MGMT - Leadership and Teamwork: Week 7 & 8 PDF

 START of WEEK 7 Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management Relevant Conventions, STCW Fitness for Duty Requirements, MLC Provisions on Management of Young Seafarer, Work and Rest Hours, and Recreational Programs.  Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Manag...

 START of WEEK 7 Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management Relevant Conventions, STCW Fitness for Duty Requirements, MLC Provisions on Management of Young Seafarer, Work and Rest Hours, and Recreational Programs.  Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management I. Relevant Conventions International Maritime Organization (IMO) Is the United Nations specialized agency with responsibility for the safety and security of shipping and the prevention of marine and atmospheric pollution by ships. IMO's work supports the UN sustainable development goals.  Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management I. Relevant Conventions Purpose of IMO The main mission and responsibility of the International maritime organization are to develop and preserve a comprehensive framework of regulations and policies for the shipping industry and its activities like maritime security, safety, technical cooperation, environmental concerns and legal matters.  Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management I. Relevant Conventions Structure of IMO The governing body of the IMO is an assembly that meets bi-yearly. The assembly comprises all the member states. This council comprises 40 member states elected by the assembly for a specified period of time.  Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management I. Relevant Conventions Structure of IMO The committees of various tasks and duties mentioned above are also governed and observed by these governing bodies. The secretariat has a workforce of over 300, headed by the Secretary- General. The Secretary-General is elected by the Assembly and holds his post for four years. Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management  Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management I. Four Pillars of IMO 1. International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) 2. International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW) 3. International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) 4. Maritime Labour Convention (MLC)  Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management I. Maritime Labor Code (MLC) of 2006 Known as the "Seafarers' Bill of Rights," it sets out minimum requirements for working and living conditions for seafarers including hours of work, accommodation, food, health protection, medical care, and welfare. It sets out seafarers' rights to decent conditions of work and helps to create conditions of fair competition for shipowners. It is intended to be globally applicable, easily understandable, readily updatable and uniformly enforced.  Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management I. Maritime Labor Code (MLC) of 2006 Is an international legal instrument and does not, therefore, apply directly to shipowners, ships or seafarers. Instead like all international law, it relies on implementation by countries through their national laws or other. The national law or other measures would then apply to shipowners, seafarers and ships. The MLC, 2006 sets out the minimum standards that must be implemented by all countries that ratify it.  Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management I. Maritime Labor Code (MLC) of 2006 1. Minimum Working Age and Medical Fitness Requirements: Seafarers must be at least 16 years old to work on a ship, but certain positions or tasks may require workers to be 18 years or older. The intent is to protect younger workers from hazardous or inappropriate work environments.  Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management I. Maritime Labor Code (MLC) of 2006 1. Minimum Working Age and Medical Fitness Requirements: Medical fitness examinations are required before employment to ensure seafarers can safely perform their duties without risking their own or others' health.  Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management I. Maritime Labor Code (MLC) of 2006 1. Minimum Working Age and Medical Fitness Requirements: These provisions prevent the exploitation of minors and ensure that only those physically fit for the rigors of maritime work are employed.  Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management I. Maritime Labor Code (MLC) of 2006 2. Seafarer Employment Agreements (SEA): Seafarers must have a clear, written contract that specifies the terms of their employment, including salary, work hours, duration, and benefits.  Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management I. Maritime Labor Code (MLC) of 2006 2. Seafarer Employment Agreements (SEA): This ensures transparency and prevents disputes, while also formalizing the seafarer's rights, making it easier to resolve any legal issues that may arise during their employment.  Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management I. Maritime Labor Code (MLC) of 2006 3. Wages and Hours of Work: Seafarers are entitled to timely payment of wages, with deductions being lawful and reasonable. The MLC also sets limits on working hours, typically capped at 14 hours per day or 72 hours per week, with minimum rest periods to prevent fatigue.  Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management I. Maritime Labor Code (MLC) of 2006 3. Wages and Hours of Work: These provisions safeguard against exploitation, ensuring seafarers receive fair compensation and are not overworked, which could lead to fatigue and accidents.  Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management I. Maritime Labor Code (MLC) of 2006 4. Repatriation: Seafarers are entitled to be repatriated at the employer's expense when their contract ends, or if they are stranded due to the vessel’s abandonment or other distress situations.  Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management I. Maritime Labor Code (MLC) of 2006 4. Repatriation: This provides seafarers with security, ensuring that they are not left stranded or forced to cover expensive travel costs after completing their contract.  Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management I. Maritime Labor Code (MLC) of 2006 5. Accommodation, Food, and Recreational Facilities: The MLC mandates that seafarers have safe and adequate accommodation, including ventilation, sanitation, and lighting. Ships must also provide nutritious food and drinking water.  Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management I. Maritime Labor Code (MLC) of 2006 5. Accommodation, Food, and Recreational Facilities: Ensures the physical and mental well-being of seafarers by providing them with decent living conditions during their time at sea, enhancing their quality of life onboard.  Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management I. Maritime Labor Code (MLC) of 2006 6. Health Protection and Medical Care: Seafarers must have access to medical care on board as well as the right to seek care at ports, including the provision of medical supplies, qualified personnel, and medical facilities on the ship.  Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management I. Maritime Labor Code (MLC) of 2006 6. Health Protection and Medical Care: Protects seafarers from illnesses or injuries becoming more severe due to a lack of care while onboard, ensuring they receive timely and adequate medical attention.  Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management I. Maritime Labor Code (MLC) of 2006 7. Social Security: The MLC requires states to provide seafarers with social security protections, including benefits such as health insurance, pensions, and compensation for work-related injuries or illnesses.  Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management I. Maritime Labor Code (MLC) of 2006 7. Social Security: Ensures that seafarers and their families are financially supported in the case of retirement, injury, or death, providing long-term stability and security for them.  Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management I. Maritime Labor Code (MLC) of 2006 7. Social Security: Protects seafarers from illnesses or injuries becoming more severe due to a lack of care while onboard, ensuring they receive timely and adequate medical attention.  Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management I. Maritime Labor Code (MLC) of 2006 8. Recreational Programs The MLC, 2006, however, addresses provisions for seafarers' welfare, requiring that vessels provide adequate recreational facilities and activities on board, such as access to communication, gyms, and entertainment to improve well-being and morale.  Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management 2. International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW), 19787. Establishes minimum standards for the training, certification, and watchkeeping of seafarers on an international level. Contains regulations to ensure that shipboard personnel are trained to perform their duties safely and competently, directly impacting their work conditions.  Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management 2. International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW), 19787. The 1995 amendments entered into force on 1 February 1997. One of the major features of the revision was the division of the technical annex into regulations, divided into Chapters as before, and a new STCW Code, to which many technical regulations were transferred. Part A of the Code is mandatory while Part B is recommended.  Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management 2. International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW), 19787 Chapters: Chapter I: General provisions Chapter II: Master and deck department Chapter III: Engine department Chapter IV: Radiocommunication and radio personnel Chapter V: Special training requirements for personnel on certain types of ships  Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management 2. International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW), 19787 Chapters: Chapter VI: Emergency, occupational safety, medical care and survival functions Chapter VII: Alternative certification Chapter VIII: Watchkeeping Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management 2. International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW), 19787. Chapter VIII of the STCW Annex, and the associated sections of the STCW Code, are a consolidation of material relating to watchkeeping arrangements. Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management 2. International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW), 19787. The primary focus of the STCW convention is to ensure that an effective watch is maintained on all seagoing ships, by qualified and fit personnel under all circumstances. Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management 2. International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW), 19787. The first regulation in Chapter VIII requires flag States to establish and enforce rest periods for watchkeeping personnel, and to require that watch systems are so arranged that watchkeeping personnel are not impaired by fatigue. Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management 2. International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW), 19787. Section A-VIII/l of the STCW Code states that watchkeeping personnel (i.e., all persons assigned duty as officers in charge of a watch, or as rating forming part of a watch) shall be provided a minimum of 10 hours of rest in any 24- hour period. Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management 2. International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW), 19787. The period of rest may be divided into two periods, one of which must be at least 6 hours. Also, the watch schedule is to be posted where it is easily accessible. Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management 2. International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW), 19787. The basic rest-period rule of section A/VIII/l applies except in an emergency or a drill or "in other overriding operational conditions." Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management 2. International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW), 19787. Furthermore, the 10 hours of rest may be reduced to a single period of 6 hours for up to two days, as long as the seafarer concerned is provided with at least 70 hours of rest each seven-day period. Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management 2. International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW), 19787. The term "overriding operational conditions" should be "construed to mean only essential shipboard work which cannot be delayed for safety or environmental reasons, or which could not reasonably have been anticipated at the commencement of the voyage. Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management 2. International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW), 19787. Although mathematically, 10 hours of rest leaves 14 hours for shipboard activities, Section B-VIII/l.of the STCW Code states that the minimum rest periods "should not be interpreted as implying that all other hours may be devoted to watchkeeping or other duties." Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management 2. STCW regulation VIII/1 (Fitness for duty) provides that each Administration shall, for the purpose of preventing fatigue: 1. Establish and enforce rest periods for watchkeeping personnel and those whose duties involve designated safety, security and prevention of pollution duties in accordance with the provisions of section A-VIII/1 of the STCW Code. Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management 2. STCW regulation VIII/1 (Fitness for duty) provides that each Administration shall, for the purpose of preventing fatigue: 2. Require that watch systems are so arranged that the efficiency of all watchkeeping personnel is not impaired by fatigue and that duties are so organized that the first watch at the commencement of a voyage and subsequent relieving watches are sufficiently rested and otherwise fit for duty.  Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management 3. International Safety Management (ISM) Code Part of the SOLAS (Safety of Life at Sea) convention, this code establishes safety management objectives and requires a Safety Management System (SMS) to ensure safety at sea, prevent human injury or loss of life, and avoid damage to the environment. Focuses on safe working conditions and proper procedures on board.  Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management 3. International Safety Management (ISM) Code Safety Management Systems (SMS): The ISM Code requires shipping companies to establish a Safety Management System that includes policies, procedures, and audits to ensure the safe operation of ships and the protection of the marine environment.  Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management 3. International Safety Management (ISM) Code Safety Management Systems (SMS): By instituting safety protocols and regular audits, the ISM Code reduces risks and enhances safety for seafarers, ensuring that ships operate under controlled and monitored conditions. Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management 4. ILO Convention No. 147 – Merchant Shipping (Minimum Standards) Convention, 1976 Aimed at improving the working conditions of seafarers on board ships, it outlines provisions regarding safety standards, crew accommodation, food and catering, medical care, and payment of wages. Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management 4. ILO Convention No. 147 – Merchant Shipping (Minimum Standards) Convention, 1976 Safe Working Environments and Crew Accommodations: Requires ships to provide a safe and hazard- free work environment, including safe machinery and personal protective equipment (PPE). Additionally, seafarers must have adequate accommodations that meet health and safety standards. Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management 4. ILO Convention No. 147 – Merchant Shipping (Minimum Standards) Convention, 1976 Safe Working Environments and Crew Accommodations: This provision ensures seafarers’ living and working spaces are safe and free from hazards, contributing to their health and safety while on board.  Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management 5. SOLAS (International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea), 1974 Although SOLAS is primarily concerned with ship safety, it also covers essential aspects that impact the work conditions and welfare of seafarers, including ship equipment, safe navigation, and safety drills.  Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management 5. SOLAS (International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea), 1974 Although SOLAS is primarily concerned with ship safety, it also covers essential aspects that impact the work conditions and welfare of seafarers, including ship equipment, safe navigation, and safety drills.  Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management National Legislations (Worldwide) 1. United States Seafarers’ Welfare Act Aims to improve the welfare of U.S. seafarers by mandating standards for accommodations, meals, rest hours, and other labor-related conditions onboard ships registered under the U.S. flag.  Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management National Legislations (Worldwide) 1. United States Jones Act (Merchant Marine Act of 1920) Protects American seamen by allowing them to seek damages from employers for injuries or illnesses caused by unsafe working conditions.  Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management National Legislations (Worldwide) 2. United Kingdom Merchant Shipping (Maritime Labour Convention) Regulations 2014 Implements the requirements of the ILO MLC into UK law, ensuring compliance with work and welfare standards for seafarers aboard UK-registered vessels.  Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management National Legislations (Worldwide) 2. United Kingdom Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 (for Maritime Workers) Extends to ships, ensuring that employers provide safe working conditions, proper equipment, and protections from hazards.  Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management National Legislations (Worldwide) 3. Australia Navigation Act 2012 Governs the work conditions and safety of crew members aboard Australian- registered vessels, including provisions for welfare, accommodations, and health services.  Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management National Legislations (Worldwide) 3. Australia Seafarers Rehabilitation and Compensation Act 1992 Provides compensation and rehabilitation for seafarers injured or made ill due to working conditions onboard.  Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management National Legislations (Worldwide) 5. Norway Norwegian Shipowners' Association Regulations on Seafarers' Work and Rest Hours National implementation of MLC standards, regulating rest hours, working conditions, and health services for Norwegian-registered ships.  Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management National Legislations (Worldwide) 6. India The Merchant Shipping Act, 1958 (Amended 2016) Incorporates several international maritime conventions into national law, including provisions for seafarers’ employment contracts, working hours, and welfare.  Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management National Legislations (Worldwide) 6. India National Maritime Labour Law Aligns with the MLC, setting standards for wages, health care, and working conditions for Indian seafarers. Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management Philippine Legislations (National) 1. Philippine Overseas Employment Administration (POEA) Rules and Regulations Seafarers’ Employment Contracts: These contracts, known as Standard Employment Contracts, are approved by the POEA and must comply with both national and international standards, particularly the MLC. They specify terms such as wages, hours of work, and conditions. Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management Philippine Legislations (National) 2. Republic Act No. 8042 – Migrant Workers and Overseas Filipinos Act of 1995 (Amended by RA 10022) Legal Assistance and Repatriation: Seafarers are entitled to free legal assistance in cases of disputes, and their employers must bear the cost of repatriation if necessary. This includes flights home and basic provisions for their travel. Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management Philippine Legislations (National) 3. Republic Act No. 8289 – Seafarers Protection Act Seafarers are entitled to free legal assistance in cases of disputes, and their employers must bear the cost of repatriation if necessary. This includes flights home and basic provisions for their travel. Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management Philippine Legislations (National) 3. Republic Act No. 8289 – Seafarers Protection Act Protection from Unfair Deductions: This law limits the legal fees that lawyers or agents can charge to seafarers to a maximum of 10% of the compensation they are awarded. Protects seafarers from predatory legal practices and ensures they receive the full compensation they are entitled to in cases of injury, illness, or contractual disputes. Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management Philippine Legislations (National) 4. Republic Act No. 10635 – "An Act Establishing the Maritime Industry Authority (Marina) as the Single Maritime Administration Responsible for the Implementation And Enforcement of the STCW 1978” MARINA is responsible for overseeing the training, certification, and licensing of Filipino seafarers in accordance with international conventions like the STCW and MLC. Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management Philippine Legislations (National) 4. Republic Act No. 10635 – "An Act Establishing the Maritime Industry Authority (Marina) as the Single Maritime Administration Responsible for the Implementation And Enforcement of the STCW 1978” Ensures that Filipino seafarers meet global standards, enhancing their employability and ensuring their skills and qualifications are recognized internationally. Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management Philippine Legislations (National) 5. Republic Act No. 10065 – OWWA Charter Act Social, Health, and Welfare Programs: Provides seafarers and their families with benefits such as health insurance, repatriation assistance, and scholarship programs for dependents. Offers comprehensive welfare support for seafarers and their families, ensuring they are protected financially and medically, both while at sea and upon returning home.  Teaching and Learning Activities TA2: Video Showing Title1: Work and Rest Hours for seafarer all you need to know II Title2: 1232 Fatigue and Stress at Sea (Edition 2) – Trailer Show a video about the STCW Fitness for duty requirements and MLC work hours and rest period.  END of WEEK 7 Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management Relevant Conventions, STCW Fitness for Duty Requirements, MLC Provisions on Management of Young Seafarer, Work and Rest Hours, and Recreational Programs.  START of WEEK 8 Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management Relevant Conventions: IMO Guidelines on the Mitigation of Fatigue  Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management 2. The Maritime Safety Committee (MSC/Circ. 1014 12 June 2001) GUIDANCE ON FATIGUE MITIGATION AND MANAGEMENT 1. It was agreed that practical guidance should be developed to provide appropriate information on fatigue to all parties concerned. This guidance should inform each party that has a direct impact on vessel safety (naval architects, owners/operators, masters, officers, ratings, training institutions, etc.) of the nature of fatigue, its causes, preventive measures and countermeasures.  Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management 2. The Maritime Safety Committee (MSC/Circ. 1014 12 June 2001) GUIDANCE ON FATIGUE MITIGATION AND MANAGEMENT 2. Accordingly, the MSC, at its seventy-fourth session (30 May to 8 June 2001), approved the annexed guidelines, composed of self- contained Modules, each addressing a different party. The Modules have been assembled using existing information, in a useful format, for transmission to the different parties who have a direct impact on vessel safety.  Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management 2. The Maritime Safety Committee (MSC/Circ. 1014 12 June 2001) GUIDANCE ON FATIGUE MITIGATION AND MANAGEMENT 3. Member Governments are invited to:.1 bring the attached guidelines to the attention of their maritime Administrations and relevant industry organizations and to all other parties who have direct impact on ship safety;  Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management 2. The Maritime Safety Committee (MSC/Circ. 1014 12 June 2001) GUIDANCE ON FATIGUE MITIGATION AND MANAGEMENT 3. Member Governments are invited to:.2 Use this guidance as a basis for developing various types of tools for dissemination of the information given in the guidelines (such as: pamphlets, video training modules, seminars and workshops, etc.); and.3 Take the guidelines into consideration when determining minimum safe manning.  Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management 2. The Maritime Safety Committee (MSC/Circ. 1014 12 June 2001) GUIDANCE ON FATIGUE MITIGATION AND MANAGEMENT 3. Member Governments are invited to:.4 Shipowners, ship operators and shipping companies are strongly urged to take the issue of fatigue into account when developing, implementing and improving safety management systems under the ISM Code.  Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management 1. Guidelines on Fatigue The guidelines have been divided into nine modules, as follows: 1. Module 1 Fatigue 2. Module 2 Fatigue and the Rating 3. Module 3 Fatigue and the Ship’s Officer 4. Module 4 Fatigue and the Master 5. Module 5 Fatigue and the Training Institution and Management Personnel in charge of Training  Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management 1. Guidelines on Fatigue The guidelines have been divided into nine modules, as follows: 6. Module 6 Shipboard Fatigue and the Owner/Operator/Manager 7. Module 7 Shipboard Fatigue and the Naval Architect/Ship Designer 8. Module 8 Fatigue and the Maritime Pilot 9. Module 9 Fatigue and Tugboat Personnel 10. Appendix Fatigue related documentation  Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management 1. Guidelines on Fatigue – MODULE 1 - Fatigue For many years, fatigue was discounted as a potential cause of or contributor to human error. Human error resulting from fatigue is now widely perceived as the cause of numerous marine casualties, including one of the worst maritime environmental disasters in the last history, the Exxon Valdez.  Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management 2. FATIGUE AND LIFE ON A SEAGOING SHIP Fatigue is a problem for all 24-hour a day transportation modes and industries, the marine industry included. However, there are unique aspects of seafaring that separate the marine industry from the others.  Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management 2. FATIGUE AND LIFE ON A SEAGOING SHIP Because shipping is a very technical and specialized industry, these negative effects are exponentially increased, thereby requiring seafarers’ constant alertness and intense concentration.  Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management 2. FATIGUE AND LIFE ON A SEAGOING SHIP It must be recognized that the seafarer is a captive of the work environment. Firstly, the average seafarer spends between three to six months working and living away from home, on a moving vessel that is subject to unpredictable environmental factors (i.e. weather conditions).  Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management 2. FATIGUE AND LIFE ON A SEAGOING SHIP Secondly, while serving on board the vessel, there is no clear separation between work and recreation. Thirdly, today’s crew is composed of seafarers from various nationalities and backgrounds who are expected to work and live together for long periods of time.  Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management 3. CAUSES OF FATIGUE The most common causes of fatigue known to seafarers are lack of sleep, poor quality of rest, stress and excessive workload. There are many other contributors as well, and each will vary depending on the circumstance (i.e. operational, environmental).  Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management 3. CAUSES OF FATIGUE There are many ways to categorize the causes of fatigue. They have been categorized into 4 general factors. Crew-specific Factors Management Factors (ashore and aboard ship) Ship-specific Factors Environmental Factors  Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management 3. CAUSES OF FATIGUE A. Crew-specific Factors The crew-specific factors are related to lifestyle behavior, personal habits and individual attributes. However, fatigue varies from one person to another, and its effects are often dependent on the activity being performed.  Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management 3. CAUSES OF FATIGUE A. Crew-specific Factors The Crew-specific Factors include the following: Sleep and Rest - Quality, Quantity and Duration of Sleep - Sleep Disorders/Disturbances - Rest Breaks  Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management 3. CAUSES OF FATIGUE A. Crew-specific Factors The Crew-specific Factors include the following: Biological Clock/Circadian Rhythms Psychological and Emotional Factors, including stress - Fear - Monotony and Boredom  Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management 3. CAUSES OF FATIGUE A. Crew-specific Factors The Crew-specific Factors include the following: Health - Diet - Illness  Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management 3. CAUSES OF FATIGUE A. Crew-specific Factors The Crew-specific Factors include the following: Stress - Skill, knowledge and training as it relates to the job - Personal problems - Interpersonal relationships  Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management 3. CAUSES OF FATIGUE A. Crew-specific Factors The Crew-specific Factors include the following: Ingested Chemicals - Alcohol - Drugs (prescription and non- prescription) - Caffeine  Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management 3. CAUSES OF FATIGUE A. Crew-specific Factors The Crew-specific Factors include the following: Age Shiftwork and Work Schedules Workload (mental/physical) Jet Lag  Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management 3. CAUSES OF FATIGUE B. Management Factors (ashore and aboard ship) The Management Factors relate to how ships are managed and operated. These factors can potentially cause stress and an increased workload, ultimately resulting in fatigue. These factors include:  Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management 3. CAUSES OF FATIGUE B. Management Factors (ashore and aboard ship) 1. Organizational Factors Staffing policies and Retention Role of riders and shore personnel Paperwork requirements Economics Schedules-shift, Overtime, Breaks  Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management 3. CAUSES OF FATIGUE B. Management Factors (ashore and aboard ship) 1. Organizational Factors Company culture and Management style Rules and Regulations Resources Upkeep of vessel Training and Selection of crew  Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management 3. CAUSES OF FATIGUE B. Management Factors (ashore and aboard ship) 2. Voyage and Scheduling Factors Frequency of port calls Time between ports Routing Weather and Sea condition on route Traffic density on route Nature of duties/workload while in port  Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management 3. CAUSES OF FATIGUE C. Ship-specific Factors These factors include ship design features that can affect/cause fatigue. Some ship design features affect workload (i.e. automation, equipment reliability), some affect the crew’s ability to sleep, and others affect the level of physical stress on the crew (i.e. noise, vibration, accommodation spaces, etc.).  Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management 3. CAUSES OF FATIGUE C. Ship-specific Factors Ship design Level of Automation Level of Redundancy Equipment reliability Inspection and Maintenance Age of vessel Physical comfort in work-spaces  Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management 3. CAUSES OF FATIGUE C. Ship-specific Factors Location of quarters Ship motion Physical comfort of accommodation spaces  Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management 3. CAUSES OF FATIGUE D. Environmental Factors Ship motion is also considered an environmental factor. Motion affects a person’s ability to maintain physical balance. This is due to the extra energy expended to maintain balance while moving, especially during harsh sea conditions.  Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management 3. CAUSES OF FATIGUE D. Environmental Factors There is a direct relation between a ship’s motion and a person’s ability to work. Excessive ship movement can also cause nausea and motion sickness.  Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management 3. CAUSES OF FATIGUE D. Environmental Factors Environmental factors can also be divided into factors external to the ship and those internal to the ship. Within the ship, the crew is faced with elements such as noise, vibration and temperature (heat, cold, and humidity). External factors include port and weather condition and vessel traffic.  Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management 4. BASIC CONCEPTS IN UNDERSTANDING FATIGUE A. Sleep Sleep is an active process; when people sleep, they are in an altered state of consciousness. All sleep does not have the same quality and does not provide the same recuperative benefits.  Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management 4. BASIC CONCEPTS IN UNDERSTANDING FATIGUE A. Sleep To satisfy the needs of the human body, sleep must have three characteristics to be most effective: Duration: Everyone’s sleep needs are unique; however, it is generally recommended that a person obtain, on average, 7 to 8 hours of sleep per 24- hour day.  Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management 4. BASIC CONCEPTS IN UNDERSTANDING FATIGUE A. Sleep To satisfy the needs of the human body, sleep must have three characteristics to be most effective: A person needs the amount of sleep that produces the feeling of being refreshed and alert.  Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management 4. BASIC CONCEPTS IN UNDERSTANDING FATIGUE A. Sleep To satisfy the needs of the human body, sleep must have three characteristics to be most effective: Continuity: The sleep should be uninterrupted. Six one-hour naps do not have the same benefit as one six-hour period of sleep.  Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management 4. BASIC CONCEPTS IN UNDERSTANDING FATIGUE A. Sleep To satisfy the needs of the human body, sleep must have three characteristics to be most effective: Quality: People need deep sleep. Just being tired is not enough to ensure a good sleep. An individual must begin sleep in synch with the biological clock to ensure quality sleep.  Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management 4. BASIC CONCEPTS IN UNDERSTANDING FATIGUE B. Biological Clock and Circadian Rhythm Each individual has a biological clock, and this clock regulates the body’s circadian rhythm. To best understand both of these features, it is first necessary to understand how the circadian rhythm functions.  Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management 4. BASIC CONCEPTS IN UNDERSTANDING FATIGUE B. Biological Clock and Circadian Rhythm Our bodies move through various physical processes and states within a 24-hour period, such as sleeping/waking, and cyclical changes in body temperature, hormone levels, sensitivity to drugs, etc.  Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management 4. BASIC CONCEPTS IN UNDERSTANDING FATIGUE B. Biological Clock and Circadian Rhythm This cycle represents the circadian rhythm. The biological clock regulates the circadian rhythm. The biological clock is perfectly synchronized to the traditional pattern of daytime wakefulness and night-time sleep.  Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management 4. BASIC CONCEPTS IN UNDERSTANDING FATIGUE C. Stress Stress occurs when a person is confronted with an environment that poses a threat or demand, and the individual becomes aware of his/her inability or difficulty in coping with the environment. This can result in reduced work performance and health problems.  Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management 4. BASIC CONCEPTS IN UNDERSTANDING FATIGUE C. Stress Stress can be caused by a number of things, including: Environmental hardships (noise, vibration, exposure to high and low temperatures, etc) Weather (i.e. ice conditions)  Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management 4. BASIC CONCEPTS IN UNDERSTANDING FATIGUE C. Stress Stress can be caused by a number of things, including: Personal problems (family problems, home sickness, etc.) Broken rest Long working hours On-board interpersonal relationships  Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management 4. BASIC CONCEPTS IN UNDERSTANDING FATIGUE D. Effects of Fatigue Stress can be caused by a number of things, including: Alertness is the optimum state of the brain that enables us to make conscious decisions.  Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management 4. BASIC CONCEPTS IN UNDERSTANDING FATIGUE D. Effects of Fatigue Stress can be caused by : Fatigue has a proven detrimental effect on alertness– this can be readily seen when a person is required to maintain a period of concentrated and sustained attention, such as looking out for the unexpected (e.g. night watch).  Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management 4. BASIC CONCEPTS IN UNDERSTANDING FATIGUE D. Effects of Fatigue Stress can be caused by : When a person’s alertness is affected by fatigue, his or her performance on the job can be significantly impaired.  Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management 4. BASIC CONCEPTS IN UNDERSTANDING FATIGUE D. Effects of Fatigue Stress can be caused by : Impairment will occur in every aspect of human performance (physically, emotionally, and mentally) such as in decision- making, response time, judgement, hand-eye coordination, and countless other skills.  Teaching and Learning Activity TA2. Webinar A pre-recorded webinar will be presented to the students where speaker will render talk about IMO Guidelines on the mitigation of fatigue onboard the vessel.  END of WEEK 8 Topic 2. Shipboard Leadership and Management Relevant Conventions: IMO Guidelines on the Mitigation of Fatigue