Photo Album PDF

# Photo Album by wisam neriman # Functions of the Urinary System - Removes metabolic waste - Regulates blood volume and blood pressure - Regulates plasma concentrations of sodium, potassium, chloride, etc. - Helps to stabilize blood pH - Conserves valuable nutrients # Organs/Tissues of the Urinary...

# Photo Album by wisam neriman # Functions of the Urinary System - Removes metabolic waste - Regulates blood volume and blood pressure - Regulates plasma concentrations of sodium, potassium, chloride, etc. - Helps to stabilize blood pH - Conserves valuable nutrients # Organs/Tissues of the Urinary System - Kidneys - Ureters - Urinary Bladder - Urethra A diagram shows the position of the above organs within the human body (a male). The diagram is labelled with the following: - dorsal aorta - renal artery and vein - vena cava - kidney - ureter - sphincter that controls exit of urine - bladder - urethra # Kidney Anatomy - 2 kidneys, on either side of the spine between T12 and L3, left kidney is slightly superior to the right one - Stabilized in place by surrounding connective tissue - Reddish brown, about 10 cm long, 5.5 cm wide, and 3 cm thick, with a mass of 150 g A diagram shows a frontal section through the kidney. The diagram is labeled with the following: - Cortex - Renal column - Pyramid - Medulla - Renal vein - Renal artery - Major calyx - Minor calyx - Renal pelvis - Hilum - Ureter - Capsule - Papillae # Summary of Urine Formation 3 basic processes occur in the nephron: - Filtration: blood pressure forces water into the Bowman's capsule to start it off - Reabsorption: water and solute are removed from the tubule and go into the peritubular fluid. Important fluids/nutrients are reabsorbed into the blood through active transport and osmosis - Secretion: solutes are transported from the peritubular fluid back into the tubule. This is necessary because filtration alone is not enough to get unwanted wastes out of plasma # Ureters - Pair of muscular tubes that connect the kidneys to the urinary bladder - Firmly attached to the posterior abdominal wall - 3 tissue layers: inner mucosa, muscular layer, and outer connective tissue - Peristalsis sweeps urine through ureters and into the bladder A diagram shows the ureters within the body. # Loop of Henle - Found in the medulla area of kidneys - Descending limb, ascending limb - Pumps out sodium and chloride ions, which move water out of the tubule - Water movement out of the loop helps concentrate the tubular fluid A diagram shows the loop of henle within the kidney. # Urethra - Extends from the neck of the urinary bladder and transports urine out of the body - Longer in males than females - External urethral sphincter - Voluntary control - Micturition A diagram shows the urethra within the body. # Collecting System - Some final filtration, secretion, and reabsorption - Now, concentrated urine passes through the collecting duct, which merge into papillary ducts - The fluid empties into the minor calyx which leads to the major calyx - Major calyx leads to renal pelvis, then to ureters A diagram shows the collecting system within the kidney. # Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT) - 1st segment of the renal tubule - Lining is simple cuboidal epithelium with microvilli - Reabsorption of nutrients, ions, water, and plasma proteins happens here - Released into the peritubular fluid A diagram shows the proximal collected tubule # Urinary Bladder - Hollow, muscular organ that is a temporary reservoir for urine - Can hold as much as 1 liter of urine! - Rugae - Trigone - Internal urethral sphincter A diagram of the urinary bladder is provided, the diagram is labeled with the following: - Detrusor muscle - Submucosa - Mucosa - Fibrous connective tissue - Internal urethral orifice - External urethral orifice - Ureter - Peritoneum - Rugae - Ureteral opening - Trigone - Prostate gland # Urinary Conditions\Disorders - Urinary tract infection (UTI) - Kidney stones (renal calculi) - Kidney dialysis - Glomerulonephritis - Incontinence A picture of kidney stones is displayed. # Nephrons - Microscopic, tubular structures in the cortex of kidneys that do the filtering of blood and production of urine - 1.25 million nephrons per kidney! - Glomerulus - Bowman's capsule - Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) - Loop of Henle - Distal convoluted tubule (DCT) A diagram shows the nephron within the kidney.