Pragmatics Lecture Notes PDF

Pragmatics Code: 220751104 Credit: 2 Dr. Hero Gunawan English Department Widyatama University Bandung  Review Violating or Flouting a maxim? Dialogue-1: A: "Did you enjoy the lecture today?" B: "Oh, it was the most thrilling lecture I’ve ever att...

Pragmatics Code: 220751104 Credit: 2 Dr. Hero Gunawan English Department Widyatama University Bandung  Review Violating or Flouting a maxim? Dialogue-1: A: "Did you enjoy the lecture today?" B: "Oh, it was the most thrilling lecture I’ve ever attended. I was on the edge of my seat the entire time." Dialogue-2: A: "Are you ready to present?" B: "I guess so… as much as anyone could be, I think, for something like this, at this time of day, given the circumstances.“ Dialogue-3: A: "How did your job interview go?" B: "Well, I showed up, they asked questions, I answered, and then I left." Dialogue-4: A: "Can you lend me some cash?"  Lecture-10: Politeness Principles and Politeness Maxim 1) Definitions 2) Lakoff’s Notions: The Principles of "Be clear" and "Be polite 3) Types of Politeness Principles and Politeness Maxim 4) The Importance of Politeness Principles and Politeness Maxim 5) The Implicatures in Politeness Principles and Politeness Maxim  Definitions Robin Lakoff proposed that politeness is a set of strategies used to avoid conflict in social interactions. She defines politeness as a system for facilitating communication, ensuring social harmony, and maintaining face (social dignity). Her principle is based on three main rules: - Don’t impose. - Give options. - Make the hearer feel good. Geoffrey Leech further developed the concept by introducing maxims that align with the Gricean Cooperative Principle. For Leech, politeness  Lakoff’s Notions: The Principles of "Be clear" and "Be polite" The notions of "Be clear" and "Be polite" represent two distinct, sometimes competing, pragmatic goals in communication. They help explain how speakers balance clarity and politeness depending on the context and relationship between interlocutors. 1. Be Clear: This aligns with the Cooperative Principle in Gricean pragmatics, emphasizing that communication should prioritize clarity, efficiency, and straightforwardness. Definition: The speaker conveys information in a way that is easy to understand, avoiding ambiguity or unnecessary complexity. Application: Often used in contexts where information accuracy is crucial (e.g., instructions, formal settings, or emergencies). Directness is more acceptable or expected in such situations, for example: A teacher giving directions:“Read chapter three and submit your summary by Friday.” (This prioritizes clarity over politeness).  Lakoff’s Notions: The principles of "Be clear" and "Be polite” 2. Be Polite: This principle focuses on maintaining social harmony by considering the feelings, face needs, and status of the listener. Definition: The speaker uses strategies to avoid conflict, reduce imposition, and foster goodwill in communication. Application: Often used in personal, professional, or culturally sensitive interactions where maintaining relationships is key. It may involve indirectness, vagueness, or hedging to avoid offending or pressuring the listener, for example: A colleague asking for help: “Would you mind taking a quick look at my report if you’re not too busy?” (This prioritizes politeness over clarity by softening the request)  The Dilemma of using "Be Clear" and "Be Polite" 1. Trade-off: In many situations, being clear can come across as blunt, while being (overly) polite can lead to vagueness or inefficiency. 2. Resolution: Speakers often adjust their language based on the context, balancing clarity and politeness to achieve effective communication. Example: - Clear: “I need you to finish this report today.” (Effective but possibly impolite) - Polite: “If it’s okay, could you prioritize finishing the report today?” (Polite but slightly less clear)  Types of Politeness Principles and Politeness Maxim Lakoff's Rules of Politeness 1) Don’t Impose: This is about respecting the listener's personal space and autonomy. Example: Instead of saying, "Pass me the salt," a polite version would be, "Could you pass me the salt, please?" 2) Give Options: This ensures that the listener does not feel pressured to comply. Example: Instead of saying, "You must attend the meeting," a more polite approach would be, "It would be great if you could attend the meeting." 3. Make the Hearer Feel Good: This rule emphasizes positive reinforcement and compliments. Example: "You’ve done such a great job on this project; could you help with another task?"  Types of Politeness Principles and Politeness Maxim Leech’s Politeness Maxims 1. Tact Maxim: Minimize imposition, maximize benefit to the listener. Example: "Would you mind helping me for a moment?" (Minimizes imposition). 2. Generosity Maxim: Minimize benefit to self, maximize benefit to others. Example: "Let me handle this for you." 3. Approbation Maxim: Minimize criticism, maximize praise. Example: Instead of saying, "Your report has some errors," one might say, "This report is well-done, though a few areas could use some tweaking."  Types of Politeness Principles and Politeness Maxim 4. Modesty Maxim: Minimize self-praise, maximize self-criticism. Example: "I could have done better, but I’m glad the results are useful." 5. Agreement Maxim: Minimize disagreement, maximize agreement. Example: Instead of "I completely disagree," say, "I see your point, but perhaps we could also consider..." 6. Sympathy Maxim: Minimize antipathy, maximize sympathy. Example: "I’m sorry to hear about your loss. Let me know how I can help."  The Importance of Politeness Principles and Politeness Maxim 1) Maintains Social Harmony: Politeness facilitates smooth and conflict-free communication, fostering mutual respect and understanding. 2) Protects Face Needs: By adhering to these principles, speakers safeguard both their own and their listener’s positive and negative face (the need to be liked and the need for autonomy, respectively). 3) Encourages Cooperation: Politeness ensures that interactions are not just transactional but also relational, promoting cooperation and goodwill. 4) Cultural Sensitivity: Understanding and applying these principles aids in navigating cross-cultural communication effectively, as politeness norms can vary significantly across cultures.  The Implicatures in Politeness Principles and Politeness Maxim There are implicatures inherent in politeness strategies. Implicature refers to the implied meaning that goes beyond the literal meaning of utterances. In the context of politeness: 1) Indirect Speech Acts: Many politeness strategies use indirectness, which inherently carries implicatures. For instance, "Could you open the window?" implies a request, not a question about ability. 2) Face-Saving Implicatures: Politeness often involves implying respect or deference. For example, "I was wondering if you might have a minute" implies hesitation to impose. 3) Strategic Ambiguity: Some politeness strategies deliberately leave things unsaid, allowing the listener to infer the intended meaning while avoiding potential offense.  Q&A (Discussion Session) THANK YOU FOR LISTENING ANY QUESTION?  Pragmatics Code: 220751104 Credit: 2 Dr. Hero Gunawan English Department Widyatama University Bandung  Review Identify Lakoff’s three rules of politeness (Don’t impose, Give options, Make the hearer feel good). 1. “Could I borrow your book for a few days if it’s okay with you?” 2. “You’re amazing at solving puzzles! Can you help me with this one?” 3. “I’m sorry to disturb you, but could I ask you something quickly?” 4. “Would you prefer tea or coffee?” Identify the politeness maxim (Tact, Generosity, Approbation, Modesty, Agreement, Sympathy). 1.“I’m sorry to hear about your accident. Please let me know if there’s anything I can do to help.” 2. “You’re a fantastic writer! Your article really moved me.” 3. “I’m not the best at organizing events, but I’d love to  Lecture-11: Politeness Strategy 1) Definitions: Politeness in Pragmatics 2) Politeness Strategy and Its Types 3) Insights into Positive Politeness & Negative Politeness 4) Features of both positive and negative politeness 5) Situations in which positive politeness & negative politeness are used 6) The Implicatures in Positive Politeness and Negative Politeness  Definitions Politeness in pragmatics refers to the strategies used by speakers to maintain social harmony, minimize conflict, and show awareness of others' face needs during communication. According to Brown and Levinson (1987), politeness involves managing face, which consists of two aspects: Positive Face: The desire to be liked, admired, or approved by others. Negative Face: The desire to be free from imposition and maintain autonomy. Politeness strategies aim to mitigate face- threatening acts (FTAs) in interactions by considering the social relationship, context, and  Politeness Strategy and Its Types Four Types of Politeness Strategies 1. Bald on Record: Direct, clear, and unambiguous communication without any redressive action to mitigate the FTA. This is typically used when there is an urgent or close relationship, or when politeness is unnecessary. Example: "Pass me the salt." "Your essay is late." When Used: In emergencies: "Run!" Among close friends or family: "Move over!"  Politeness Strategies and Its Types 2. Positive Politeness: Focuses on the listener’s positive face—their desire to be liked, appreciated, or included. It involves showing friendliness, solidarity, or complimenting the listener. Example: "You’re so knowledgeable—can you explain this to me?" "Let’s work on this together—it’ll be fun!" When Used: To build rapport or strengthen relationships. In situations of low social distance or informal contexts.  Politeness Strategies and Its Types 3. Negative Politeness: Focuses on the listener’s negative face—their desire for autonomy and freedom from imposition. It involves being indirect, showing deference, or acknowledging imposition. Example: "I hate to bother you, but could you lend me your notes?" "Would it be okay if I sat here?" When Used: To show respect or in formal situations. When there is high social distance or significant power imbalance.  Politeness Strategies and Its Types 4. Off-Record (Indirect Strategy): Uses indirect language or hints to avoid directly imposing on the listener. The listener has to infer the intended meaning. Example: "It’s so hot in here." (Implying: Open the window.) "I’m not sure how to fix this..." (Implying: Can you help me?) When Used: When the speaker wants to avoid responsibility for the imposition. To maintain plausible deniability or avoid explicit confrontation.  Insights into Positive Politeness & Negative Politeness Positive Politeness: A strategy to make the listener feel good about themselves, their interests, or their group. It seeks to minimize the distance between interlocutors. So, this strategy focuses on enhancing or acknowledging the listener’s positive face. It shows camaraderie, solidarity, and mutual respect. Sample: “Wow, you’re so talented! Can you help me with this task?” “Let’s work together on this project—I know you have great ideas!”  Insights into Positive Politeness & Negative Politeness Negative Politeness: A strategy that recognizes the listener’s desire for autonomy and freedom from obligation. It emphasizes deference and indirectness. So, this strategy focuses on respecting the listener’s negative face by minimizing imposition or intrusion. Sample: “I’m sorry to bother you, but could you possibly help me with this task?” “I understand you’re busy, but would it be  Features of both positive and negative politeness Positive Politeness Features: Use of in-group identity markers (e.g., nicknames, terms of endearment). Expressions of interest, approval, or sympathy. Inclusive language (e.g., “Let’s,” “We”). Humor or jokes to establish rapport. Offers or promises to show goodwill. Negative Politeness Features: Use of hedges or indirect language (e.g., “perhaps,” “possibly”). Apologies or excuses to acknowledge imposition. Use of formal language or titles to show respect. Questions instead of commands. Emphasizing the option to decline (e.g., “If it’s not too much trouble”).  Situations in which positive politeness and negative politeness are used Positive Politeness Situations: In informal settings or when the speaker wants to build closeness. Among friends, family, or colleagues to foster solidarity. Example: Asking a close friend for help, praising their skills to make the request smoother. Negative Politeness Situations: In formal settings or when there’s a power imbalance (e.g., speaking to a boss). When addressing strangers or acquaintances to maintain distance and avoid intrusion. Example: Asking a professor for an extension on a deadline while acknowledging their authority and workload.  The Implicatures in Positive Politeness and Negative Politeness Positive Politeness Implicatures: The speaker implies closeness, approval, or shared interests, which may encourage a positive response. Example: “You’re so good at this! Can you help me?” implies not just a request but also admiration and inclusion. Negative Politeness Implicatures: The speaker implies deference and respect, allowing the listener the option to refuse without feeling pressured. Example: “I hate to bother you, but could you  More Samples on Positive Politeness and Negative Politeness Positive Politeness Complimenting: "You’re really great at coding! Can you help me debug this issue?" Showing interest: "I’ve heard amazing things about your project! Can you tell me more?" Using inclusive language: "Let’s tackle this problem together. I know we’ll make a great team!" Sharing jokes: "With your skills, this will be a piece of cake, right?"  More Samples on Positive Politeness and Negative Politeness Negative Politeness Apologizing: "I hate to bother you, but could you look at this report for a moment?" Being indirect: "I was wondering if there might be a chance to discuss the budget?" Acknowledging imposition: "I know you’re super busy, but could you give me a hand with this?" Asking permission: "Would it be okay if I borrowed your laptop for a bit?"  The Relationship/Difference between Politeness and Face The Relationship: 1) Positive Politeness: Aims to enhance or appeal to the listener's positive face by showing approval, friendliness, and solidarity. 2) Negative Politeness: Aims to protect the listener's negative face by minimizing imposition and respecting their autonomy. The Difference: 3) Positive/Negative Face: Refers to fundamental social needs or desires that everyone has. 4) Positive/Negative Politeness: Refers to strategies used in communication to satisfy those face needs.  The Relationship/Difference between Politeness and Face Samples of Relationship: Positive Face: “Your ideas are always so creative!” Positive politeness strategy: Complimenting to make the listener feel valued. Negative Face: “Would it be okay if I borrowed your pen for a moment?” Negative politeness strategy: Using indirect language to avoid imposing on the listener.  Q&A (Discussion Session) THANK YOU FOR LISTENING ANY QUESTION?  Pragmatics Code: 220751104 Credit: 2 Dr. Hero Gunawan English Department Widyatama University Bandung  Review Positive Politeness: Focuses on the listener’s positive face—their desire to be liked, appreciated, or included. It involves showing friendliness, solidarity, or complimenting the listener. Example: "You’re so knowledgeable—can you explain this to me?" "Let’s work on this together—it’ll be fun!" Negative Politeness: Focuses on the listener’s negative face—their desire for autonomy and freedom from imposition. It involves being indirect, showing deference, or acknowledging imposition. Example:  Lecture-12: Politeness Strategy (2) 1) Introduction 2) Definitions of Politeness Strategy 3) Types of Politeness Strategies 4) Samples of Data and Analysis of Politeness Strategies 5) Exercises on Politeness Strategies 6) Quiz  Introduction Politeness Strategies are an important aspect of Pragmatics, particularly in understanding how individuals manage social interactions and maintain harmony.  Definitions of Politeness Strategies Brown and Levinson (1987) define politeness strategies as linguistic and behavioral approaches used to mitigate face-threatening acts (FTAs) and maintain the social "face" of interlocutors. Their model is rooted in the concept of face, which includes: Positive face: the desire to be liked, appreciated, and included. Negative face: the desire to be autonomous and free from imposition. Leech (1983) suggests politeness operates within the framework of the Politeness Principle, which maximizes benefits to others and  Types of Politeness Strategies Brown and Levinson identified four main types of politeness strategies: 1) Bald On-Record Strategy Used when there is little risk of threatening the interlocutor's face, often in contexts where clarity is prioritized Example: "Close the door." 2) Positive Politeness Strategy Focuses on addressing the hearer's positive face needs, showing friendliness and inclusion. Example: "You’re so good at this—could you help me with the project?"  Types of Politeness Strategies 3) Negative Politeness Strategy Aims to minimize imposition and respect the hearer’s negative face. Example: "I’m sorry to bother you, but could you pass the salt?" 4) Off-Record (Indirect) Strategy Relies on indirect language and hints, allowing the speaker to avoid commitment to a specific FTA. Example: "It’s a bit chilly in here, isn’t it?" (to suggest closing a window).  Samples of Data and Analysis of Politeness Strategies Context: A professor requests a student to submit a late assignment. Utterance: "I know you're juggling a lot, but could you possibly send me the report by tomorrow?" Analysis: Type: Negative Politeness Strategy Features: Use of hedging ("could you possibly") to minimize imposition. Recognition of the student's circumstances ("I know you're juggling a lot"), respecting their negative face.  Samples of Data and Analysis of Politeness Strategies Context: A customer at a coffee shop. Dialogue: Customer: "Excuse me, could I have a latte, please?" Analysis: Type: Negative Politeness Strategy Features: Use of politeness markers ("Excuse me", "please") to respect the barista’s negative face. Indirect phrasing ("could I have") to reduce the imposition.  Samples of Data and Analysis of Politeness Strategies Context: A manager requesting extra work from a team member. Dialogue: Manager: "You’ve done an excellent job so far. Do you think you could take a look at this additional task?" Analysis: Type: Positive Politeness Strategy Features: Complimenting the team member’s work ("You’ve done an excellent job") to satisfy their positive face. Indirect phrasing ("Do you think you could") to soften the request.  Samples of Data and Analysis of Politeness Strategies Context: A friend hinting about being hungry. Dialogue: Friend: "Wow, it smells amazing in the kitchen. I bet dinner’s ready!" Analysis: Type: Off-Record Strategy Features: Indirect hinting ("it smells amazing", "I bet dinner’s ready") instead of a direct request. Allows the listener to infer the speaker's wish without pressure.  Exercises on Politeness Strategies Exercise 1: Analyze the politeness strategies used in the following dialogues: 1) Speaker A: "Hey, can you pass the ketchup?" Speaker B: "Sure, here you go." 2) Speaker A: "I hope it’s not a hassle, but could you send me that report by tonight?" Speaker B: "No problem, I’ll get it to you soon." 3) Speaker A: "Your garden is so lovely! Did you do all the landscaping yourself?"  Exercises on Politeness Strategies Exercise 2: Complete the dialogues below using appropriate politeness strategies. Indicate which strategy you’ve used. 1) Context: A student asking a teacher for a deadline extension. A student: "_____________" 2) Context: A friend asking for help moving furniture. A friend: "_____________" 3) Context: A colleague reminding another about  Exercises on Politeness Strategies Exercise 3: Rewrite the following direct request using different politeness strategies. "Close the door."  Q&A (Discussion Session) THANK YOU FOR LISTENING ANY QUESTION?  Pragmatics Code: 220751104 Credit: 2 Dr. Hero Gunawan English Department Widyatama University Bandung  Review Positive Politeness: Focuses on the listener’s positive face—their desire to be liked, appreciated, or included. It involves showing friendliness, solidarity, or complimenting the listener. Example: "You’re so knowledgeable—can you explain this to me?" "Let’s work on this together—it’ll be fun!" Negative Politeness: Focuses on the listener’s negative face—their desire for autonomy and freedom from imposition. It involves being indirect, showing deference, or acknowledging imposition. Example:  Lecture-13: Face Concept Positive & Negative Face 1) Introduction: Politeness Behavior 2) What is face concept? 3) Types & Threats of Face 4) Value of Face Concept 5) Relation between Morality and Face Concept 6) Face Concept across Cultures 7) Cultural Examples of Face-Saving Strategies 8) The Face Concept in Indonesia 9) Samples of Data Analysis on Face Concept 10)Exercises on Face Concept  Introduction Politeness Behavior The face concept in Pragmatics is central to understanding politeness behavior and social interaction. Politeness in Pragmatics refers to strategies people use to mitigate potential face threats and maintain harmonious social interactions. It involves using language and actions to show awareness of others’ feelings and social needs.  Types & Threats of Face 1) Positive Face Reflects the need to feel appreciated and valued. Threats to positive face: Criticism, insults, or lack of acknowledgment. 2) Negative Face Reflects the need for autonomy and freedom from imposition. Threats to negative face: Commands, interruptions, or overbearing suggestions.  Types & Threats of Face 1) Positive Face Threat Positive face refers to a person's need to be liked, appreciated, and valued by others. It is about maintaining a positive self-image and being included in social relationships. Positive Face Threat occurs when someone's self-image, values, or desire for acceptance is undermined. Examples: Criticism or insults: "You did a terrible job on that report." Disagreement: "I don’t think your idea makes sense." Ignoring someone’s contributions: Failing to acknowledge someone’s effort or ideas in a group setting. Impact: The person feels unvalued, unimportant, or excluded, which threatens their social identity.  Types & Threats of Face 2) Negative Face Threat Negative face refers to a person's desire to have freedom of action and not be imposed upon. It is about maintaining autonomy and independence. Negative Face Threat occurs when someone's freedom of action or their personal space is intruded upon. Examples: Requests: "Can you do this for me right now?" Orders or commands: "You must finish this by tomorrow." Interruptions: Cutting someone off while they’re speaking. Overbearing advice: "You really should quit your job and find a better one." Impact: The person feels pressured, constrained, or obligated, which threatens their autonomy.  Types & Threats of Face Positive & Negative Face Threats Positive Face Negative Face Aspect Threat Threat Need for approval Need for freedom Focus and inclusion and autonomy Criticism, Orders, requests, Examples of disagreement, interruptions, Threats exclusion impositions Feeling unvalued or Feeling pressured Result rejected or restricted  Value of Face Concept 1) Social Harmony: Helps maintain smooth social relations and reduces conflicts. 2) Cultural Significance: The interpretation of face can vary across cultures, influencing interaction styles (e.g., individualistic vs. collectivist cultures). 3) Pragmatic Competence: Understanding face is crucial for effective communication, particularly in cross- cultural contexts.  Relation between Morality and Face Concept There is a connection between morality and face, as both involve values that govern interpersonal behavior: Morality: Concerns judgments about right and wrong behavior, often guided by societal norms. Face Concept: Involves respecting and protecting individuals' social identities, which aligns with moral values of respect, empathy, and fairness. Both share a commitment to preserving the dignity and autonomy of others. For instance, violating someone’s face is often perceived as morally inappropriate because it disrespects their dignity.  Face Concept across Cultures 1) Collectivist vs. Individualist Cultures Collectivist Cultures (e.g., China, Japan, Indonesia): Face is strongly tied to group harmony and social relationships. The emphasis is on avoiding behaviors that could bring shame to oneself or the group. Example: Indirect communication is preferred to avoid outright disagreement, as it may threaten another’s face. Individualist Cultures (e.g., USA, UK): Face is more personal and centered on individual autonomy and self-expression. People may prioritize their own face over others' to assert independence or challenge norms. Example: Direct communication, even if it risks face, is often valued for honesty and clarity.  Face Concept across Cultures 2) High-Context vs. Low-Context Cultures High-Context Cultures (e.g., Korea, Saudi Arabia): Communication relies on implicit messages and shared understanding. Preserving face often involves subtle, non-verbal cues and indirect language. Example: Silence might be used to avoid confrontation and maintain face. Low-Context Cultures (e.g., Germany, Australia): Communication is explicit and direct. While face is still important, maintaining face often involves clear and transparent dialogue. Example: Apologies are straightforward, without elaborate rituals.  Face Concept across Cultures 3) Positive Face vs. Negative Face Priority Positive-Face-Oriented Cultures (e.g., Italy, Mexico): Focus on social approval and warmth in relationships. Emphasis on being liked and admired. Example: Compliments and hospitality are highly valued as a way to maintain face. Negative-Face-Oriented Cultures (e.g., Finland, Japan): Focus on respecting personal space and non-imposition. Emphasis on independence and avoiding unnecessary demands. Example: Politeness strategies often include softening requests to respect autonomy.  Face Concept across Cultures 4) The Role of Hierarchy in Face Management Hierarchical Cultures (e.g., India, Thailand): Face is closely tied to respect for authority and social roles. Losing face is particularly serious for those in higher positions. Example: Public criticism of a superior can severely damage their face and is avoided. Egalitarian Cultures (e.g., Netherlands, New Zealand): Face is managed with a focus on equality and mutual respect. Criticism may be acceptable if delivered constructively, regardless of social rank. Example: Open dialogue between superiors and subordinates is common.  Cultural Examples of Face-Saving Strategies 1) China (Mianzi): "Saving face" involves protecting one's dignity and social harmony. Losing face can have long-term consequences on personal and professional relationships. Example: Declining an invitation is done with careful wording to avoid offending the host.  Cultural Examples of Face-Saving Strategies 2) USA: Face is managed with an emphasis on personal achievement and authenticity. Losing face might be perceived as a momentary setback rather than a lasting social stain. Example: Public mistakes are often addressed with humor or confidence to downplay embarrassment.  Cultural Examples of Face-Saving Strategies 3) Japan (Honne and Tatemae): Face involves balancing one’s true feelings (honne) and social obligations (tatemae). Public behavior is carefully controlled to maintain group harmony. Example: Disagreeing with someone directly is rare, and instead, ambiguous language is used.  The Face Concept in Indonesia The face concept in Indonesia is shaped by its diverse cultural landscape, comprising hundreds of ethnic groups with unique social norms and values. While certain aspects of face are shared nationally due to a collective cultural orientation, variations exist depending on the specific ethnic group, cultural traditions, and social contexts.  The Face Concept in Indonesia 1. General Characteristics of Face Concept in Indonesia Indonesia’s face concept is rooted in collectivist values and emphasizes: Group Harmony: Maintaining harmony within families, communities, and social groups is paramount. Respect for Hierarchy: Age, social rank, and authority are respected, influencing how face is managed in interpersonal interactions. Politeness and Indirect Communication: Directness is often avoided to prevent confrontation and maintain others' dignity.  The Face Concept in Indonesia Positive Face in Sundanese Culture: Use of Polite Language: Sundanese people often use soft language (basa lemes) to make others feel respected and valued. Example: Instead of saying, "Anda salah" (You are wrong), one might say: "Mungkin ada cara yang lebih baik." (Perhaps there is a better way.) This avoids directly criticizing someone, preserving their positive face. Respect for Hierarchy: Addressing elders or people of higher status using honorific titles like Aki (grandfather) or Ema (grandmother). Failing to use appropriate titles can threaten someone’s positive face by showing disrespect. Community Harmony:  The Face Concept in Indonesia Negative Face in Sundanese Culture: Indirect Communication: To avoid imposing, requests are framed in soft, indirect ways. Example: "Sakantenan tiasa ngabantosan?" (Could you possibly help?) This phrasing respects the other person’s autonomy. Avoiding Confrontation: In Sundanese culture, disagreements are typically expressed subtly or indirectly to avoid threatening the listener’s negative face.  The Face Concept in Indonesia Javanese Culture Concept of "Rukun" (Harmony): Prioritizing peace and avoiding conflict, even at the cost of personal expression. Indirectness: Language often involves subtlety and euphemisms to avoid threatening another’s face. Example: Refusing a request might be expressed as "nanti dulu" (later) instead of a direct "no." Respect for Elders: Strict adherence to hierarchical norms, where younger individuals show deference to elders.  The Face Concept in Indonesia In Bengkulu culture, positive face is related to how individuals feel valued and respected within their community. Key practices include: Mutual Praise and Acknowledgment Example: In social gatherings like kenduri (communal feasts), people often use respectful language to appreciate contributions, such as praising someone for their generosity in preparing food or organizing the event. "Terima kasih banyak atas bantuannya, tanpa Anda, acara ini tidak akan berhasil." (Thank you so much for your help; without you, this event wouldn't have been successful.) Maintaining Community Solidarity During traditional ceremonies, such as weddings or funerals, everyone contributes (gotong royong). Failure to participate could damage one's positive face by appearing indifferent or unsupportive.  The Face Concept in Indonesia In Bengkulu, negative face reflects the desire to maintain personal autonomy and avoid imposition, particularly in hierarchical interactions. Indirect Requests Instead of direct commands, people use polite forms to avoid imposing on others. Example: "Kalau ada waktu, bisa bantu saya di rumah?" (If you have time, could you help me at home?) This phrasing respects the other person's autonomy. Avoiding Confrontation When disagreements occur, people often avoid direct confrontation to preserve the other person’s autonomy and feelings. For example, if someone makes a mistake, a common approach is to address the issue indirectly, such as saying: "Mungkin lain kali kita bisa coba cara yang berbeda." (Maybe next time, we can try a different way.)  Samples of Data Analysis on Face Concept Data Sample 1: Direct Command vs. Polite Request Direct Command: "Close the door!" (threatens the listener's negative face). Polite Request: "Could you please close the door?" (preserves the listener's negative face by being indirect and respectful). Data Sample 2: Apologies in Cross-Cultural Contexts Western Culture: Apologies often include explicit expressions of regret, e.g., "I’m so sorry for being late." Eastern Culture: Apologies might emphasize the impact on the other party to maintain harmony, e.g., "I caused you trouble by being late." Analysis: The strategies chosen reflect the need to manage positive and negative face based on cultural values.  Exercises on Face Concept Exercise 1: Identify Positive and Negative Face Threats Question: Label the face threat in each scenario below as positive or negative: a) Criticizing someone’s clothing. b) Interrupting someone while they are speaking. c) Giving an unsolicited suggestion.  Exercises on Face Concept Exercise 2: Rewrite Sentences to Minimize Face Threats Question: Rewrite the following to reduce the face threat: a) "You have to help me with this report!" b) "Your presentation was full of errors."  Exercises on Face Concept Possible Answer Ex-1: a) Positive face threat b) Negative face threat c) Negative face threat Possible Answer Ex-2: a) "Could you please help me with this report if you have time?“ b) "I think your presentation could be improved in a few areas."  Q&A (Discussion Session) THANK YOU FOR LISTENING ANY QUESTION?  Pragmatics Code: 220751104 Credit: 2 Dr. Hero Gunawan English Department Widyatama University Bandung  Review: Face Concept: Positive & Negative Face 1) Positive Face Reflects the need to feel appreciated and valued. Threats to positive face: Criticism, insults, or lack of acknowledgment. 2) Negative Face Reflects the need for autonomy and freedom from imposition. Threats to negative face: Commands, interruptions, or overbearing suggestions.  Lecture-14: Face Threatening Acts: Positive & Negative Face 1) Introduction: Spectrum of Face Meaning 2) What is Face Threatening Acts (FTAs)? 3) Types FTAs 4) Relation between FTAs and Morality 5) FTAs across Cultures 6) Practices of FTAs in Indonesia 7) Samples of Data Analysis on FTAs 8) Exercises on FTAs  Introduction: Spectrum of Face Meaning In pragmatics, "face" refers to an individual’s self- image or public persona* as perceived in social interactions. The concept was introduced by Goffman (1967) and later developed in the Politeness Theory by Brown and Levinson (1987). Types of Face: 1) Positive Face: The need to be liked, appreciated, and valued. 2) Negative Face: The need to have one’s freedom of action respected and to be free from imposition. Pragmatic Importance: Managing "face" is  What is Face Threatening Acts (FTAs)? FTAs are speech acts that inherently threaten either the speaker’s or hearer’s positive or negative face. These acts can disrupt social harmony and create discomfort in interactions. Examples: 1) Threat to Positive Face: Criticizing, disagreeing, or ignoring someone’s contributions. 2) Threat to Negative Face: Ordering, requesting, or interrupting someone.  Types FTAs 1) Threats to Positive Face: Criticisms Insults Disapproval Disagreements 2) Threats to Negative Face: Orders and commands Requests Suggestions or advice Interruptions or questioning  Types FTAs 1) Threats to Positive Face (Positive Face Threat ): Positive face refers to a person's need to be liked, appreciated, and valued by others. It is about maintaining a positive self-image and being included in social relationships. Positive Face Threat occurs when someone's self-image, values, or desire for acceptance is undermined. Examples: Criticism or insults: "You did a terrible job on that report." Disagreement: "I don’t think your idea makes sense." Ignoring someone’s contributions: Failing to acknowledge someone’s effort or ideas in a group setting. Impact: The person feels unvalued, unimportant, or excluded, which threatens their social identity.  Types FTAs 2) Threats to Negative Face (Negative Face Threat): Negative face refers to a person's desire to have freedom of action and not be imposed upon. It is about maintaining autonomy and independence. Negative Face Threat occurs when someone's freedom of action or their personal space is intruded upon. Examples: Requests: "Can you do this for me right now?" Orders or commands: "You must finish this by tomorrow." Interruptions: Cutting someone off while they’re speaking. Overbearing advice: "You really should quit your job and find a better one." Impact: The person feels pressured, constrained, or  Types of FTAs Positive & Negative Aspect FaceFace Positive Threats Negative Face Threat Threat Need for approval Need for freedom Focus and inclusion and autonomy Criticism, Orders, requests, Examples of disagreement, interruptions, Threats exclusion impositions Feeling unvalued or Feeling pressured Result rejected or restricted  Relationship between FTAs and Morality FTAs often reflect moral expectations in society about respect, politeness, and maintaining dignity. In some cultures, direct speech acts might be considered morally inappropriate as they threaten face. Example: A moral framework can judge FTAs as rude or considerate based on cultural norms. For instance, in collectivist societies like Indonesia, harmony is valued, so acts like public disagreement may be seen as morally improper.  FTAs across Cultures 1) Western Cultures (e.g., USA, UK): Direct requests or disagreements are less threatening due to the emphasis on individualism and negative face. 2) Asian Cultures (e.g., Japan, China): Indirectness is preferred to avoid FTAs. Disagreeing publicly might be considered a serious threat to positive face. 3) Middle Eastern Cultures: Expressions of hospitality may impose on negative face but are seen as acts of positive politeness.  Practices of FTAs in Indonesia Collectivist Nature: Indonesian culture prioritizes group harmony, making FTAs particularly sensitive. Examples: Avoiding direct criticism in meetings. Using indirect language for refusals or disagreements. Employing polite terms like "maaf" (sorry) before making requests to mitigate the imposition. Cultural Nuances: Javanese culture emphasizes "alus" (refined speech) to preserve face.  Samples of Data Analysis on FTAs Sample 1: Analyzing workplace communication: Data: A manager giving direct orders to subordinates without "please" or softeners. Analysis: This can threaten subordinates' negative face, causing discomfort or reduced morale. Sample 2: Cross-cultural interaction: Data: A Western tourist directly asks an Indonesian vendor for a discount. Analysis: The direct request might threaten the vendor's positive face as it contrasts with local norms of bargaining respectfully.  Exercises on FTAs Exercise 1: Identifying FTAs Instructions: Label whether the following acts threaten Positive Face (PF) or Negative Face (NF). 1) Criticizing a colleague in a meeting. 2) Asking your neighbor to lend you a tool. 3) Interrupting someone while they are talking. 4) Complimenting someone on their appearance. Exercise 2: Mitigating FTAs Instructions: Rewrite the following sentences to reduce the threat to face. 5) "You’re wrong about this policy.“ 6) "I need you to finish this report by today.“ 7) "Lend me your notes."  Exercises on FTAs Answers for Exercise 1: Identifying FTAs 1) PF 2) NF 3) NF 4) PF (if the compliment feels insincere or imposing). Answers for Exercise 2 : Mitigating FTAs 5) "I see your point, but could we consider an alternative?“ 6) "Would it be possible to have the report by today? I’d really appreciate it.“ 7) "If it’s not too much trouble, could I borrow your notes?"  Q&A (Discussion Session) THANK YOU FOR LISTENING ANY QUESTION?  Pragmatics Code: 220751104 Credit: 2 Dr. Hero Gunawan English Department Widyatama University Bandung  Review: Types of FTAs 1) Threats to Positive Face (Positive Face Threat ) occurs when someone's self-image, values, or desire for acceptance is undermined. Examples: Criticism or insults: "You did a terrible job on that report." Disagreement: "I don’t think your idea makes sense." Ignoring someone’s contributions: Failing to acknowledge someone’s effort or ideas in a group setting. Impact: The person feels unvalued, unimportant, or excluded, which threatens their social identity.  Review: Types of FTAs 2) Threats to Negative Face (Negative Face Threat) occurs when someone's freedom of action or their personal space is intruded upon. Examples: Requests: "Can you do this for me right now?" Orders or commands: "You must finish this by tomorrow." Interruptions: Cutting someone off while they’re speaking. Overbearing advice: "You really should quit your job and find a better one.“ (“Take it or leave it!”) Impact: The person feels pressured, constrained, or obligated, which threatens their autonomy.  Review: Types of FTAs Positive & Negative Aspect FaceFace Positive Threats Negative Face Threat Threat Need for approval Need for freedom Focus and inclusion and autonomy Criticism, Orders, requests, Examples of disagreement, interruptions, Threats exclusion impositions Feeling unvalued or Feeling pressured Impact rejected or restricted  Lecture-15: Strategies to Minimalize Face Threatening Acts 1) Introduction: What is Strategy, and What is the Meaning of Face Threatening Acts (FTAs)? 2) Minimalize vs. Mitigate FTAs 3) What is the Meaning of Minimalizing FTAs? 4) Relationship between FTAs and Cultures 5) The Interplay between FTAs and Cultures 6) Strategies Used to Minimalize FTAs 7) Samples of Strategies to Minimalize FTAs 8) Samples of Data Analysis on the Strategies to Minimalize FTAs 9) Exercises on How to Minimalize FTAs Introduction: What is Strategy, and What is the Meaning of Face Threatening Acts (FTAs) In general, a strategy is a planned, systematic approach to achieving a goal or solving a problem. It involves choosing specific methods, tools, and actions to address challenges effectively. In communication, strategies help individuals navigate interactions while maintaining relationships and reducing conflict.  Introduction: What is Strategy, and What is the Meaning of Face Threatening Acts (FTAs) Face-threatening acts (FTAs) are communicative actions that may harm the self-esteem or social identity of the speaker or listener. Coined by Brown and Levinson (1987), "face" refers to the public self-image that individuals want to maintain. FTAs occur when communication threatens someone's: 1) Negative face: The desire to be autonomous and free from imposition. 2) Positive face: The desire to be liked, appreciated, or approved by others. Examples: 3) Negative face threat: A request imposing on someone's time (e.g., "Could you do this now?"). 4) Positive face threat: Criticism or disagreement (e.g., "Your idea isn't very good.").  Minimalize vs. Mitigate FTAs Minimalizing and Mitigating FTAs have similarities and differences: 1) Similarities: Both aim to reduce the impact of FTAs. Both involve strategic communication to maintain relationships and avoid conflict. Both rely on politeness strategies to achieve their goals.  Minimalize vs. Mitigate FTAs 2) Differences: Aspect Minimalizing FTAs Mitigating FTAs Softening the Reducing the Focus impact of occurrence of FTAs. unavoidable FTAs. Explanation, Avoidance or Approach justification, or indirectness. hedging. Repair of potential Prevention of face Outcome or actual face damage. damage.  So, What is the Meaning of Minimalizing FTAs? Minimalizing FTAs refers to the use of strategies to reduce the likelihood or severity of communicative acts that threaten someone's face. This involves avoiding directness, using politeness, or rephrasing statements to be less imposing or offensive.  Relationship between FTAs and Cultures There is a strong relationship between FTAs and cultures. Culture significantly influences what is considered threatening to someone's face and how individuals manage FTAs. How They Affect Each Other: High-context cultures (e.g., Japan, Indonesia): Emphasize indirect communication and politeness. FTAs are minimized by avoiding direct confrontation. Low-context cultures (e.g., USA, Germany): Tend to value directness and clarity, often accepting FTAs as a normal part of communication.  The Interplay between FTAs and Cultures There is a significant interplay (interconnected) between Face- Threatening Acts (FTAs) and cultures. The way FTAs are perceived, handled, and minimized varies greatly across cultural contexts due to differing norms, values, and communication styles. (The following slides are the key points of interplay between FTAs and cultures):  The Interplay between FTAs and Cultures 1. Cultural Definitions of "Face" Individualistic cultures (e.g., the United States, Western Europe): Emphasis on negative face—the need for autonomy and freedom from imposition. Direct communication is often more acceptable, as individuals value honesty and assertiveness. Collectivistic cultures (e.g., East Asia, Middle East, Latin America): Emphasis on positive face—the need for inclusion, respect, and maintaining harmony within the group. Indirect communication is preferred to avoid embarrassment or conflict.  The Interplay between FTAs and Cultures 2. Perception of FTAs In some cultures, direct criticism may not be seen as an FTA (e.g., low-context cultures like Germany or Scandinavia) because clarity and efficiency are prioritized. In high-context cultures (e.g., Japan or Indonesia), even mild criticism can be highly face-threatening because of the strong emphasis on preserving harmony and avoiding confrontation.  The Interplay between FTAs and Cultures 3. Strategies to Handle FTAs Cultural norms influence the strategies used to minimize FTAs: Direct Strategies: Common in individualistic cultures where people may use humor or straightforwardness to handle FTAs. Indirect Strategies: Preferred in collectivistic cultures, where politeness, euphemisms, and indirect language are used to mitigate FTAs.  The Interplay between FTAs and Cultures 4. Influence of Power Distance Cultures with high power distance (e.g., India, Malaysia, Arab cultures): FTAs are more sensitive in hierarchical relationships. Politeness strategies are heavily employed to show deference/respect to authority figures. Cultures with low power distance (e.g., Sweden, Australia): FTAs might be less sensitive in such contexts, as equality in relationships is emphasized.  The Interplay between FTAs and Cultures 5. Cultural Sensitivity and Cross-Cultural Communication When people from different cultural backgrounds interact, misunderstandings can arise due to differing perceptions of FTAs. Example: a direct request from an American might come across as rude to a Japanese individual, while an indirect request from a Japanese person might be seen as vague or ineffective by an American.  The Interplay between FTAs and Cultures 6. Mutual Influence: FTAs and Cultural Change Cultural norms can evolve due to global influences, which may lead to shifts in how FTAs are handled. Example: exposure to Western communication styles might encourage more direct strategies in traditionally indirect cultures and vice versa.  The Interplay between FTAs and Cultures Practical Implications*) 1) Adaptability: Being aware of cultural norms can help minimize FTAs effectively in cross- cultural interactions. 2) Cultural Sensitivity: Understanding how face is constructed and maintained in a particular culture can enhance relationships and reduce conflicts. 3) Language Learning: Language learners must also grasp cultural nuances related to FTAs to avoid communication breakdowns. *) a possible effect of an action /a decision/program/policy  What Strategies Used to Minimalize FTAs 1) Using Politeness Strategies: Positive politeness: Building rapport and showing approval (e.g., "You’re so skilled; could you help me with this?"). Negative politeness: Minimizing imposition (e.g., "I’m sorry to bother you, but could you..."). 2) Using Indirect Language: Avoiding direct commands or requests (e.g., "It might be helpful if we could..." instead of "Do this."). 3) Hedging: Adding qualifiers to soften statements (e.g., "I think," "Maybe," "It seems"). 4) Offering Options: Giving the other person a choice (e.g., "Would you prefer to do this now or later?").  What Strategies Used to Minimalize FTAs 5) Acknowledging the Other Person’s Perspective: Showing understanding (e.g., "I know you're busy, but..."). 6) Delaying or Avoiding Certain Topics: Discussing sensitive issues only when necessary or at an appropriate time. 7) Using Humor or Jokes: Diffusing tension with lightheartedness.  Samples of Strategies to Minimalize FTAs Sample 1: Request (Negative Politeness) FTA: "Can you finish this by tomorrow?" Minimized: "I know you’re busy, but would it be possible to finish this by tomorrow?" Sample 2: Criticism (Positive Politeness) FTA: "Your report is full of errors." Minimized: "You’ve put in great effort! There are just a few areas that could be improved." Sample 3: Disagreement (Hedging) FTA: "I don’t agree with you." Minimized: "I see your point, but perhaps we could also consider another perspective." Keys: Use softeners (e.g., "perhaps," "maybe"). Add compliments or acknowledgments.  Samples of Data Analysis on the Strategies to Minimalize FTAs Sample Data: Conversation between a manager and an employee: Manager: "Your presentation needs work." Minimized FTA: "You’ve done a solid job on the content! It might be worth revising the visuals for clarity." Analysis: Strategy Used: Positive politeness ("You’ve done a solid job"). Impact: Maintained the employee’s positive face while providing constructive feedback.  Exercises on How to Minimalize FTAs Exercise 1: Rewrite Sentences Rewrite the following FTAs to minimize their impact: 1) "I don’t think you’re qualified for this job.“ 2) "Clean your room right now.“ 3) "Your performance was disappointing." Answers: 4) "Your skills are great! However, this job might require more experience.“ 5) "Could you tidy up your room when you get a chance?“ 6) "You’ve done well before, but this time there’s room for improvement."  Exercises on How to Minimalize FTAs Exercise 2: Identify Strategies Identify the strategies used in these minimized FTAs: 1) "I hate to ask, but could you help me with this task?“ 2) "It seems like there might be a misunderstanding here.“ 3) "Would you mind if we discussed this later?" Answers: 4) Negative politeness 5) Hedging 6) Offering options.  More Exercises on How to Minimalize FTAs Exercise 1: Rewrite Direct Statements Rewrite the following FTAs to minimize their impact. Use appropriate strategies such as politeness, hedging, or indirect language. 1) "You’re wrong about this.“ 2) "Finish your work on time next time.“ 3) "This presentation is too basic.“ 4) "You’re late again.“ 5) "You need to improve your behavior."  More Exercises on How to Minimalize FTAs Answers: 1) "I see where you’re coming from, but I think there might be another way to look at this.“ 2) "It would be great if the work could be submitted on time in the future.“ 3) "You’ve made a good start, but maybe adding more details could make it even better.“ 4) "I understand things happen, but could we try to manage time better in the future?“ 5) "You’ve done well in some areas, and there’s a chance to make improvements in others."  More Exercises on How to Minimalize FTAs Exercise 2: Choose the Best Response Choose the most effective response to minimize the FTA in each scenario. Scenario 1: A student submits a poorly written essay. a) "Your essay is terrible." b) "You need to rewrite this completely." c) "You’ve made some good points, but let’s work together to strengthen the structure." Scenario 2: A colleague interrupts during a meeting. a) "Stop interrupting me." b) "Could I finish my thought first, and then we’ll hear your idea?" c) "You always interrupt others." Scenario 3: A team member missed a deadline. a) "Why didn’t you meet the deadline?" b) "It’s important to meet deadlines. What can we do to avoid this in the future?" c) "You’re irresponsible." Answers: C, B, B  More Exercises on How to Minimalize FTAs Exercise 3: Analyze Strategies Analyze the following statements and identify the strategy used to minimize FTAs. Choose from the following: Negative politeness Humor, Positive politeness, Offering options, Hedging 1) "You’ve done a great job so far! Could you add a bit more detail to this section?“ 2) "I hate to bother you, but could you review this report by tomorrow?“ 3) "It seems like there might be some room for improvement in this area.“ 4) "Would you prefer to handle this now or later?“ 5) "You missed the deadline, but hey, nobody’s perfect!" Answers: 6) Positive politeness 7) Negative politeness 8) Hedging  More Exercises on How to Minimalize FTAs Exercise 4: Correct the Errors Identify and correct the errors in these responses that failed to minimize FTAs. 1) "You’re terrible at teamwork.“ 2) "I don’t like your proposal.“ 3) "You can’t do this project." Answers: 4) "You’ve got some strengths, but we could work on improving teamwork skills.“ 5) "Your proposal has potential, but we might consider tweaking a few areas.“ 6) "This project might be challenging, but I believe with some support, you can handle it."  More Exercises on How to Minimalize FTAs Exercise 5: Fill in the Blanks Complete the sentences below to minimize the FTAs effectively. 1) "I know you’re ________, but could you help me with this task when you have time?“ 2) "Your project is off to a ________ start, and with a few tweaks, it could be even better.“ 3) "I ________ to bring this up, but we need to discuss how to meet deadlines." Answers: busy, great, hate  Q&A (Discussion Session) THANK YOU FOR LISTENING ANY QUESTION?