Microbiology Intro PDF

microbiology parasitology onble Health - · and art science disease O · prolong life · promote via efficiency organized community epport CHAPTER I I principles 2 Bacteria 3 VIVUS H Fungi 5Parasites health CHAPTER I Basic concepts I. A. 1. History Early observations HoOKE ROBE...

microbiology parasitology onble Health - · and art science disease O · prolong life · promote via efficiency organized community epport CHAPTER I I principles 2 Bacteria 3 VIVUS H Fungi 5Parasites health CHAPTER I Basic concepts I. A. 1. History Early observations HoOKE ROBERT - Cell theory ANTON VAN LENWT HOOK * 2. "animal cules" - From sperm cell Spontaneous Generation:nothing John Needham Spallanzani genesisTheory preexisting 3. B10 Rudolf Virchon Sp A -> -> living cells Ocopose LOUIS PASTENK a swanneckgoodneckflaskremove organismsin Home 630, High Temp, short - 30 mins time - 720, sec. Ultra High 140, NOTE!MILK BORNE PATOGENS 15 mins -> m ycobacterium boris almonella treptococcus A cells - Francesco Redi ↑ uing proponent opponent - > Lazzaro -> b) anaerobic environment fermentation hetero o omgen -> homo " " JOHN MYNDALL "Fundallization -> " ↳Fractional intermittent * sterilization 4. Golden End FLIMING ALEXANDER - discover. OF Penicilla discovery ofsalvars compound treponema panidum PAUL ERLICH is -> · cole (suphinis) · · ROBERT KOCA - an AKA Arsphenamine "MagicBullet" Bacis Anthracis Canturax) KOCH's POSTULATES # I microorg ⑦ microorg # I disease #3 lab grown culture #4 disease disease -> healthy -> -> -> isolate organism inoculate healthy to -> grown pure culture disease person -> reisolate organism EXCEPTIONS! ↓ in Normal Flood-bacterial residents of body part >month-viridans streptococcus >colon-Bacteroides spp. Bifidobacterium spp. B = E. coli lactobacillus spp. >Urethra -lactobacilus spo. >skin-streptococcus epidermidis vcarrier ~ & organism ⑦ disease, O MPHOID MARY" - Salmonella Typhi · · v mucobacterium leprae * B. signs & symptoms - SalmonelOsis Aphoid requires fever armadillo / "LEPROSYIHANJEN'S "mouse foot pad organism ofmedical importance PROKARYOF EUKARYOT ⑦true nucleus enclosed by nuclear membrane membrane bound organelles (m/tonchonarid site for C 60s 70 30s +50s rbosomes 80s 40s osomes s = = binary fission mitosis + Bacteria fungi Varehaebacteria animals protease methanogens i.e. COztHeO - valgae Vainoflagellates CHy G vebacteria cell wall Bacteria Fungi cell membrane peptidoghican critic Human Poisoning Red Tide X ergoster cholesterol X MICROBIAL GROWT C. 1.stages "Generation Time" ↳ S a 3 2 4 double a population Log Phase 1. - do not replicate, metabolically active f 2. time Log / Exponential ** bactericidal target of organisms agents stationary- growth - - * 3. 4. Death/Declined CASE! cidal static + - balance ↓↓ cidal 2. Requirements a. Physical Psuchro / mophile cold body temp ~Temperature mesophile - thermophile Osmotic Pressure osmosis - - Halophile not salt flow of10 from high A pH, IH loving row -> vpH-Basic & Acidic xpH, *H+ mostora: 0.5-7.5 (neutral) fungi:5.5-1.5 (acidic b. Chemical ~ carbon structural backbone autotroph neterotroph make own food sources ofcarbon: ~ primary nutrients " CHO.CHON, fats vomgen Obligate aerobe P mucobacterium m Pseudomonas Nocardid Leptospira N L " Facultative E. coli anaerobe obligate anaerobe Aerotolerant Actinomuces Bacteroides A crostridium C B Propionibacterium microderophile theponema Bornelia C. MICROBIAL GROWT 1. History Ignaz semmelweiss - hand washing Joseph Lister-phenol/carbonic acid G pev. #1 chemical control Phenol coefficient: testores:salmonella spp. Staphylococcus spp. <1:less effective >2:more 2. effective Terms d. Sterilization complete removal all forms of Distination X LN b. ·KUL spone vegetative form regetative form Disinfectant Antiseptic animate living oNN - inanimate (non 1. things #1 Iodine living things chrovine povidone iodine pochlorous mid 500 for municipal water supply Factors: Population size concentration duration 3. use of Physical control 9. C denaturation Heat-protein MUST HEAT autoclave, 121, - 15 psi, MOA:COAGULATION 15-20 ms DRYHEAT- oven, MOA:OXIDATION Bacilms subtilis ex water, X Glassware, culture medium Gine oil, solvents ⑤ kill spone & negetating cells Bacterial indicator: Bacillus stearothermophilus b.Filtration heatsensitive - for v membrane Filtration Upenicilmum solution x mycoplasma x spirochetes spp. - - smallestfree very thin VHEPAfilter-removes c. canning >0.3 mam prementgrowth ofanaerobes - dostridium botulinum d. Radiation DNAdestruction - ionizing non conizing UV X-ray gamma longer shorter a control Edenaturation ↓G. Dimer Alcohol and Aldehyde rEthanol - G Alculation 70% VIsopropyl Alcohol formaldehyde n37 Formann valutaraldenude cideX less volative require H20 NOTE! & tummie - wavelength wavelength 4. Chemical living - sugar instruments limitations: a / spores difficile C VC. N naked virus b. Biguanide - should be soap & water i.e. chlorhexidine preoperative c. chemical MRSAdecolonizationonebens risk for breast methll-molds propyl wash - cancer yeast i.e. Nitrates - Imparts red color sodium-chile salt peter Potassium - saltpeter to amines WOF:converts - form nitrosamine I esophageal associated Detergent and soap d. ↓surface tension Benzalkonium cetulpuridinium - - cl quaternam NHx" salts vs. gram bacteria - wh cancer &ric e. Ethylene oxide - MOH:Alkylation sensitive for gas sterilization &heat materials f. Heavy metals AgNOs 1% Oigodynamic effect prophylaxis " for opthalmia neonatorium NOTE! G 5. gonarched Enthromium ointment currently used ↳ Resistance cupric sulfate Algeride ~Blue Vitriol " vPrious mostresistant =proteins only Diseases: crentzfeldt - Jakob disease / Borine spongiform Bacterial gram envelopathy gram G community G hospital Virus:naked enveloped #. Methods A. MICROSCOPE want Flection of lightbeam of elections Vsinglers cmpd vscanning 3D beam "brightfield B transmission 2D darkfield G for spirochetes visualize B. Stain/DYE-to specimen -color due to I simple stain G G ·/ - single de /Differential stain anion cation basical classify organism i.e. Gram stam "chromophone" acidic dye should be opposite! ⑦ bacteria of basic due Acid Fast stain rkimon neat ① vzieh-Neelsen ~ special G to see stain capcule specific capcule spone -> Adelled -> India ink schaeffer futon malachite Green - carbol fuchsin - C. CHHURE MEDIUM 1. Culture studies gold standard in diagnosis mostbacterial infection of a sample (body third) -> medium ↓ ReCal: sterile no IP organism organism ID antibiotic CSF-cerebrospinal fluid O-pericardial 21-pleural 2. fund blood culture medium Mpes of Basic I simple nutrient broth, agai B a. E b. Enriched -> wl added nutrients i.e. Lowenstem-senser S I C. Selective -> i.e. colistin - favor certain organism Nalidixic gram o Dextrose Agan-fring; saborand's d. Indicator / organism Differential classify Lactose Fermenters - EMB - Eosin Methylene Blue MCA- MAC Conkey Agar ④ Pink Blue X - F E < E. coli shidela S Klebsiella salmonella S Entero, citrobacter vercimid Y servate Protens, Pseudomonas P pattern Hemont BAP-for streptococcus spp. valpha-partial v beta green complete - v gamma #1. - - no hemontic - red Microbe Host Interaction A. SYMBIOSIS v ~ commensalism mutualism - - - only both relationship one benefits v parasitism epidermidis human for and erron normal Vitamin K clotting Factors Balantidium con X, (X, X1, 1 & human ↑Predation Adellovibrio bacterovims vs dram benefits S. & - 1972 case: vit k prophylaxis to prevent hemorrhagic disease newborn of B. Features ofInfections Disease Pathogenicity ability to Te cause virulence disease quantitative ability to oppurtunistic pathogen Immunocompromised cause a disease Determinants: PX vooxigenicity vInvaresiness Pneumocystis jirovensi -> pneumonia to oX N/ HNAIDS 2. Transmission a. - continue Reservoir Living own costridium tetani zoonotic" CoN coli Louis Encephalitis Brucelld Living no vanimals bird St. of organism vsoil rhumans wilodsBalantidium source b. communicable non contagions communicable tetanus measles penmonid hepatitis C. Routes Direct/ Indirect Indirect - Fomites Direct Vehicle borne water borne horizontal Food borne vsexual - vertical - Utoxoplasmosis ~Others (Varicella) rRubella vetomegalotions Herpes, Hep B, HNV vsuphilis proplet ↑big particles travel Cholera - Im Salmonellosis Toxoplasmosis Air borne ~ - small particles travel </m Mr measles To tuberculosis VV Varicella rector borne ⑭or most 1 Dengue host 2 Fever cause:Dengue virus vector:dedes dedupti Malarid cause:plasmodium vector:Anopheles d. Stages ofInfections disease Exposure -> infection -> siduS ⑦ disease of symptoms ↓ stages: Incubation period ↑#1:Produme A #2:Acme use:quarantine P #3:Declineconvalescent/vEbnd & Isolation VSARS recovery occurence of Disease 2. 1. measures v incidence prevalence is newl old news new cases ↑mortality 2. patterns of vs morbidity occurence Indemic particular place/people ie. Samar, Leyte Palawan - -> schistosomiasis malaria Albay, mindoro-Filariasis Epidemic cases <> expected frequency is. outbreak vpointsource intermittent continuous propagated spread person to person -> sporadic Pandemic IV -> scattered, irregular worldwide -> intervals ie.com 19 HIV/AIDS IMMUNOLOGY A. Natural / innate presentbefore infection 1stline:Epithelial Barriers Vskin v mucus membrane Acquired presentit infection 3rd line:WBC Granuloulte Basophil Eosinophil ~macrophage, phaqoutes G Alleray - - Neutrophil 2nd Line: "leukocytes" - B Parasites bacteria Agranuloulte A Monoute macrophanesee - Natural killer cells Viendrite B. cell mediated T cells CDy-MHC v X B cells I helper, memory CD8+ - Humoral MHC I directly citotoxic plasma cells -> antibodies Gpromote CASE:HAPTEN phagocytosis incomplete Ag C. Immunoglobulin 19 A 19m -> -> -> 19E 19G 19D -> -> secretions largest;acute infection allergy infection pregnant;chronic B cells -> plasma cells Artificially Naturally Acquired D. / Active prior & infection E. passive / material antibodies - History:Edward Jenner ⑦ cowpOX 2. "weakened" - toxoid mimic actual disease affected by circulating antibodies DO NOTGIVEIF: pregnant Immunocompromised <amonths passive I antitoxin antiseme ~variolation" variola rims ~vaccination" types ofvaccines Live, attenuated - Active vaccine Immunization 1. Acquired unactivated EXCEPT IF: oral vaccine measures vaccine itoutbreak Usually single dose usually multiple dose multiple usually routes MpeS: Examples 0 OPV oral polio vaccine B BCG Bacillus calmette M measles M mumps R Rubella ancella Im Grain Recombinant liver va Hep B-1stanticancer vaccine Influenzae CI:Eggs! toxoid "inactivated toxin" Using FORMALDEHYDE Diphtheria, tetanus Whole cell Pertussis Rabies, grown in human culture. LESS subunit cell ALLERGY consulate HiB haemophilus influenzae B Phenmococcal vaccine vs pneumonia for elderly E. Role ofRPh in public health A. Preventive 1. Stages medicine natural in the history Ususceptibility & risk factor ↑preclinical / Asymptomatic Clinical / symptomatic voutcome:recover, 2. esphechanges are Gordonchances Disability, Death Levels of Prevention Primary b. Secondary a. - for susceptible ox i.e. health promotion screening RPR tertiary preclinical oxie.early diagnosis, tests Rapid ELISA c. for - Plasma - Regin i. rehab program d. Primodial for syphilis for HIV limit disability or - - X trends assoc. i.e. laws - Clean Air complaints W/ ↑risk ofdisease Act B. Public Health Programs 1. macro i vadministrative v policy making I provider to PX program to population ↑strategic planning 2. Programs National Objectives for Health roadmap for universal health -role of Araw ng sangkap · care various sectors pinoy VitA supplementation - ·YOclOCK habit ~ preventDengue Fever ·Herbal and traditional medicine promote backyard gardening ·sentrong sigla ~ · access to health care facility malnutrition over-excessive under primary itintake secondary absorption