Microbio - CHAPTER 25 REVIEW PDF

Chapter 25 – RNA Viruses 1. What are the diseases associated with Rhinoviruses? How contracted? Immunity? (7) a. Causes most cases of the cold; infections limited to the upper respiratory tract b. Transmitted by aerosols, fomites, or hand-to-hand contact i. Most common...

Chapter 25 – RNA Viruses 1. What are the diseases associated with Rhinoviruses? How contracted? Immunity? (7) a. Causes most cases of the cold; infections limited to the upper respiratory tract b. Transmitted by aerosols, fomites, or hand-to-hand contact i. Most commonly transmitted by direct person-to-person contact c. People acquire some immunity against serotypes that have infected them (the number of infections tend to decrease with age) 2. How is polio transmitted? (8) a. Person-to-person contact or by contaminated food and water 3. Difference between the two vaccines? Why is one preferred? (13) a. Inactivated polio vaccine (IPV): is effective and inexpensive; is stable during transport/storage; poses no risk of vaccine-related disease b. Oral polio vaccine (OPV): induces secretory antibody response similar to natural infection; is easy to administer; can result in herd immunity 4. What is postpolio syndrome? (13) a. Crippling deterioration in the function of polio-affected muscles 5. Characteristics of Dengue Fever (20) a. Flavivirus transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes b. Initially causes fever, weakness, edema, and severe pain c. Second phase causes bright rash and return of fever d. Dengue hemorrhagic fever can occur following reinfection (causes internal bleeding, shock, and possibly death) e. No treatment is available 6. Yellow fever a. Vector: aedes mosquitoes b. Natural hosts: monkeys, humans c. Symptoms: hepatitis, hemorrhagic fever, shock 7. Rubella, mumps, etc a. Rubella: infection begins in the respiratory system but spreads throughout the body i. Characterized by a rash of flat, pink to red spots ii. Infections in children are usually not serious iii. Adults can develop arthritis/encephalitis iv. Infection of pregnant women can cause congenital defects (blindness, deafness, mental retardation, microencephaly) v. Vaccination effective at reducing the incidence of rubella b. Mumps: viruses infect upper respiratory system and spread to other organs i. Transmission occurs via respiratory secretions ii. Parotitis results – painful enlargement of the parotid salivary glands iii. Orchitis, meningitis, pancreatitis, or deafness in one ear can occur; infection may also be asymptomatic iv. Recovery is typically complete v. No specific treatment is available vi. Vaccine has almost eradicated mumps in the industrialized world  c. Measles: spread in the air via respiratory droplets; viruses infect the respiratory tract, then spread throughout body i. Koplik’s spots appear on the mucous membrane of the mouth ii. Lesions then appear on the head and spread over the body iii. Rare complications result pneumonia, encephalitis, and subacute sclerosing pancephalitis (SSPE) iv. Vaccine has eliminated endemic measles in the U.S. (measles cases have recently reemerged) 8. Rubella, Marburg incidence, hosts, description. (61-65) a. Hemorrhagic fevers: Marburg virus and Ebola virus are the causative agents b. Natural reservoir is thought to be fruit bats c. Initial mode of transmission to humans is unknown d. Spread person to person by contaminated body fluids 9. Influenza – (68-72) a. Signs and symptoms: fever, malaise, headache, and myalgia b. Pathogenesis: enters the body via respiratory route (incubation period is about one day) c. Treatment: oseltamivir or zanamivir inhibit type A or type B neuraminidase d. Prevention: immunization with multivalent vaccines; protect only against the strains included in the vaccine