Microbiology Exam Outline PDF

Unit 1 Outline for Exam 1 Chapter 1& 3: 1. Importance of Microbiology (1A) - diseases , biochemical cycles ,...

Unit 1 Outline for Exam 1 Chapter 1& 3: 1. Importance of Microbiology (1A) - diseases , biochemical cycles , microbial cycles, 2. Important microbiologists (1B) Robert Hooke (1635–1703) · first to describe microbes Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723) · developed refined microscope ; describe bacteria Edward Jenner (1749–1823) · father of immunology Ferdinand Cohn (1828–1898) · endospores Louis Pasteur (1822–1895) · disproved spontaneous generation Robert Koch (1843–1910) microbes cause disease Martinus Beijerinck (1851–1931) · enrichment culture technique (isolated microbes Sergei Winogradsky (1856–1953) · microbes play role in of carbon sulfur & cycling nitrogen a , , , oxygen 3. Nomenclature Genus species 4. Classification of microbes (3A) bacteria archaea eukaryote a - , , 5. Bacterial cells: (3A) Size -varies Shape - cocci , rods , curved rods , spherical Arrangements - clusters Pleomorphic : many shapes 6. Bacterial components (3b) Inclusion bodies - found in all cells , stockpile of organic or inorganic material Gas vesicles - composed of protein , used by microbes to position themselves in water column Micro compartments compartments - for specific functions Magnetosomes magnetite particle - for orientation in Earth (compass) found , in aquatics Ribosomes - site of protein synthesis Nucleoid - contains cell's chromosomes & proteins Plasmids - Double stranded DNA  7. Endospore cannot d recover Endospore vs vegetative cells - dormant state , resisting harsh conditions but can recover Endospore formation Bacterial cell envelope 8. plasma membrane structure Components (phospholipids, proteins, and hopanoids) - sometimes always Selectively permeable and interacts with outside environment Peripheral and integral proteins embedded , impoti s loosely connected · , Hopanoids (not sterols) stabilize membrane - found in petroleum C & O Differences between bacteria and archaea (ester vs ether linkage) Ester : double bond between lack fatty acids 20 Ether : 2 bonds between 20 single , Differences found in Bacterial, Archaeal, and Eukaryotic cell membranes (hopanoids, cholesterol, ether linkage isoprenes, monolayer of phospholipid) J Active vs passive transport - bacteria contain hopanoids - require energy - doesn't require energy eukaryotic contain sterols - Types of active transport - archaeal membranes be can monolayer Simple - against concentration gradient Group translocation chemically - modifies molecule ABC transport system protein binds to site , pump opens ATP-binding cassette transporters ↓ ATP & ADP + P: 9. Iron uptake - microorganisms secrete siderophes to aid uptake - iron required insolubility makes uptake difficult - 10. Bacterial cell wall Component and Function, maintain cell shapeI : protect from osmotic pressure main component is peptidoglycan - bacteria vs archaea cell wall, peptidoglycan pseudomurien - Gram +Ve vs G-ve thick 2-3 layer thin I layer · , , 11. Archaeal cell envelop - S-layer capsule us. Slime layer 12. Flagellum monotrichous Lophotricha arrangement, - peritrichous ,. multiple at 1 location single flagellin protein, flagellin transported through - hollow filament chemotaxis - receptors tell microbes to go to nutrients , away from har 13. Cytoskeletons Eukaryotic Cell Components Chapter 5 1. Eukaryotic organisms  Eukaryotic Organelle and their Functions genetic info rRNA Synthesis protein synthesis energy production energy conservation photosynthesis Nucleus, Nucleolus, Eukaryotic Ribosomes, Mitochondria, Hydrogenosomes, Chloroplast, more materials in & out transport packaging & intracellular digestion materials of materials secretion into cell Secretory Pathways, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi Apparatus, Lysosomes, Endocytic Oxidize compounds movement Pathways, Peroxisomes, Cilia and Flagella, Eukaryotic Cell membranes, Eukaryotic Cell Walls 2. Comparison of Bacterial, Archaeal, and Eukaryotic Cells 3. Origin of eukaryotic cells (endosymbiotic theory) first appeared - 1 6-2 1. billion years ago 1st Mitochondria.. 2nd Chloroplast 4. Evidence that supports the endosymbiotic theory Lynn Margulis Mitochondria and chloroplast resemble bacteria - Shape & size Membrane arrangement (double membrane) Membrane composition is bacteria-like Circular DNA is found in the mitochondria and chloroplast Mitochondria and Chloroplast divide independently of the nucleus Mitochondria and chloroplast ribosomes (70S) - more similar to bacterial ribosomes 1. Viruses Chapter 6 Importance - disease , control bacteria , more organic matter , evolution Size, morphology, structure - contain a nucleocapsid composed , of nucleic acid and a protein coat capsid-protein coat varites symmetry naked enveloped , or protomers protein - subunits Viral envelopes capsomers protomers subunits - - lipid membrane - obtained by host cell Membrane nucleocapsid-capsid containing nucleic acid Classification of viruses (host, Morphology, nucleic acid, Baltimore classification) 1. Host 2 ·animal , plant , bacteria. Morphology · size , capsid symmetry enveloped , or non 3 Nucleic. Acid. DNA , R N A based on relationship of viral genome to mRNA Steps of Viral Infection and Multiplication within a host cell Adsorption specific - receptor attachment Adsorption Entry & Uncoating Synthesis Assembly Entryuntingenorndeocapios Virion release Viral growth - , , , , , curve Growth of viruses (one-step growth curve) - virus particles released almost simultaneous Latent period - eclipse naturationa b c Cultivation of viruses Late - later in large amounts requires inoculation of appropriate - living host · Life cycle colonization & agar plates Assemblylateproteinsmayourinsta, as 1. Viruses hijack the biosynthetic enveloped budding - use machine of a cell to replicate. Only infect 2 permissive cell-compatible with the genes & enzymes a viral 2. Other biological entities Viroids (infectious RNA) - lack a protein coat - plant diseases ; do not encode proteins Prions - neuro-degenerative diseases - transmitted by eating nervous tissue Satellite DNA -encode their own capsid proteins but not DNA or RNA parasites of other viruses - - require helper virus for replication