Organic Chemistry PDF

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Types Of Bonds Single Bond - single covalent bond in which they share 1 pair of elect...

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Types Of Bonds Single Bond - single covalent bond in which they share 1 pair of electrons. (2 e-) Double Bond - carbon atoms may share 2 pairs of electrons to form a double bond. Triple Bond - carbon atoms may share 3 pairs of electrons to form a triple bond. Carbon Carbon is the main element in organic compounds, so carbon is essential to life on Earth. Without carbon, life could not exist. carbon is the central element in compounds necessary for life. Classification of Carbon Properties of Organic Substance Primary Carbon (10) - is directly bonded to one another carbon Low melting points Secondary Carbon (2°)- is bonded to two other carbon atom. Low boiling points Tertiary Carbon (3)- is boded to three other carbon atoms. Low solubility in water; high solubility in Quaternary Carbon (4°)- bonded to four other carbon nonpolar solvents Flammable aqueous solutions do not conduct electricity exhibit covalent bonding Formula and Bonds 4 types of formula 1. Molecular formula- tells the kind and number of each type of atom in a molecule but does not show the bonding pattern. Nomenclature -Naming rule that would produce a unique name for every organic compound. The name is so descriptive that, by knowing the name, a scientist or student could write the structure. Aside from its structure, organic chemistry substance are called based on their common names or IUPAC Name. 2. Structural formulas- identify the location of chemical bonds Common names of chemical compounds do not follow special between the atoms of a molecule. A structural formula consists types of rules as in IUPAC names. of symbols for the atoms connected by short lines that represent IUPAC names follow an internationally accepted set of rules, chemical bonds-one, two, or three lines standing for single, and all the chemical compounds get a name according to those double, or triple bonds, respectively. rules IUPAC Nomenclature System- 3. Condensed formula - it shows all the atoms in a molecule and place them in a sequential order that indicates which atoms are bonded to which. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemist is the organization responsible for establishing and maintaining a 4. Skeletal/Line formula- the simplest representation of a standard, universal system for naming organic compounds. molecule. In line formula, it is assume that there is a carbon atom at any location where two or more lines intersect. It is also assume that there is a carbon at the end of any line and that each carbon in the structure is bonded to the correct number of hydrogen atoms. Functional group - is an atom or group of atoms arranged in a particular way that is primarily responsible for the chemical and physical properties of the molecule in which it is found.