Meteorology Temperature Notes PDF

METEOROLOGY TEMPERATURE 12/3/2024 TKN/MET/TMP/45-52 1  OBJECTIVES TEMPERATURE 1. TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS, HEATING OF THE ATMOSPHERE & SURFACE TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS 12/3/2024 TKN/MET/TM...

METEOROLOGY TEMPERATURE 12/3/2024 TKN/MET/TMP/45-52 1  OBJECTIVES TEMPERATURE 1. TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS, HEATING OF THE ATMOSPHERE & SURFACE TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS 12/3/2024 TKN/MET/TMP/45-52 2  UNIT OF MEASUREMENTS STATEMENTS temperature conversion can be found x on CRP 5! 12/3/2024 TKN/MET/TMP/45-52 3 Latent Heat 12/3/2024 TKN/MET/TMP/45-52 4  STEVENSON SCREEN & THERMOGRAPH PICTURES thermograph records temperature changes on paper on rotating drum 12/3/2024 TKN/MET/TMP/45-52 5  RADIOSONDE used to measure temp in the air/ high altitude since too high to reach cons : 1 time used/ cant control height DIAGRAM every level of height, temperature can be found by the release of this radio sonde! 12/3/2024 TKN/MET/TMP/45-52 6  RADIOSONDE MEASURES TEMPERATURE PRESSURE HUMIDITY TRACKING BY OPTICAL / RADIO THEODOLIGHT or RADAR WINDS 12/3/2024 TKN/MET/TMP/45-52 7  HEATING OF THE ATMOSPHERE insolation= SOLAR RADIATION SOLAR RADIATION IS OF SHORT WAVE LENGTH & OF HIGH INTENSITY THE PROCESS WHEREBY THE SURFACE IS HEATED BY SOLAR RADIATION IS CALLED INSOLATION / HEATING surface temperature builds up as the day progresses & decays by late afternoon 12/3/2024 TKN/MET/TMP/45-52 8  short wave radiaton of sun heats up the earth ground due to short wave length HEATING OF THE ATMOSPHERE SOLAR RADIATION DIAGRAM note that some of the heat are reflected back into the atmosphere 12/3/2024 TKN/MET/TMP/45-52 9 11/7 12/3/2024 TKN/MET/TMP/45-52 10  HEATING OF THE ATMOSPHERE TERRESTRIAL RADIATION THE EARTH SURFACE RERADIATES THE HEAT ENERGY BACK TO THE ATMOSPHERE AGAIN TO BECOME LONG WAVE LENGTH THE ATMOSPHERE REDUCES IN TEMPERATURE WITH AN INCREASE IN HEIGHT BASICALLY DEPENDED TO THE HEAT FROM BELOW LAPSE RATE IS 1.98° C PER 1,000 FT LOSS OF HEIGHT or 0.65° C PER 100 m 12/3/2024 TKN/MET/TMP/45-52 11  HEATING OF THE ATMOSPHERE TERRESTRIAL RADIATION DIAGRAM presence of water vapour & CO2 make the atmosphere warmer 12/3/2024 TKN/MET/TMP/45-52 12  HEATING OF THE ATMOSPHERE GREEN HOUSE EFFECT DUE TO PRESENCE OF CARBON DIOXIDE GASES & WATER VAPOURS IN THE ATMOSPHERE KEEPING THE AIR WARM THROUGH THE ABSORPTION OF HEAT & RERADIATE HEAT AGAIN TO THE ATMOSPHERE WATER VAPOUR CONSTITUTED ABOUT 36 % TO 70 % OF THE ‘GREEN HOUSE EFFECTS‘ 12/3/2024 TKN/MET/TMP/45-52 13  HEATING OF THE ATMOSPHERE CONDUCTION THE HEAT IMMEDIATELY ON TOP THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH 12/3/2024 TKN/MET/TMP/45-52 14  HEATING OF THE ATMOSPHERE CONDUCTION surface get heated by conduction lapse rate X inversion it is called insolation DIAGRAM as the day progresses the surface inversion layer becomes warmer So! the air on top becomes warmer 12/3/2024 TKN/MET/TMP/45-52 15  3. CONDUCTION albedo = each matter heats up differently everything heats up differently according to their albedo Air is a Poor Conductor & Cooling at Night Leads to Inversion 12/3/2024 TKN/MET/TMP/45-52 16  HEATING OF THE ATMOSPHERE CONVECTION air got heated up by convection THE RERADIATED HEAT THAT GOES UP TO HIGHER HEIGHT EG THERMAL or CONVECTION CURRENTS 12/3/2024 TKN/MET/TMP/45-52 17  4. CONVECTION CURRENTS Thermals Take Warm Air To Upper Levels 12/3/2024 TKN/MET/TMP/45-52 18  HEATING OF THE ATMOSPHERE CONVECTION DIAGRAM the air becomes warmer due to heat goes up above 12/3/2024 TKN/MET/TMP/45-52 19  HEATING OF THE ATMOSPHERE CONDENSATION most important in MET Rain=Precipitaion in MET THIS IS ACHIEVED THROUGH THE RELEASE OF LATENT HEAT FOR WATER VAPOURS TO TURN INTO SOLID STATE, THEY HAVE TO LOOSE HEAT the air around them to become warmer latent heat is sometime called as ‘hidden heat’ 12/3/2024 TKN/MET/TMP/45-52 20  HEATING OF THE ATMOSPHERE Prevent raining/ forming of cloud prevent air from rising CONDENSATION cut off supply of water DIAGRAM the more the latent heat is released, the volume of the air expands So! allowing more water vapours to be absorbed, thus the bigger the cloud 12/3/2024 TKN/MET/TMP/45-52 21  HEATING OF THE ATMOSPHERE horizontal movement of air either air get heating or cooling ADVECTION horizontally heating/cooling AIR MASSES MOVED HORIZONTALLY CAUSING THE REPLACED AIR TO CHANGE ITS CHARATERISTICS eg POLAR AIR MOVES TO LOWER LATITUDES TO CAUSE LOWER LATITUDES TO EXPERIENCE COOLER AIR 12/3/2024 TKN/MET/TMP/45-52 22 4/8 12/3/2024 TKN/MET/TMP/45-52 23  ALL HEATING PROCESSES 12/3/2024 TKN/MET/TMP/45-52 24  TEMPERATURE VARIATION WITH HEIGHT LAPSE RATE 1.98C per 1K ft is environmental lapse rate THE RATE AT WHICH TEMPERATURE FALLS WITH AN INCREASE IN HEIGHT IS CALLED ENVIRONMENTAL LAPSE RATE. IN STATIC ATMOSPHERE IS 1.98° C PER 1,000 FT IN REALITY THE ELR VARIES DAY TO DAY, SEASON TO SEASON & PLACE TO PLACE 12/3/2024 TKN/MET/TMP/45-52 25  TEMPERATURE VARIATION WITH HEIGHT ISOTHERMAL lines with equal temperature A COLOUMN OF AIR WHERE THE TEMPERATURE REMAINS CONSTANT eg ISOTHERMAL LAYER FROM 11 KM TO 20 KM at the stratosphere which is above tropopause (temperature remains constant at -56.5° C) IN THE LOWER PART OF THE STRATOSPHERE ISOTHERMAL LAYER CAN BE ALSO BE FOUND AT LOWER ALTITUDE eg over the ground 12/3/2024 TKN/MET/TMP/45-52 26  TEMPERATURE VARIATION WITH HEIGHT INVERSIONS TEMPERATURE RISES WITH HEIGHT eg UPPER PART OF THE STRATOSPHERE SOME TYPES OF INVERSION : a. RADIATION INVERSION, ON A NIGHT OF CLEAR SKIES, radiation inversion = cools faster at night/ sea heat faster at night TEMPERATURE INVERSION IS AT THE SURFACE b. mixes TURBULENCE INVERSION, FOUND AT THE LAYER CLOSEST mixing of air, hot air mixes with cold air causeing turbulence of air in difference direction inversion TO THE SURFACE, AT HEIGHT OF 2,000 FT TO 3,000 FT happen on night c. SUBSIDENCE INVERSION, IN HIGH PRESSURE SYSTEM, AIR DESCENDS AT THE CENTER, HEATED ADIABATICALLY eg. bicycle pump when compress smtg, temp willl increase AT LOWER LEVEL Air coming down, compression take place, heat take place. higher compression, higher heat 12/3/2024 TKN/MET/TMP/45-52 27  RELATIONSHIPS OF INVERSIONS, ELR & ISOTHERMAL LAYERS GRAPH All increase in height Lapse rate = drop in temp Isothermal layer/ isothermal = Constant temp Inversion = increase in temp 12/3/2024 TKN/MET/TMP/45-52 28  SURFACE TEMPERATURE ANGULAR ELEVATION OF THE SUN DIAGRAM EFFECT OF LATITUDES at higher latitude, surface area is larger so! temperature lowers lower latitude, more heat is more heat since concentrated in small area and lower latitude concentrated in a small area 12/3/2024 TKN/MET/TMP/45-52 29  SURFACE TEMPERATURE EFFECT OF SEASONS DIAGRAM at equator Summer in the NH Winter in SH Summer in SH Winter in NH 12/3/2024 TKN/MET/TMP/45-52 30 TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS BETWEEN LAND & SEA LAND GETS HOT AT FASTER RATE THAN THE SEA & LOOSES THE HEAT FASTER TOO! SEA ABSORBS HEAT SLOWLY & RETAINS THE HEAT FOR A LONGER TIME DURING DAY TIME : sea breeze TEMPERATURE OVER LAND IS HOTTER THAN THE SEA DURING NIGHT TIME: land breeze TEMPERATURE OVER WATER IS HIGHER THAN THE LAND 12/3/2024 TKN/MET/TMP/45-52 31  SURFACE TEMPERATURE DIURNAL VARIATION in 24 hours GREATEST AT 1500 HOUR, EARTH RECEIVED MORE SOLAR RADIATION THAN IT RERADIATES THE HEAT TO THE ATMOSPHERE LOWEST TEMPERATURE 30 MINUTES AFTER THE SUN RISES IN THE MORNING DIURNAL VARIATION IS GREATEST WITH CLEAR SKIES & LITTLE WINDS 12/3/2024 TKN/MET/TMP/45-52 32  SURFACE TEMPERATURE DIURNAL VARIATIONS DIAGRAM take note of the temperature differences between land & over the sea so temp lowest the sea max temp will take place here / max variation form cloud, cloud prevent heat to arise and the heat coming from sun act as an umbrella 12/3/2024 TKN/MET/TMP/45-52 33  SURFACE TEMPERATURE CLOUD COVER BY DAY DIAGRAM less heat under without cloud, cooling and heating of clouds cover earth increase with cloud, cooling and heating effect decreases form cloud, cloud prevent heat to arise and the heat coming from sun act as an umbrella 12/3/2024 TKN/MET/TMP/45-52 34  SURFACE TEMPERATURE CLOUD COVER BY NIGHT form cloud, cloud prevent heat to arise and the heat coming from sun act as an umbrella which is green house effect and lead to global warming DIAGRAM heat under clouds cover increases like under a blanket ……warm! 12/3/2024 TKN/MET/TMP/45-52 35  SURFACE TEMPERATURE EFFECT OF WIND BY DAY DIAGRAM cool air on top goes down to mix with warm air that goes up …..we called it ‘mixing’ 12/3/2024 TKN/MET/TMP/45-52 36  SURFACE TEMPERATURE EFFECT OF WIND BY NIGHT max variation is when wind calm when wind calm land cool faster DIAGRAM same effect as day time 12/3/2024 TKN/MET/TMP/45-52 37  SURFACE TEMPERATURE DIURNAL VARIATION OVER THE SEA TEMPERATURE IS UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED sea absorbs heat slowly & retains the heat for a longer time OVER THE SURFACE daytime cooler than land night time warmer than land 12/3/2024 TKN/MET/TMP/45-52 38  SURFACE TEMPERATURE NATURE OF THE SURFACE Albedo = different object heats up differently ’ALBEDO’ IS THE ABILITY OF THE SURFACE TO DEFLECT THE HEAT HIGH ALBEDO OVER SNOWY SURFACES over snowy area the surface temperature is lower LOW ALBEDO OVER PLOUGH FIELDS over plough fields the temperature is higher ROCKY AREAS ARE MUCH HOTTER OVER WOODED AREAS 12/3/2024 TKN/MET/TMP/45-52 39  CLOUD COVER – BY DAY AND NIGHT By Day clouds reduce T Max by reflecting part of the Solar Radiation. By Night the T Min is increased as clouds absorb and radiate back Terrestrial Radiation Day Night 12/3/2024 TKN/MET/TMP/45-52 40  EFFECT OF WIND BY DAY AND NIGHT By Day wind causes turbulent mixing and Reduces T Max By night, if there is an inversion above, the T Min will be increased Day Night 12/3/2024 TKN/MET/TMP/45-52 41  NATURE OF SURFACE LAND / SEA backside of hilll= livern side front = 12/3/2024 TKN/MET/TMP/45-52 42  SURFACE TEMPERATURE LOCATION DIAGRAM IN THE VALLEY fog in the early morning 12/3/2024 TKN/MET/TMP/45-52 43 SURFACE TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS OF LAND & SEA in temperate climate slight above the equator IN SUMMER : OVER LAND, THE TEMPERATURE IS WARMER THAN OVER BODY OF WATER IN WINTER : OVER LAND, THE TEMPERATURE IS LOWER THAN OVER BODY OF WATER 12/3/2024 TKN/MET/TMP/45-52 44  SURFACE TEMPERRATURE LOCATION DIAGRAM COOL AIRS DIVERGING OUT in winter or at night 12/3/2024 TKN/MET/TMP/45-52 45  SURFACE TEMPERATURE ORIGIN OF AIR SUPPLY DIAGRAM blue arrows UK indicate cool from Siberia air in winter ireland red arrows from Siberia northden region of land cooler indicate warm collest from sea in summer air coming from southen region land hottest 12/3/2024 TKN/MET/TMP/45-52 46  AVERAGE TEMP ITCZ : intertropical convergence zone which is the hottest region on ersth aka thermal equator bad weather titl 23C of earth radiation inversion = cools faster at night/ sea heat faster at night red line : due to radiationof the sun radiate on that point of the earth not striaght due to sea and land diff temp 12/3/2024 TKN/MET/TMP/45-52 47  CONSOLIDATION TOPICS TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS, HEATING OF THE ATMOSPHERE & SURFACE TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS 12/3/2024 TKN/MET/TMP/45-52 48  TEMPERATURE ANY QUESTION ??????? 12/3/2024 TKN/MET/TMP/45-52 49  c.. c d. d. 12/3/2024 TKN/MET/TMP/45-52 50  d. c. 12/3/2024 TKN/MET/TMP/45-52 51. a d. c 5 types radiation convection conduction. condensation advection. c cloud act as umbrella reflect hest/ trapped heat 12/3/2024 TKN/MET/TMP/45-52 52  d. c. sun heats up with short wavelength with highest energy vice versa d. 12/3/2024 TKN/MET/TMP/45-52 53  D. radiation inversion. b 12/3/2024 TKN/MET/TMP/45-52 54  METEOROLOGY TEMPERATURE END OF LESSON 12/3/2024 TKN/MET/TMP/45-52 55