365 Family Monthly - PHP 756.67 Annually - PHP 7571.90 b.​ Microsoft 365 Personal Monthly - PHP 581.92 Annually - PHP 5824.40 Traditional Excel ​ Traditional Excel, such as versions 2016 and 2019, requires a one-time purchase, allowing lifetime use of the software. ​ Access to new features in future versions, like 2022 or 2025, requires purchasing the updated version at an additional cost.  ​ In contrast, Excel 365 offers continuous updates and new features through a subscription model. Updated Versions and Features Excel 365 ​ Automatic Updates: ○​ Receives updates for new versions, features, security enhancements, and bug fixes. ​ Ease of Access: ○​ Updates can be downloaded with a single click via the update option. ​ Cost Efficiency: ○​ No additional payments required for future updates beyond the ongoing monthly or yearly subscription. Traditional Excel ​ No Automatic Updates: ○​ Updates are not provided for new versions or features unless explicitly purchased. ​ Limited Awareness: ○​ Users are not informed of new releases unless told by others. ​ High Additional Costs: ○​ Substantial payments are required to access newer versions, features, security updates, and bug fixes. ​ Stuck with Older Versions: ○​ Users who don't pay for updates must continue using outdated versions with existing features.​ DOCUMENT SAVING TYPES (AUTOSAVING OR AUTO RECOVER) Excel 365 ​ Autosave Feature: ○​ Automatically saves documents to OneDrive while working. ​ Crash and Power Protection: ○​ Ensures no data loss during system crashes or power outages. ​ Reliability: ○​ Documents remain secure even if the system is destroyed or lost. ​ Global Access: ○​ Documents saved can be accessed from anywhere in the world. Traditional Excel ​ Auto-Recover Feature: ○​ Helps recover unsaved documents caused by power breakdowns or other issues. ​ Conditions for Recovery: ○​ Auto-recovery only works if specific conditions are met. ​ Limitation: ○​ Documents saved or recovered to the system are lost permanently if the system crashes or is lost.​  ​ Collaboration Excel 365 ​ Co-Authoring Feature: ○​ Allows multiple people to work on a single document simultaneously. ​ Global Collaboration: ○​ People can collaborate from anywhere in the world. ​ Invitation Process: ○​ Collaboration is enabled by sending an invitation via a link. ​ Sharing Method: ○​ To share, simply click on "share" and enter the recipient's email address.​ Traditional Excel ​ No Collaboration: ○​ Only one person can work on the document at a time. ​ Sending Document: ○​ You can send the document to others via email, but it does not allow simultaneous collaboration. ​ Lack of Real-Time Collaboration: ○​ Collaboration is not possible in real time; only one person can edit the document at a time. Sub Ribbon Menu Excel 365 ​ Sub Ribbons in Excel 365: ○​ Few in number, focusing on basic tools for data analysis. ​ Similar Menu Tabs: ○​ The tabs appear similar, but each one contains different basic tools. ​ Compact Design: ○​ Each ribbon is minimal, with basic functionalities for ease of use. Traditional Excel ​ Full Sub Ribbons: ○​ Includes all the necessary tools for data analysis. ​ Comprehensive Tools: ○​ Each tab or ribbon contains a complete set of tools for various data analysis tasks. ​ Complete Functionality: ○​ Provides all the tools you need within the ribbons for efficient analysis. Similarities Between Excel 365 and Traditional Excel (Such as 2013, 2019 and others) Let us check the similarities between them, though we can’t mention all, yet, we will mention the major ones.  a.​ Both are downloaded into the computer b.​ Both are spreadsheets for recording and analyzing data. c.​ The Window screen and menu tab are almost the same. ​ Importance of Excel 365 ​ Instant Communication: Facilitates quick messaging within the organization and allows real-time collaboration through online meetings and document sharing. ​ Security Focus: Excel 365 scans documents every minute to protect against malware, ensuring the safety of your documents and information. ​ Cost-Effective and Flexible: Offers a pay-as-you-go system, allowing users to stop payments when the service is not needed and restart payments when required, providing flexibility. ​ 24/7 Accessibility: Provides access to documents and programs anytime, as long as there's a reliable internet connection. CHAPTER TWO What is a Workbook? ​ An Excel workbook is a document that contains one or more worksheets for organizing data. ​ It can be created from a blank document or an available template. Creating a New Excel Workbook From a Blank Document: 1.​ Open the Start menu, scroll down, or type Excel in the search bar and launch it. 2.​ Click on New → Blank Workbook. 3.​ Click on each cell and start entering data. From a Template: 1.​ Open Excel. 2.​ Search for the desired template by scrolling or typing its name in the search box. 3.​ Double-click on the desired template. 4.​ Click on each cell and start entering data. Excel Interface 1. Excel Document ​ An Excel document is called a workbook. ​ The default name of a new workbook is "Book 1".​ 2. Excel Ribbon ​ The ribbon is divided into tabs such as File, Home, Insert, etc. ​ Each tab contains commands for performing specific tasks.​ 3. Name Box and Formula Bar  ​ Name Box: Located at the upper left above the Excel columns, it displays the current cell address. ​ Formula Bar: Located to the right of the Name Box, it displays the content of the selected cell. 4. Column, Row, and Cell ​ Column: Arranged vertically and identified by letters (A, B, C,... XFD). ​ Row: Arranged horizontally and identified by numbers (1, 2, 3,... 1,048,576). ​ Cell: The intersection of a row and a column (e.g., A1, B3, C5).​ 5. Worksheet Navigation Key ​ A button that allows forward and backward movement between worksheets in a workbook.​ 6. Status Bar Indicates the current mode of the worksheet: 1.​ Ready Mode: No data has been entered. 2.​ Enter Mode: The user is currently typing in a cell. 3.​ Edit Mode: The user is editing a cell (activated by double-clicking the cell).​ 7. Plus (+) Icon ​ Used to add new worksheets to a workbook.​ 8. Worksheet ​ The main workspace where numbers, letters, and formulas are entered for calculations.​ 9. Scroll Bar ​ Allows navigation to different parts of the worksheet. 10. Zoom Slider ​ Adjusts the view size of the worksheet by zooming in or out. Understanding Rows, Columns, and Cell Addresses ​ Rows: ○​ Identified by numbers (1, 2, 3, … 1,048,576). ○​ Run horizontally across the worksheet. ​ Columns: ○​ Identified by letters (A, B, C, … XFD). ○​ Run vertically in the worksheet. ​ Cells: ○​ Each cell is the intersection of a row and a column. ○​ The cell address (cell reference) is represented by column letter + row number (e.g., A1, B3). ​ Cell Range:  ○​ A group of two or more cells. ○​ Identified by the first and last cell in the range (e.g., A1:A8). Excel Workbook Excel Workbook ​ A workbook is an Excel file/document that contains one or more worksheets. ​ It is used to organize and arrange data in different groupings (worksheets). ​ A workbook can contain an unlimited number of worksheets, depending on data size. Excel Worksheet Excel Worksheet ​ A worksheet is a single page (spreadsheet) within a workbook. ​ Users can write, edit, and manage data on a worksheet. ​ A worksheet consists of rectangular cells, which are the intersections of rows and columns. ​ Each cell has an address (e.g., A1, B5), which is used for referencing data. ​ A workbook can contain multiple worksheets, with no set limit. Entering Date in the Worksheet Cell 1.​ Ways to Enter Data in Excel ​ Data can be entered in: ○​ A single cell ○​ Multiple cells ○​ Multiple worksheets at once ​ Data types include: ○​ Text (e.g., "Product Name") ○​ Numbers (e.g., "12345") ○​ Dates (e.g., "01/29/2025") ○​ Time (e.g., "10:30 AM") 2.​ Protected Worksheets ​ If you cannot enter or edit data, the worksheet may be protected to prevent accidental changes. ​ A locked worksheet allows viewing but restricts editing. 3.​ How to Unprotect a Worksheet a.​ Go to the "Review" tab. b.​ Find the "Changes" group and select "Unprotect Sheet." c.​ Click "OK." If the sheet is password-protected, you must enter the correct password to unlock it. The Basic Knowledge of Entering Data in Excel 1.​ Avoid empty rows and columns ​ Do not leave empty rows or columns within a data range. ​ Empty spaces interfere with Excel features like charts, pivot tables, and formulas. ​ Ensuring continuous data allows Excel to select related data when sorting, filtering, or using AutoSum. 2.​ Avoid using numbers as column headings ​ Use descriptive text headers instead of numbers (e.g., "Sales" instead of "100, 200, 300"). ​ Numbers as headers may be included in calculations, leading to incorrect results. 3.​ Keep unrelated data separate ​ Keep similar data together. ​ Separate unrelated data by inserting a blank row or column. ​ This helps Excel recognize and select correct data ranges for tables or formulas. 4.​ Text and number alignment in excel ​ Text is aligned to the left, and numbers are aligned to the right by default. ​ If alignment appears incorrect, check if data is in the right format. 5.​ Use cell references and named ranges in formulas ​ Cell references identify a single cell (e.g., A1, B3). ​ Named ranges identify multiple cells (e.g., "SalesData" for A1:A10). ​ Using these reduces errors in formulas and makes calculations easier. 6.​ Avoid typing units with numbers ​ Do not type unit symbols (%, $, °C, km, etc.) with numbers, as Excel may interpret them as text. ​ Instead, enter numbers first, then format the cells as: ○​ Percentage (%) ○​ Currency ($, £, etc.) ○​ Other measurement units 7.​ Pointing to data in formulas ​ Instead of manually typing references, click on the cell while entering a formula. ​ This reduces errors caused by mistyping cell references 8.​ Selecting data for sorting ​ Excel automatically selects related data for sorting, even with empty rows or columns. ​ However, Excel excludes field names (headers) from sorting. ​ For large datasets, manually select the exact data range to avoid errors. Typing Data in Excel 1.​ Typing Text in Cells -​ Click on a cell to make it active, then type your text. -​ Press Enter to move to the next row. -​ Press Tab to move to the next column. -​ Text appears to overflow into adjacent empty cells, but it belongs only to the original cell. -​ Use arrow keys to navigate up, down, left, or right. 2.​ Typing Numeric Values -​ Click on a cell, type the number, and press Enter or use arrow keys to move. -​ Numbers align to the right of the cell by default, while text aligns to the left.  -​ If a number overlaps with text, check the formula bar to verify its contents. 3.​ Typing Dates and Time Values -​ Excel automatically formats dates when entered in a recognizable format (e.g., 20/03 → March 20). -​ If the date aligns to the left, Excel does not recognize it as a date (it's treated as text). -​ Use formulas to calculate dates: Example: =B8 + 5 adds 5 days to the date in cell B8. -​ Time values follow a similar format and are also recognized for calculations. 4.​ Checking Cell Contents -​ Click on a cell, and check the Formula Bar at the top to see its actual contents. -​ This is useful when text appears cut off or when checking numbers, formulas, or dates.​ A.​ Combining Data with Flash Fill ​ Flash Fill automatically completes data patterns based on the first entry. Steps: 1.​ Enter First Name, Last Name, and Establishment in row 1. 2.​ Assume all emails follow the format: 3.​ [email protected] 4.​ Manually type the first email in D2 (e.g., [email protected]). 5.​ Ensure D2 is active, go to the Data tab → Flash Fill. 6.​ Excel will automatically generate emails for other employees.​ B.​ Extracting Data with Flash Fill ​ Use Flash Fill to extract specific data from a longer sequence. Example: Extracting first 2 digits and last 3 digits from an SSN. 1.​ In D2, type the first extracted SSN manually (e.g., 28/293). 2.​ Keep D2 active, go to Data tab → Flash Fill. 3.​ Excel will extract matching patterns for all rows.​ C.​ Using Autofill for Sequences ​ AutoFill detects patterns like: ○​ Numbers (1, 2, 3…) ○​ Months (January, February…) ○​ Days (Monday, Tuesday…) Steps: 1.​ Type the first item (e.g., February in A1). 2.​ Type the second item (e.g., March in A2). 3.​ Select both cells. 4.​ Drag the AutoFill handle (small green square at bottom-right corner). 5.​ AutoFill completes the series automatically.  Quick Duplicate Data: ​ Select multiple empty cells. ​ Type a value in the first cell and press Ctrl + Enter to fill all. ​ Or hold Ctrl, select multiple cells, and enter data. ✅ Flash Fill automates text patterns (e.g., emails, extracted numbers). NOTES: ✅ AutoFill extends numeric and date sequences. ✅ Use Ctrl + Enter to quickly copy data into multiple cells. FORMATTING NUMBERS, DATES, CURRENCY, AND TIME IN EXCEL Excel automatically applies formats to numbers, dates, and times, but you can customize them based on your needs. 1.​ Formatting Dates By default, typing 23/3 changes to 23-March. To adjust: a.​ Select the range (e.g., C2 to C7). b.​ Go to Home tab → Number group. c.​ Click Long Date to display a full date format. 2.​ Formatting Currency To apply a currency format: a.​ Select the range (e.g., D2 to D7). b.​ Go to Home tab → Number group. c.​ Click Currency (₱ for PHP, $ for USD, etc.). d.​ Click More Number Formats for additional currency options. 3.​ Formatting Numbers with Decimals To ensure numbers have two decimal places: a.​ Select range (e.g., E2 to E7). b.​ Go to Home tab → Number group. c.​ Click Number to apply formatting. d.​ Use More Number Formats for additional settings. e.​ Shortcut: Press Ctrl + 1 to open the Number Format dialog box. DATA VALIDATION IN EXCEL Data Validation helps control what kind of data can be entered into a cell. ✅ It can: ✅ Restrict values to whole numbers or decimals ✅ Limit character length for text entries ✅ Allow only specific date/time ranges Create drop-down lists  1.​ Restricting Data to Whole Numbers or Decimals a.​ Select the cell(s) you want to apply validation to. b.​ Go to Data tab → Data Validation. c.​ Under Allow, choose Whole number or Decimal. d.​ Set Minimum and Maximum values. i.​ Example: To allow only customer numbers between 5500 and 10000, enter: Minimum: 5500 Maximum: 10000 e.​ Click OK. If an invalid number is entered, Excel shows a warning message. 2.​ Limiting Text Character Length a.​ Select the cell(s) for restriction. b.​ Go to Data tab → Data Validation. c.​ Under Allow, choose Text Length. d.​ Set limits under Data (e.g., Between 7 and 15 characters). e.​ Click OK.​ 3.​ Validating Dates and Times a.​ Select the cell(s). b.​ Go to Data tab → Data Validation. c.​ Under Allow, choose Date or Time. d.​ Under Data, select an option like Between. e.​ Enter start and end limits (e.g., June 10 to June 17 for leave requests). f.​ Click OK. Tip: If an entry does not follow the validation rules, Excel will prevent it and show an error message. ✅ NOTES: ✅ Number formatting changes how data appears but not its actual value. ✅ Use Data Validation to ensure correct data entry (whole numbers, text length, dates, etc.). ✅ Ctrl + 1 is the shortcut for the Number Format dialog box. Excel automatically warns users when invalid data is entered.​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ CHAPTER THREE ​ Improving Your Worksheet​ Editing Worksheet Data Editing worksheet data involves changing the contents of a cell. This can be done by: ​ Clicking on the cell and editing directly. ​ Typing in the formula bar to edit the active cell's content. Edit Mode: ​ Arrow Key Behavior: In Edit mode, arrow keys move the cursor word-by-word within the cell, instead of moving to other cells. ​ Limitations: In Edit mode, special formatting or alignment adjustments can't be applied. How to Enter Edit Mode: ​ Methods: a.​ Click the cell you want to edit, then click the formula bar. b.​ Double-click the cell, or press “F2” to edit the data. Navigating Around the Worksheet: ​ Active Cell Indicator: The dark shape that surrounds the active cell. Methods of Navigation: ○​ Click on a cell to make it active. ○​ Use arrow keys to move the active cell.  Note: to scroll back to the active cell, perhaps you can’t see it anymore on the screen, simply press Ctrl + Backspace​ Structuring your Worksheet: Objective: Organize the worksheet to easily identify columns and rows for data entry. ​ This chapter discusses improving the appearance by using features like: ○​ Hiding rows and columns. ○​ Freezing and splitting rows and columns. Freezing and Splitting columns and rows: Freezing: ​ Used to lock particular rows and columns while you scroll. ​ Keeps the top row and first column visible, making it easier to navigate the data tags in large worksheets. ​ Useful when you scroll deeper into the worksheet and need to always view the column/row headers. Splitting: ​ Allows you to create separate windows within the same worksheet. ​ You can drag the split line to change its position. ​ To remove splits, double-click the split bar. ​ Unlike freezing, splitting does not keep rows and columns locked in place like freezing does. How to Freeze or Split Rows/Columns: Select the Cell: Click on the row below or the column to the right of the area you want to freeze or split. 1.​ Split: ​ Go to the View tab, click the Split button. ​ A split bar will appear at the left side of the horizontal scroll bar or above the vertical scroll bar. The pointer will change to two arrows when you hover over it. ​ Drag the split bar to split the screen horizontally or vertically. 2.​ Freeze: ​ Go to the View tab, click the Freeze Panes button. ​ Choose either to freeze the top row or the first column. ​ A line will appear on the screen to indicate the frozen or split area. Additional Notes: Once freezing or splitting is done, everything else in the worksheet will move, except for the frozen and split sections. Unfreeze and Unsplit Rows and Columns ​ Unsplit: 1.​ Click the Split button once.  2.​ Double-click either of the two split bars to remove it. 3.​ Drag the split bar to the top, right, or left side of the worksheet to unsplit. ​ Unfreeze: 1.​ Click on Freeze Panes under the View tab. 2.​ Select Unfreeze Panes to remove the freeze. Hiding and Unhiding Rows and Columns Why Hide Rows and Columns? -​ Useful when working with large datasets to reduce clutter. -​ Helps in focusing on specific sections of data. How to Hide Rows 1.​ Select the row(s) you want to hide. 2.​ Right-click and select Hide from the drop-down menu. Shortcut: Press Ctrl + 9. 3.​ Hidden rows will disappear from view. How to Unhide Rows 1.​ Select the rows above and below the hidden row(s). 2.​ Right-click and select Unhide from the drop-down menu. Shortcut: Press Ctrl + Shift + 9. Unhiding the First Row (Row 1) 1.​ Type A1 in the cell selection box (next to the formula bar) and press Enter. 2.​ Go to the Home tab → Format → Hide & Unhide → Unhide Rows. Shortcut: Press Ctrl + Shift + 9. How to Hide Columns 1.​ Select the column by clicking its letter identifier (e.g., Column D). 2.​ Right-click and select Hide from the menu. Shortcut: Press Ctrl + 0 (zero). 3.​ The column will disappear. How to Unhide Columns 1.​ Select the columns on both sides of the hidden column. 2.​ Right-click and select Unhide from the menu. Shortcut: Press Ctrl + Shift + 0 (zero). Unhiding the first Column (Column A) 1.​ Type A1 in the cell selection box and press Enter. 2.​ Go to Home → Format → Hide & Unhide → Unhide Columns. Unhide All Rows and Columns at Once 1.​ Select the entire worksheet by pressing Ctrl + A. 2.​ Right-click on the row and column identifiers. 3.​ Select Unhide from the menu. Shortcut: Press Ctrl + Shift + 9 to unhide all rows and columns. Note: ​ If your worksheet is cluttered, hiding unnecessary rows and columns can improve readability. ​ Use these shortcuts to quickly navigate and organize your worksheet. Comments for Documenting Your Worksheet What Are Comments? ​ Comments are notes attached to a cell to provide additional details, especially for special numbers and formulas How to Identify Comments: ​ A small red triangle appears at the top-right corner of a cell containing a comment. ​ Hovering over the triangle displays the comment in a pop-up box. Essential Things to Know about Comments 1.​ Inserting a Comment Steps: a.​ Click on the cell where you want to insert a comment. b.​ Go to the Review tab and click New Comment. c.​ Type your comment in the pop-up box. d.​ Click outside the comment box to save it. 2.​ Viewing a Comment -​ Hover the mouse pointer over the red triangle to view the comment. 3.​ Finding a Comment a.​ Navigate to the Review tab. b.​ Use the Previous or Next button to move between comments. 4.​ Editing a Comment Steps: a.​ Select the cell that contains the comment. b.​ Go to the Review tab and click Edit Comment. c.​ Modify the comment in the pop-up box. 5.​ Deleting a Comment Method 1: Using the Review Tab 1.​ Select all the cells containing comments. 2.​ Go to the Review tab and click the Delete button. Method 2: Using Find & Select 1.​ Select all cells with comments. 2.​ Go to the Home tab. 3.​ Click Find and Select → Go To Special.  4.​ In the Go To Special dialog box, choose Comments and click OK. 5.​ Delete the comments.​ Additional Tip: Personalizing Comments ​ You can insert your name into comments: ​ Click the Office button and select Excel Options. ​ Choose Popular Category. ​ Enter your name in the Username text box. Selecting Cells in a Worksheet 1.​ Selecting an Individual Cell -​ Left-click on the cell to make it active. A thick box will surround the active cell. -​ Alternatively, use the arrow keys to navigate to the cell. -​ To edit cell data, press F2 on the keyboard. 2.​ Selecting Multiple Individual Cells -​ Hold down the Ctrl key and click on each cell you want to select. -​ Selected cells will become shaded to indicate selection. 3.​ Selecting a Range of Cells Method 1 (Using Shift Key) ​ Click on the first cell in the range. ​ Hold down the Shift key and click on the last cell in the range. Method 2 (Click and Drag) ​ Click the first cell in the range. ​ Hold the left mouse button and drag to the last cell in the range. 4.​ Selecting All Cells -​ Click the square area at the top-left of the worksheet (above row numbers and left of column letters). -​ OR press Ctrl + A to select all cells. Deleting, Copying, and Moving Data Deleting Cell Contents Method 1: Using the Delete Key ​ Select the cells to delete and press the Delete key on the keyboard. Method 2: Using the Clear Contents Option ​ Right-click the selected cells → Select Clear Contents. ​ OR go to the Home tab → Click Clear → Select Clear Contents. Note: Avoid using the Delete button in the Home tab, as it removes both the cell contents and the cell itself. Moving and Copying Cell Contents ​ Moving and Copying follow similar steps, with a slight difference. Steps:  1.​ Select the cell(s) you want to move or copy. 2.​ Right-click and choose Cut (to move) or Copy (to duplicate). 3.​ Click on the destination cell, right-click, and select Paste. Alternative Drag-and-Drop Method: 1.​ Click the cell's edge and wait for the pointer to turn into a four-headed arrow. 2.​ To Move: Click and drag the cell to the new location. 3.​ To Copy: Hold Ctrl key while dragging to duplicate the contents. Managing Worksheets 1.​ Moving a Worksheet ​ Click on the worksheet tab at the bottom of the screen to switch sheets. ​ OR use the navigation scroll button on the left of the worksheet tabs. 2.​ Rearranging Worksheets Method 1: Drag-and-Drop ​ Click and drag the worksheet tab to a new position. ​ A black arrow and page icon will appear to indicate the new position. Method 2: Using Format Menu ​ Go to the Home tab → Select Format under the "Cells" ribbon. ​ Click Move or Copy → A dialog box appears. ​ Select the position where you want to move the worksheet → Click OK. 3.​ Selecting Worksheets ​ Click on a worksheet tab to select it. ​ To select multiple sheets, hold Ctrl and click on each worksheet tab. ​ To select all worksheets, right-click on any worksheet tab and select "Select All Sheets". 4.​ Renaming a Worksheet Method 1: Using Format Menu ​ Go to the Home tab → Select Format under the "Cells" ribbon. ​ Click Rename and type the new name. Method 2: Right-Click Method ​ Right-click the worksheet tab → Select Rename. ​ Enter the new name and press Enter. 5.​ Copying a Worksheet ​ Hold Ctrl, then click and drag the worksheet tab to another position. 6.​ Adding a New Worksheet ​ Click on the "+" (New Worksheet) icon next to existing worksheet tabs. 7.​ Coloring a Worksheet Tab ​ Right-click on the worksheet tab → Select Tab Color.  ​ Choose the desired color from the submenu. 8.​ Deleting a Worksheet Method 1: Using Format Menu ​ Go to the Home tab → Click Delete under the "Cells" ribbon. ​ Select Delete Sheet from the drop-down list. Method 2: Right-Click Method ​ Right-click the worksheet tab → Select Delete. Restricting Others from Accessing your Worksheet Hiding a Worksheet ​ Select the worksheet → Go to the Home tab. ​ Click Format under the "Cells" ribbon → Select Hide & Unhide. ​ Choose Hide Sheet from the drop-down list. ○​ Shortcut: Right-click the worksheet tab and select Hide. Unhiding a Worksheet ​ Go to the Home tab → Click Format. ​ Select Hide & Unhide → Click Unhide Sheet. ​ A dialog box appears → Select the worksheet to unhide → Click OK. Protecting you Worksheet Purpose of Protecting your Worksheet ​ Protecting a worksheet prevents unauthorized users from: ○​ Editing or formatting cell contents. ○​ Adding or removing rows and columns. ○​ Modifying formulas or data. How to Protect a Worksheet ​ Select the worksheet you want to protect. ​ Go to the Review tab → Click Protect Sheet. ​ A Protect Sheet dialog box will appear. ​ Enter a password in the provided space (optional). ​ This ensures only authorized users can unprotect the sheet. ​ Under "Allow All Users of This Worksheet To:", select actions you want to permit: ○​ Example: Allow users to format cells but not edit them. ​ Deselect "Select locked cells" to prevent any cell from being modified. ​ Click OK. ​ If you set a password, you will be asked to confirm it → Click OK. How to Unprotect a Worksheet ​ Go to the Review tab → Click Unprotect Sheet. ​ Enter the password (if one was set). ​ Click OK to remove the protection.