Microbiology Exam 1 Review.docx

Microbiology Exam 1 Review Viruses: Every virus has either DNA or RNA, they do not contain both Structure Made up of genetic info + protein layer Core = Nucleic acids = Genetic Info (RNA/DNA)—can contain RNA or DNA but not both Protein Layer = Capsid Structure can be: Icosahedral- Appear spherical Polio, rhinovirus, adenovirus Enveloped- Virus is encased in an envelope (lipid bilayer membrane) Influenza, Hepatitis C, HIV Complex- Combo of icosahedral and helical shape May have head-tail morphology, which is specific to viruses that only infect bacteria (bacteriophage) Helical- Capsid with central cavity/hollow (tube) Filamentous viruses like tobacco mosaic cirrus Anatomy of a virus- spherical/icosahedral shape Enveloped virus- encased or enveloped in a lipid bilayer. It gets its envelope from budding out of infected host cell and taking a piece of the cell’s membrane with it. Some virus’s envelopes have spikes that contain hemagglutinin & neuraminidase ex.) flu, Hep C, HIV Naked virus- composed only of a nucleocapsid- only capsid and genome, no envelope Capsid- protein layer that surrounds and protects the nucleic acid/genome, made up of capsomere subunits (only thing covering the genome) Genome- DNA or RNA, not both DNA viruses- contain single or double stranded DNA genomes Replicated in host cell DNA RNA viruses- contain single or double-stranded RNA genomes Replicated in host cell ribosomes Nucleic acid- called the genome- makes up the core of the virus, which then make-up the genetic information in the form of RNA or DNA. Surrounded by a capsid *How They Work Enter body through mouth, eyes, nose, genitals, wounds/bites, or through common vesicles (food, water, blood), or via vectors (mosquitos, rats, etc.) Adhere to cell surface & enters the cell Inside the cell, it releases it’s DNA/RNA into the cells nucleus. Uses cell’s machinery (ribosomes) to replicate its viral DNA/RNA *Viruses REPLICATE, they do NOT reproduce Replicated virus leaves the cell nucleus and then leaves the cell entirely. New copies of the virus go on to infect other healthy cells where they replicate again. Infected cells are damaged/die in this process. Virion = Completely assembled, INFECTIOUS, virus outside its host cell Spikes = influence contains 2 types of spikes Hemagglutinin- lets the virus in Searches for specific cell proteins and binds to the cell Binds to sugar proteins on the cell surface), cleaves the membrane and allows influenza to enter- the entire virus is carried inside the cell Helps the virion attach and penetrate host cell Reason why influenza is so effective Neuraminidase- lets the virus out Helps to release assembled virions by cleaving sialic acid from the cells surface to facilitate viral release from the infected cell. Replaces virus bud from the host cell surface by binding between hemagglutinin and the sialic acid Helps release virions from host cell after replication and assembly Hemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein Single viral protein containing both hemagglutinin and neuraminidase allowing the virus to stick to a potential host cell and cut itself loose if necessary Antigenic Drift Small changes to a virus composition so that the antibody (immune system) can NOT stick to it Accumulation of mutations within genes that encode changes in antibody binding site that was originally targeted Makes it easier for the virus to spread, may change the shape of a spike Presents in influenzas, mostly A Antigenic Shift Major, abrupt change to a virus resulting in a new hemagglutinin and/or hemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins Most people do not have immunity to the novel virus- this is why we need a new flu vaccine every year Results in new influenza A subtype- results in new pandemic/ epidemic Hemagglutinin- Subtypes of flu. H1, H2, H3 attack humans. Other subtypes H5 attack birds. Danger occurs when these different subtypes/strains start trading genes EX: H3N2 + H5N1 = H5N2 Reason why Influenza virus is so effective Neuraminidase- Facilitates viral release from the infected cell Hemaglutinin-Neuraminidase Protein- H-N is a single viral protein containing H & N. Human virus- attacks human Virion- entire virus enters host cell, uncoats and releases nucleic acid Bacteria virus (bacteriophage)- only infects bacteria When virus attacks and enters cell it uncoats, bacteria attach to surface and injects the nucleic acid into bacteria Adenovirus Mimics strep throat and can only distinguish from strep with a throat culture Most infections result in infections of the upper respiratory tract “Killer cold virus” Influenza virus- Influenza A, B and C Orthomyxoviridae (family of RNA viruses) Envelope/spikes Tamiflu can block viral activation Symptoms: Temp 104, Cough, Muscle/body aches , Fatigue Hemagglutinin- It is responsible for binding the virus to cells Neuraminidase- on the surface of influenza viruses that enables the virus to be released from the host cell Highly communicable acute respiratory infection transmitted by airborne respiratory droplets Contains 2 spikes-hemagglutinin & neuraminidase Influenza A- strikes every year and causes most pandemics- MOST COMMON Influenza B- also strikes every year, but is less common then type A Influenza C- causes a mild respiratory illness, but not epidemics Complications from influenza virus Guillain-Barre Syndrome- damages nerves Most commonly, infection with campylobacter, a type of bacteria often found in undercooked poultry Damages a nerves myelin sheath resulting in weakness, numbness, and paralysis Also triggered by cytomegalovirus, EBV, Zika, Hep A, B, C and E... etc. Immune system attacks part of PNS 2-3 weeks after recovered from influenza you will have polio like symptoms toward the lower part of the body First symptoms are weakness and tingling in legs Reyes Syndrome Rapidly progressive encephalopathy Caused by aspirin Can attack any child, teen, or adult without warning (ages 4-12 most common) Early diagnosis is vital!! May lead to severe brain injury or even death All body organs are affected with the liver and brain suffering most seriously After effect of chicken pox and influenza with aspirin use for a viral infection in children Has 5 stages Stage 1: Rash on palms/feet + Persistent/heavy vomiting not relieved by eating + lethargy, confusion/nightmares, no fever Stage 2: stupor, hyperventilation, fatty liver, hyperactive reflexes Stage 3: continuation of I and II, possible coma and cerebral edema, rarely-respiratory arrest Stage 4: deepening coma, dilated pupils, minimal liver function Stave 5: rapid onset, deep coma, multiple organ failure, seizure, death Symptoms include rash, stupor, coma, respiratory difficulties, seizures, and death Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Seen in young children <1 Infects the bronchioles and alveoli of the lungs, causing cells to fuse together into syncytia à damaged cells Parainfluenza Virus- mild influenza Human parainfluenza virus 1 and 2 is croup (seen in young children) Human parainfluenza virus 3 is bronchitis and pneumonia Infections are usually caused by human parainfluenza viruses 1 and 3 Milder than RS disease Respiratory syncytial (RS) disease is caused by the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), which affects kids <1yr old. Infects bronchioles/alveoli causing cells to fuse together into syncytia Hantavirus- Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome Reservoir is a deer mouse (rodents), virus is shed in saliva, urine & feces Humans inhale the rodent excreta Prevent by eliminating rodent nests Can lead to respiratory failure as lungs fill with fluid TORCH (transplacental group of viruses)- bacteria, viruses, and other organisms are able to be passed from mother to child in the womb through the placenta T- toxoplasmosis O-other infections R-rubella C-cytomegalovirus H-herpes simplex virus 1 & 2 or neonatal herpes simplex What do all cytomegaly, toxoplasmosis and herpes all have in common? They are all transplacental Herpes virus: large family- in all herpes viruses you get a vesicle with the virus inside Type 1 Alpha HSV 1 – Herpes labialis HSV 2 – Herpes genitalis HZV – Chickenpox, Zoster (shingles), Rey’s Syndrome Type 2 Beta CMV – mono, retinitis, congenital encephalitis Type 3 Gamma EBV – mono, malignancy HHV-6 Roseola HHV1: cold sores around the mouth (above the waist) Can lead to genital herpes with oral to genital contact Etiology = herpes labialis, ocular herpes, gingivostomatitis, pharyngitis Transmission = close contact of face Latency = Terminal ganglion Skin lesions = face and mouth Neonatal encephalitis = causes up to 30% HHV2: genital (below the waist), common STD ▪ Can also cause cold sores on the face Etiology = herpes genitalis Transmission = sexual or close contact Latency = sacral ganglion Skin lesions = internal and external thighs and butt Neonatal encephalitis = causes most cases HHV3: Varicella- zoster virus Chickenpox- cropped tear drop lesions, all appear at different times, blisters are filled with the virus Contagious until scab falls off Red itchy rash spreads across the entire body à fluid filled vesicles Located on waist, back, face, chest, nipple, forehead Secondary effects: Reyes syndrome Shingles - herpes zoster, occurs along dermatomes Reaction to the Can occur at any age, more common later in life Pain in area supplied by sensory nerves – chest or abdomen Rash characteristics of chicken pox after a few days to 2 weeks Symptoms = headache, facial paralysis, visual problems Zoster Immune Globulin ZIG: Varicella post exposure prophylaxis What age group most commonly gets herpes zoster(shingles)? Adults & both sexes HHV4: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) Major cause of mono- “the kissing disease”, transmitted through saliva The most prominent cell in the blood with mono is atypical lymphocytes called Downey cells HHV5: Cytomegalovirus (C in TORCH)- cells get too large, cytoplasm increases Also, a cause of mono Can trigger Guillain-Barre syndrome Bigger problem in immunocompromised, barley causes problems in people with a healthy immune system Congenital infections cause many long-term problems and deaths HHV6: Roseola High fever and red rash in children HHV7: Closely related to HHV6, can cause roseola HHV8: Discovered in tumors called Kaposi’s sarcoma found in people with AIDS. May also cause other cancers Neonatal herpes Caused by herpes virus 1 & 2 Life threatening disease passed from infected mother to newborns during childbirth What is the most common problem of herpes? Its latent, remains in the body What is inside the herpes vesicle? The virus Smallpox- variola virus Round lesions that all appear at same time Pink-red macules à papules à fluid-filled vesicles à pustules Fluid in the vesicles contain the virus Guarneri inclusions are seen Can be used as bioterrorism What is the difference between smallpox and chickenpox? Chickenpox (herpes virus)- cropped tear drop lesions, all appear at different times Smallpox- lesions that are rounding, and all appear at the same time, Guarneri inclusions are seen Rubeola- measles Highly contagious infection “Sneezles”- respiratory virus spread from people sneezing/coughing- airborne respiratory droplets Causes red rash and koplik spots- red patches with white grain-like centers on the gum line Secondary effect of measles is subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) Prevented by the MMR vaccine Koplik spots are diagnostic of rubeola/measles Rubella- German measles (R in TORCH) measles? Mild viral infection marked by an occasional fever and pale-pink maculopapular rash Congenital infections can result in fetus death NO koplik spots Prevented by the MMR vaccine Difference between measles and german measles = not caused by same virus How is measles and german measles similar = both have breaking out in rashes Incubation = 2-3 weeks Mumps Secondary effect is orchitis in males and oophoritis in females (sterility) Characterized by enlarged jaw tissue caused by swollen salivary glands Swelling of one or more parotid glands 15-18 days after exposure Most contagious after 48 hours prior to symptoms Prevented by the MMR vaccine Complications: Orchitis – men testicles swollen, become sterile Oophritis – women ovaries swollen, become sterile Brain encephalitis Fifths disease- “slap cheek disease” Red, glossy rash on cheeks May be mistaken for the following: Measles Scarlet fever Rubella Molluscum Contagiosum Wart-like skin lesions/ growths Firm waxy depression in middle Molluscum bodies in cells from the base of the lesions When you squeeze it what comes out? The virus Human papilloma virus (HPV)-infections cause warts Causes common or genital warts Associated with cervical cancer CHEAPTORCHES C: Chickenpox & shingles H: Hepatitis B C (D) E E: Enterovirus A: AIDS/HIV P: Parovirus B19 T: Toxoplasmosis O: Other- Group B Strep, Listeria, Candida, Lymes, Polio R: Rubella (measles) C: Cytomegalovirus H: Herpes Simplex Lipschutz bodies (anytime you see this associate with herpes!) Gingiovostomatitis –infection of both mouth and gums Keratitis Encephalitis – cancer of the cervix E: Everything else sexually transmitted- Gonorrhea, Chlamydia, HPV S: Syphilis Kawasaki Syndrome = Desquamation of fingers and toes leading cause of heart disease in US affects children between 1-2 characterized by high fever and sore throat and then red spots. Hepatitis- A and E are water born; the rest are blood borne Hepatitis A- short incubation hepatitis → water born Virus in feces Intestinal tract – viremia (liver, kidney, spleen) Food handlers 50% of infections are subclinical (signs/symptoms undetectable) No chronic form Hepatitis B- long incubation hepatitis → blood born Has 3 different antigens, we test for hepatitis B through the surface antigen- HBsAG Symptoms: Loss of appetite, joint pain, low grade fever Jaundice later on Hepatitis C - #1 cause of hepatitis in the U.S → test for antigens Hepatitis C damage (cirrhosis) is the number 1 cause of liver transplants in the U.S Transfusion is a common transmission source ▪ Causes esophageal varices and hemorrhage If you get hepatitis B and D at the same time= death sentence Hepatitis D people who carried HBV also carried the delta antigen Higher incidence of liver disease and high mortality rate HDV is linked to HBV Spread sexually Hepatitis E Infectious non-a and non-b Fecal and oral Resembles Hep A but not related serologically Hepatitis G Severe Yellow fever- the first human disease associated with a virus Arbovirus – any group of viruses that are transmitted by mosquitos Mosquito incubation period 3-6 days Affects lymph nodes, liver, spleen, kidney, heart for days Early stages: Fever, chills, nausea, headache, backache, vomiting Late stages: Jaundice, delirium, bleeding gums, bloody stools, hemoptysis No treatment Councilman bodies – dying hepatocytes (liver) Dengue fever Characteristic: “it feels like every bone in my body is breaking”- breakbone fever Transmitted via mosquitos Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever In the Ebola family Reservoir: African fruit bat Saddleback T.C Fever cycle (high in the day, low at night, repeats) Types of Viral Gastroenteritis (enteroviruses)- GI dysfunction, vomiting, diarrhea Poliovirus- is an enterovirus that attacks the nerve cells and causes poliomyelitis Effects myelin on motor neurons Paralysis is the major complication of polio Transmitted by contact with stool from an infected person 3 different types- all types can cause paralysis Spinal polio Bulbar polio Bubospinal polio Post-Polio Syndrome: New symptoms develop gradually overtime (30-50 years)- nerve fibers degenerate as they are used- fatigue, muscle weakness, sleep apnea, joint/muscle pain. Polio wall- “take 5 steps and you hit a wall of tiredness ECHO virus Enteric, Cytopathogenic (affects cells in the gut), Human, Orphan (virus w/ no disease) Virus without a disease that mimics everything A virus looking for a disease- r/o everything before diagnosing this Infections similar to Coxsackie Infectious Mononucleosis Chronic fatigue syndrome Epstein-Barr virus Downey cells (associated with EBV or CMV) Paul-Bunnell Test for Heterophile antibody Different species but similar protein structures (sheep and horse RBC's) It is NOT the Epstein Barr virus Most infected WBC in mono is the atypical lymphocyte NOT monocyte Pyknotic nucleus- foamy, vacuolated cytoplasm is the Downey cell (associated with EBV) Atypical lymphocyte - These WBC's are "atypical" because they are larger (more cytoplasm) and have nucleoli in their nuclei. The cytoplasm tends to be indented by surrounding RBC's. Such atypical lymphocytes are often associated with infectious mononucleosis from Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. Coxsackie Type A: Hand, foot, and mouth disease, most common in kids Painful red blisters on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet Type B: viral meningitis Myocardial and pericardial infection Both group A and B can cause aseptic meningitis Rota virus- most common, mostly in children Most common diarrheal disease among infants and children Norovirus- all ages, major epidemics- “winter vomiting bug” Most common cause of gastroenteritis. Vomiting, diarrhea, and stomach pain #1 cause of outbreaks from contaminated food in the U.S Enterovirus ED-68 Polio like symptoms Can cause aseptic meningitis Transmission through contact w/ feces (food/water contamination)—seen in environments of poor hygiene and sanitation Most infected people have no signs until the first case of polio paralysis and are most infectious to others from 7-10 days before and after symptoms onset 3 types (spinal, bulbar, bulbospinal)- all can cause paralysis (type 1 most frequent paralysis) First fever, headache, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, pain/stiff neck, back & limbs then passes into paralytic stage Lower limbs most commonly affected by paralysis, descending from hip down to distal extremity CNS involvement- *Injury to anterior horn cells of spinal cord Motor nerve paralysis Post-polio syndrome: New symptoms 30-50 years later- new weakness, loss of function, intense fatigue, pain in muscles and joints What classification of viruses can cause meningitis? All enteroviruses (ECHO, coxsackie, polio) Sjogren’s syndrome = Long term autoimmune disease that effects the bodies moisture-producing glands Rabies - 2 types Furious - the form or stage of rabies in which the animal is hyperactive, periods of agitation, thrashing, running, snapping, or biting Paralytic - known as dumb rabies, paralytic, animal not furious hyperactive state Negri bodies Incubation period is based on the amount of the virus introduced into the bite (6 days à1 year) Disease of the nervous system, once signs and symptoms appear you are going to die Transmitted via rabid animals or ticks Encephalitis- inflammation of the brain tissue Prion Disease- can be genetic Proteinaceous infectious particles No way to control/ treat them Causes spongiform encephalitis (turns your brain into sponge) Variants: Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (inherited), Gertsmann-Straussler-Scheinker disease (GSS), Fatal familial insomnia, Kuru, Scrapie, Bovine Spongiform encephalitis (“Mad Cow disease”) Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (inherited)- prion that surgeons have to be worried about Zika Virus- Transplacental- (O in TORCH) Mosquito-borne disease Closely related to dengue fever No cure During pregnancy, can cause microcephaly and other brain defects in the child Viral hemorrhagic fever Mode of transmission is usually animal- either tick or mosquito to human or person to person Group of diseases that affect multiple organ systems in the body and may be accompanied by hemorrhage or bleeding Can be severe/ life threatening Caused by many different viruses including dengue fever & yellow fever Colorado Tick Fever Tick is called dermacentor andersoni Fever and then there is relief Also known as saddleback T.C Pain in muscles and joints Leukopenia (reduction in the WBC) INVADES RBCs Rickettsia & Chlamydia- bacteria Rickettsia infections often involve a characteristic rash and tick, lice, or flea vectors. Tx: tetracycline drugs for all rickettsia What are the two most common problems with Rickettsia? Fever and rash Weil-Felix reaction: ID’s Rickettsia without specific type Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF)- Rickettsia Fever & rash Transmitted by ticks Where is the rash? Typically starts at the wrists and ankles and then spreads to the trunk, palms of the hands and soles of the feet Rickettsialpox R. akari No Weil-Felix reaction Common house mite R. conori Takes on different names depending on where you get it Brown dog tick Boutonneuse fever La tache noire (black crust from tick bite) Mediterranean area Typhus fever- Rickettsia typhi and possible Rickettsia felis Flea borne typhus Scrub Typhus Rickettsia tsutsugumushi is now Rickettsia Oreintalis Eschar (black spot) at site of bite Ehrlichia- Ehrlichia chaffeensis- Rickettsia Human Monocyte Ehrlichiosis: affects monocytes Tick born illness Most life-threatening tick-borne disease in the U.S Anaplasma- Anaplasma phagocytophilum- Rickettsia Human granulocytic anaplasmosis affects neutrophils Tick borne illness Coxiella C. Burnetti Causes Q fever Most often acquired by inhaling bacteria shed from infected animals Most heat resistant pathogen known to man and is the reason we pasteurize milk Can cause anything from influenza to digestive tract problems to meningitis Chlamydia- Chlamydia trachomatis -subgroup of Rickettsia Inside host initially as noninfectious reticulate bodies Later differentiate into infectious elementary bodies Most common sexually transmitted infection Chlamydia Pneumonia Acute, self-limiting, person-person Untreated resolves in 2-4 weeks 10% become clinically apparent Chlamydia STD MOST FRQUENTLY reported STD in U.S. Anal, oral, vaginal = Transmitted by males without ejaculation c. Symptoms appear several weeks after infection Can damage female reproductive organs Abnormal vaginal discharge, burning when urinate If left untreated can lead to infertility Psittacosis or Ornithosis - Chlamydia Psittaci Infectious disease transmitted to humans from infected PET birds or birds you eat Lower respiratory infection Lymphogranuloma Venereum (LGV) a. A variant of C. trachomatis More common in men Fever, malaise, swelling and tenderness of inguinal lymph nodes Females infection of rectum If chronic then rectal blockage results Fungal Diseases Cryptococcus- Cryptococcus Neoformans Mainly occurs in immunocompromised people Deadliest fungus known to man, causes meningitis Can get from soil in urban environments, pigeon droppings & inhalation of dried pigeon feces Blastomycoses Pigeon droppings and dusty soil in barns and shed Candida Candida Albicans In gut, mouth, and vaginal tract Candidiasis- vaginal, yeast infection Moniliasis- overgrowth of candida in intestine Thrush- mouth/oral Candida Auris Fungal superbug Why do you get candida of the gut/ vaginal tract? Overuse of antibiotics knock out normal flora and allows candida to grow Rose -thorn disease- Sporotrichosis Occupation hazard- gardeners, soil workers, gold miners, forestry workers Found in environment when there is rotting wood Cigar shaped organism found it rotting wood Sat on a log and you get a splinter on your thigh/butt and pull it out à a couple of days later its itchy & inflamed with purple/blue cottage discharge Aspergillosis Aspergillus Flavus Short From grains and peanuts, aflatotoxin Usually seen in patients with pre-existing pulmonary disease Aspergillus Fumigatus Long Round ball of mycelium (mass of hyphae) that can block blood vessels, ear, etc. What is the difference between aspergillus flavus and aspergillus fumigatus? Fumigatus= mycelium ball Ergot Poisoning- Claviceps Purpurea Ergot rye poisoning from grains and crops (rye and cereal) Causes hallucinations similar to LSD Valley fever- Coccidioidomycosis- Coccidioides immitis Clinically and pathologically resembles TB Valley + cough= Coccidioidomycosis Histoplasmosis/ Spelunkers disease- Histoplasma Capsulatum Normal reservoir: droppings of birds and bats and moist soil, particularly beneath trees Caused by inhalation of bird and bat droppings o Likely to be inhaled by cave dwellers (bat caves), bridge builders, chimney sweepers Donut like granulomas in the lungs- respiratory fungal infection Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) Pneumocystis Jirovecii- P. Carinii Used to be a protozoan, is now a fungus Commonly found in the lungs, can cause a lung infection in immunocompromised people Biggest killer of AIDS patients Tinea- ringworm, fungal infection of the skin Tinea pedis- athlete's foot o Tinea capitis- scalp Tinea barbae- beard Tinea corporis- body Tinea unquin- nails Tinea cruris- groin Protozoal Diseases Amebic dysentery (amebiasis)- a parasitic infection of the colon with the amoeba Entamoeba histolytica 2 most common forms: amebic colitis and amebic liver abscess Symptoms include liver abscess, intestinal ulcers, severe bloody, mucoid diarrhea Fecal àoral transmission Causes encephalitis Found in waters in upstate NY Entamoeba Gingivitis Gingivitis is already present, entamoeba enters and takes the nutrients from the diseased gum (feeds off infected gums) - Naegleria Fowleri Brain eating amoeba (bad amoeba) Protozoa that infect the CNS Causes primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) Symptoms are similar to other forms of encephalitis and meningitis Goes through mucous membranes à up olfactory nerves to the brain à seizures à death Giardiasis- Giardia Lamblia/ Giardia Intestinalis Most common protozoan water borne disease in the U.S Symptoms: nausea, foul-smelling watery diarrhea, gas & flatulence Trichomonas- trichomonas vaginalis protozoan - STD Frequent normal inhabitant of vagina in females and urethra in males African Trypanosomiasis- Trypanosoma brucei African sleeping sickness Transmitted by the bite of an African fly- tsetse fly Trypanosoma brucei gambiense: WEST of the rift valley in Africa Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense: EAST of the rift valley in Africa American Trypanosomiasis- Trypanosoma Cruzi Chagas disease Transmitted by kissing bugs (reduviid bug) Sores on face and lips Romana’s sign: swelling of the eyelid on one eye Leishmania Leishmania donovani- Kala Azar- black fever (visceral leishmaniasis) Bite of the sandfly Decreased phagocytosis, decreased WBC, lowers immunity Donovan bodies in the spleen Leishmania tropica- classical form “oriental sore” Causes oriental sore then hemorrhagic fever Balantidiasis- Blantidium coli Only pathogenic paramecium Acquired by humans via fecal to oral route from the host pig- caused by pigs Same signs and symptoms as amebic dysentery/ entamoeba histolytica Liver abscess, intestinal ulcers, severe bloody, mucoid diarrhea Toxoplasmosis (T in TORCH)- Toxoplasma gondii From cats Protozoan that grows where cat litter is that can cause spontaneous abortion in pregnant women? (T in torch) Symptoms include body aches, headaches, fever, and fatigue Malaria- #1 killer in the world- highest death rate Transmitted via mosquito (plasmodium) Malaria= circle in cell When does malarial attack happen? When the RBC bursts and release protozoan into the bloodstream Theileria- Theileria microti protozoan Transmitted via ticks Penetrates RBC causing anemia, headaches, and meningitis Theileria = Maltese cross What is the difference between malaria and theileria? Malaria= mosquito bite and circle Theileria= tick bite and Maltese cross Multicellular Parasites Trichuris trichiura Whipworm infection Rectal prolapse in children Enterobius vermicularis = Pinworm disease What are the areas where you see pinworm? Where kids will be Trichinosis- Trichinella Spiralis = Round worm Worm that can infect pork- different from pork tape worm (Taenia soleum) Survives in skeletal muscles What is the difference between trichinosis and trichomonas? Trichinosis is a worm in pork and trichomonas is a protozoan/STD Wuchereria bancrofti- Bancroftian Filariasis- Elaphantitis The one worm you get by the bite of a mosquito Mosquito bite implants the worm and causes encephalitis by blocking the veins in the legs and causing swelling African eye worm disease- Loa Loa Worms get into the body and move to the eye causing retinal damage and blindness Treatment: punch a hole in the conjunctiva and remove the worm Dracunculus medinensis- Dragon worm/ Guinea Worm What’s the name of the serpent that’s on the caduceus? Guinea worm/ dracunculus medinensis Taenia saginata = Beef tape worm Taenia soleum = Pork tape worm What is the difference between tinea and taenia? Tinea- fungal infection, taenia- multicellular parasite Schistosomiasis- blood fluke (Bilharziasis) Humans walking/wading/bathing- attached to skin à bore into lymphatics and small vessels à liver- Just don’t swim Intermediate host- snails Ascaris lumbricodes- Ascariasis Most common helminth infection of humans worldwide Nematode- roundworm infestations Onchocerca- Onchocerca volvulus River blindness Transmitted via black fly Severe itchy rash & infiltration of eye to cornea and optic nerve

Microbiology Exam 1 Review.docx

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