Ethics Notes PDF

 Chapter 1 Notes Metaethical the : nature and concept and ethics Ethics is the study of how we should act I NOT how we do act Theological...

 Chapter 1 Notes Metaethical the : nature and concept and ethics Ethics is the study of how we should act I NOT how we do act Theological - voluntarism : morals set by god (divine Command) ↳ fixed external absolute , , i commands/characters by god Against - can be contradictory limiting , reason based For-very religious god , knows best , surface level fear based , ↳ ethics means following god what question Do good be you want to not be you are afraid of punishment , Religion can start Ethics based movements ↳ motivates ppl to come difference together - make a Classical view met's only responsibility is to max profits : - socioeconomic view : met's responsibilities To beyond profits - Ethics : moral principles , values , beliefs that define right wrong behavior legal behavior is not necessarily ethical behavior ↳ ethics internal of controls law refers to external mechanism represents System , of control ethical dilemma arises in situation concerning right wrong when values a are in conflict ↳ involves decision making of 2- options ethics acts as an important guide to ensure right/wrong absolute ethics (moral absolutism/morality) - one final universal code that applies to everyone moral relativism - there are no absolute ruses to determine right from wrong ↳ moral judgements are TF based on situation/ society ethics acts as important guide an legal doesn't always ethical  Fallacy - defect of reasoning Chapter 2 Notes Red Herring tallacy-creating a distraction (using irrelevant points in argument - Ad Hominem Fallacy Attacking the person rather than the argument - ↳ attack arguments arguers not (not all ad hominems are fallacies) Strawman Fallacy distort / misrepresent a position so its easier to attack Principle of charity Always represent opposing Views - in Strongest/most plausable form Appeal to authority - Claim based on an appeal authoritative testimony "be they said so " ↳ genuine expert there is consensus legit if not it is fallacious - = , Deductive arguments by analogy-arguing consistency by saying be a case is agreed upon , we should accept another case that is Supported by the same principle False dilemma-argument comes to only two very different sides (there are many shades between) Slippery slope - a small step will cause a very dramatic outcome circular the start end of the "the bible is true be its true argument argument are the same - Alphabet Soup-assuming bigger words, acronyms the , shock talk etc , the more you know abt a topic Bandwagon the more ppl that believe it the - , more it is true Fersonal Incredulity if it is hard to understand , it's not true probably - FalseCause if B occurred - after A , then Accused B Hasty Generalization if you - look at the actions of a small group you can , apply it to a larger group (her dog is mean so all dogs are mean) Fallacy fallacy just bo - someone uses a logical fallacy , it doesn't necessarily make their argument false Nihilist-person who believes life is meaninglessa rejects all religious/moral principles Hedonist-person who believes pursuit of pleasure is most important in life Narcissist-person who has an excessive interest in themselves Nepotism thosewf power favoring relatives friends, etc especially by giving jobs - , have/ in a something or Right-Moral/legal certain act entitlement to obtain way ↳ everyone is afforded something regardless of their contribution to society Privilege - special right advantage , , or opportunity granted or available only to a certain group ↳ extra advantage formal entitlement we gain , but not Critical thinking- objective analysis revaluation - - of an issue in order to form a judgement Association fallacy/quilt by association someone is attacked - based on their supposed connection to somethingsomeone that is unrelated to discussion at hand (celebrity photos) Kafka trap - when you are accused, o your denial is taken as evidence that it is true  Chapter 2 Notes Equivocation misleading use of a term wl more tran one meaning (number : Fallacy of Composition assumes something is true for part of a group so it must be : , true for the entire group Fallacy of division assumes : that something true of a whole group must also be true for a small part/indiv. Begging question providing the : what is essentially the conclusion of the argument premise (bad drivers don't turn do as a use signals be all good drivers Cherry Picking (suppressed/incomplete: evidence) I act of indiv Cases/data pointing at. that seem to confirm a particular position , while ignoring a signif position of related cases/data that may be Contradict that position appeal to ignorance/argument from ignorance: When you argue your conclusion it must be true bo there is no evidence against Gish Gallop: Someone asserts as many half truths /falsehoods into a short timespan Crapid fires Knowing the opponent has no chance of debunking every point in time given Post Hoc Fallacy event occurred after another then the : Someone assumes that be one , 2nd went was caused by the 1st over confidence bias : holding unrealistically positive views of oneself tone's performance anchoring initial info effect : fixating on rignoring Subsequent info Confirmation bias: Seeking out info that reaffirms past choices while discounting Contradictory info availability bias : losing decision making objectively by focusing on the most recent wents self serving bias: taking quick credit for successes + blaming outside factors for failures conformity have to behave like those around them rather than bias : tendency ppl using own personal judgement Utilitarianism: do whatever amount of We are morally required to produces the greatest pleasure minus pain normative facts facts : about what you should do ↳ not abt what be things are , but what they ought to Chapter 3 = treats self interest 6 8 foundation Ethical egoism : as the of morality every person acts strictly for his/her own benefit moval relativism: thesis that what is right is relative to each culture (no absolute ruses intuitionism : basic truths are known intuitively ↳ make decisions based on your experiences feelings , , judgements utilitarianism: whether it produces for the greatest balance of pleasure over suffering everyone satisficing consequentialism : Version ofConsequentialistethics that holds that an act can be good enough even if it doesn't best results produce the Chapter 9 Social contract theoryStarts from perspective of what a system of rulesethical principles would be favored by those creating the mutual gov agreement for. themselves Rawls endorsed the veil of ignorance : Moral reasoning device designed to promote impartial decision making by denying decision makers info about who will benefit most least from available options potentially biasing access to virtue ethics ind traits instead of actions Emphasizes Character personality :. a virtue signaling : When an ind. conspicuously displays their awareness of a pou on social issues determinism given the State of universe fixed casual laws , a I future course is at any point, all future events are by only : genuinely possible. Suggests that events are completely determined by previously existing causes Free will Supposed pur capacity of humans to make decisions perform independently of any prior : of or actions event. moral responsibility : one justly deserves punishment or reward , praise or blame principles level indiv makes : a clear effort to define moral principles apart from authority of groups to which person belongs Conventional level : moral values reside in maintaining expected standards living up to expectations of others preconventional level : Choices betweenright wrong +