Mental Health and Mental Illness 2024 PDF

Mental Health and Mental Illness Prepared by Dr. Haniyat shabban Lecturer of psychiatric & mental health nursing Faculty of nursing Suez Canal University Mental Health and Mental Illness  Out lines 1-Introduction. 2-Defintion of mental health. 4-factors th...

Mental Health and Mental Illness Prepared by Dr. Haniyat shabban Lecturer of psychiatric & mental health nursing Faculty of nursing Suez Canal University Mental Health and Mental Illness  Out lines 1-Introduction. 2-Defintion of mental health. 4-factors that influence the development of mental health and mental illness. 5-Positive concepts of mental health. 6-Definition of mental illness. 7- signs and symptoms of mental illness. 8- Differences between mental health and mental ill individuals. 9- maintaining mental health. 10- Role of psychiatric mental health nurse to improve mental health and prevent mental illness.  Introduction: Mental health and mental illness are difficult to define precisely. People who can carry out their roles in society and whose behavior is appropriate and adaptive are viewed as healthy. Conversely, those who fail to fulfill roles and carry out responsibilities or whose behavior is inappropriate are viewed as ill. The culture of any society strongly influences its values and beliefs, and this in turn affects how that society defines health and illness. What one society may view as acceptable and appropriate, another society may see 5 as maladaptive and inappropriate. Tree of mental health Tree of mental illness *1-Health and Illness are in linear movement from one extreme of a continuum to the other i.e., neither completely healthy nor completely ill. health illness illness 2- Health and illness are on separate and distinct continuum, i.e., there is specific criteria for each functioning to be used in assessment. Health Illness 3- Mental health is an evolving process in which the individual’s internal demands and needs are brought in harmony with reality of environment in which he lives  Definition of Health WHO defines health as a state of complete physical, mental, and social wellness, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. Definition of mental health It is a state of peace of mind achieved by successful psychological adaptation to stressors from the internal or external environment without undue distress. This successful adaptation is evidenced by thoughts, feelings, and behaviors Mental health does not mean the absence o mental illness but rather the presence of something positive the happiness, the peace of mind ,the enjoyment and the satisfaction we drive from living.  Definition of Mental Health WHO definition It is a positive state in which one is responsible, displays self- awareness, is self-directive, is reasonably worry free, and can cope with usual daily tensions. Mentally healthy individuals function well in society, are accepted within a group, and are generally satisfied with their lives. Other definitions refer to the ability to solve problems and maintain a state of well-being by enjoying life, setting realistic goals and becoming independent. Cultural beliefs influence how mental health and mental illness are determined. For instance, acceptable behavior in one cultural group may or may not be tolerated in another group.  Factor influencing mental health 1.Inherited characteristics. 2.Nurturing during childhood 3.Life circumstances.  Warning signs of poor mental health A- Younger childhood 1. Change in school performance 2. Excessive worrying or anxiety 3. Hyperactivity 4. Persistent night mars 5. Persistent disobedience and aggressive behavior 6. Frequent temper tantrums  Warning signs of poor mental health B- older children and adolescents 1. Abuse of drugs or alcohol 2. Inability to cope with daily problems activities 3. Changes in sleeping and eating habits 4. Excessive complaints of physical problems 5. Defying authority ,skipping school and stealing 6. Intense fear of gaining weight 7. Frequent outbursts of anger  Warning signs of poor mental health C- in adults 1. Confused thinking 2. Long lasting sadness or irritability 3. Extreme highs and lows in mood 4. Social withdrawal 5. Increasing inability to cope with daily problems and activity 6. Thoughts of suicide 7. Strong feeling of anger Concepts of positive mental health 1- A positive attitude toward self: This means an objective view of self, knowing its strengths and limitations and accepting both.This include an acceptance of self and self awareness.A person must have sense of identity. 2-Growth, development and self – actualization: The ability of the person to plan for future.This entails successful achievement of each developmental task associated with each age, seeking new growth and new challenges 3-Integration: It implies maintaining an * equilibrium and balance between various life processes( between what is expressed and what is repressed, between outer and inner conflicts and drives) and a regulation of one's emotions. This criterion can be measured at least in part by the person's ability to manage stress and coping with anxiety. Concepts of positive mental health (cont’d.) 4- Autonomy: Involve self determination It refers to the individual's ability to perform in an independent and self-directed manner and accepting responsibility for the outcomes 5- Reality Perception : This means perception of the environment without distortion, as well as the capacity for empathy and social sensitivity. 6- Environmental mastery: It suggests the ability to achieve a satisfactory role within group, society or environment with a reasonable feeling of controlling his situation. Concepts of positive mental health (cont’d.) *Adaptation to the work situation *Choosing the right kind of job, within the person ability *Attending the place of work at regular time *Doing the jobs well and be able to face of difficulty *Adapt to people in authority, colleagues and subordinates *Social contact Mental Illness The American Psychiatric Association (APA) defines a mental disorder as a clinically significant behavioral or psychological syndrome or pattern that occurs in an individual and is associated with: Present distress (e.g., a painful symptom) Disability (i.e., impairment in one or more important areas of functioning) Significantly increased risk of suffering death, pain, disability, loss of freedom  General criteria to diagnose mental disorders include Dissatisfaction with one‘s characteristics, abilities, and accomplishments Ineffective or unsatisfying relationships Dissatisfaction with one’s place in the world Ineffective coping with life events Lack of personal growth.  Characteristics of mental illness A. Disturbances in bodily functions B. Disturbances in mentaly functions C. Changes in individual and social activities D. Somatic complaints Factors contributing to mental illness 1- Individual Factors ** Biologic makeup, Intolerable Unrealistic worries Fears Inability to distinguish reality from fantasy Intolerance of life’s uncertainties A sense of disharmony in life A loss of meaning in one’s life 2- Interpersonal factors Ineffective communication Excessive dependency on others Withdrawal from relationships No sense of belonging Inadequate social support Loss of emotional control. 3- Social/cultural factors Lack of resources, Violence, Homelessness, Poverty, An negative view of the world, Discrimination such as stigma, racism, classism, ageism, and sexism.  Comparison between mental health and mental illness Mental health Mental illness Accept self and others Feels inadequate & has poor self concept Is able to cope with stress Are unable to cope exhibit maladaptive behavior Is able to form close and lasting relation Unable to establish a meaningful relation Uses sound judgment in decisions Displays poor judgments Accept responsibility for actions Irresponsible or unable to accept responsibility Optimistic Pessimistic Comparison between mental health and mental illness Mental health Mental illness Recognize limitations(abilities, Doesn’t recognize limitations deficiency) Can function effectively & Exhibit dependency needs independently Is able to distinguish imagined events Unable to perceive reality from reality Is able to develop potential & talent Doesn’t recognize potentials Is able to solve problems Avoid problems rather than coping Can delay gratification Desires or demands immediate gratification Mental Health/Illness Continuum Stress Mental Health Mental Illness ADAPTIVE MALADAPTIVE Healthy Neurosis Psychosis * Reality Oriented *Denies Reality *Positive self-concept *Emotional stable  How to prevent mental illness Primary prevention(Health promotion) has three levels: -universal prevention: targeting the general public (e.g. actions against illegal drug use will result in lower prevalence of drug addicts), - selective prevention: targeting groups or individuals who are at higher risk of developing a mental disorder (e.g. soldiers in war or persons with a family history for certain mental disorders) -indicated prevention: -targeting individuals with prodromal signs or symptoms but without an actual or previous full blown syndrome of the disease. Promotion and Maintenance of Mental Health: Problem solving Techniques.  Fostering bonding behaviors.  Promoting open healthy communication in families.  Helping parents learn to strength in their child self esteem.  Teaching relaxation and other stress management techniques.  Supporting care givers of the elderly. Secondary prevention(Early detection and prompt treatment): - Reduce disability (e.g. early treatment of dementia or psychosis) - Prevent relapses (e.g. needs-adapted interventions in first-episode schizophrenia  Tertiary prevention (treatment and rehabilitation) Intervention given to people who already have a disorder with intention of limiting the disability caused by disorder Reducing its intensity & duration, thereby preventing future re-occurrence  Mental health across life span Nurses role in improving mental health during prenatal period To ensure that the pregnancy period of the mother is happy and safe Encourage the mother to be calm during pregnancy period Provide antenatal care to the mother and educate her regarding the adverse effects of irradiation , certain drugs and prematurity  Nurses role in improving mental health among infants and toddler growth monitoring and nutrational assessment Immmunization Education on exclusive breast feeding for first six months and emphasizing weaning foods thereafter Timely management of infectious diseases  Nurses role in improving mental health among children A sense of belonging is essential for child’s positive adjustment ,self –identification and sense of trust Parent should be aware of changes in their children’s habits and if fears and worries last for more than three months Educate the parents and other significant adults to listen to children when they are upset and give them the time that they need Educate the parent to acknowledge the child’s strengths and not concentrate on the weaknesses  Cont, identifying the problems of scholastic performance and emotional disturbances among school children and giving timely intervention Ensuring harmonious relationship among the member of family Teach parents not to over react and make the children more anxious  Nurses role in improving mental health among adolescents Conducting health need assessment to uncover problems as well as to discover emergency behavior Screening adolescents for behavioral problems Sex education Educating about balanced diet and harmful effects of fast foods Health education to college student and the youth about the dangers of drug abuse through curriculum and mass media Educating the youth regarding healthy life style  Nurses role in improving mental health among adults Active coping and social suppor Enhancing social support system in the community Educating coping strategies and other stress management skills Adult should be taught effective communication skills to source of stress and improve interpersonal relationships Individual and family counseling Education on balanced diet and healthy life style  Nurses role in improving mental health among Elderly people Increased physical activity, a balanced diet Regular check ups for physical health , mood and memory Reinforce daily conversation with other Provide opportunities and out lets for their interaction and exchange with other  Role of nurse in prevention of mental illness Primary prevention and role of a nurse : ▪It seek to prevent the occurrence of mental disorders by strengthening individual ,family ,and group coping abilities. And lowering the incidence of illness in community by changing causative factor before they can do harm ▪Community mental health nurses are in a key position to identify individual , family , and group needs , conflicts and stressors ▪Some intervention include  A- individual centered intervention 1. Teaching about principals of mental health 2. Effecting changes in living conditions , poverty level, and eduction 3. Antenatal care to the mother and educating her regarding the adverse effects of irradiation, certain drugs and prematurity 4. Dietary correction to those infants suffering from metabolic disorders. 5. Correction of endocrine disorders  Cont, 7. Helping the patient in general hospital setting to avoid future psychiatric problems 8. Training programs for physical and mentally handicapped children like blind , deaf, mute 9. working with families to support family members and group functioning  Cont, 10. foster bonding behaviors. Explaining importance of warm, accepting, intimate relationship and avoiding the prolonged separation of mother and child  B-intervention oriented to the child at school 1. Educate consumers in such areas as normal growth and development and sex education 2. Identifying the problems of scholastic performance and emotional disturbances among school children and giving timely intervention 3. School teachers can be taught to recognize the early symptoms of problems and referring to appropriate agencies  C-family centered intervention 1. Consulting with parents about appropriate disciplinary measures 2. Promoting open health communication in families 3. Ensuring harmonious relationship among the members of the family and teaching healthy adaptive techniques at the time of stress 4. Strengthening social support 5. Developing parent- teacher associations 6. Providing counseling for families having marital problems  Cont, Interventions for families in crisis: In developmental of crisis situations such as the child passing through adolescence , birth of new baby ,retirement or menopause ,crisis intervention can be given at Mental hygiene clinics Psychiatric first aid centers  D- Mental health education 1. Conduct mass health education programs through film show , flash cards and appropriate audio- visual aids regarding prevention of mental illnesses and promotion of mentally health in the community 2. Educate health workers regarding prevention of mental illness so they can function effectively in all the areas of prevention  Secondary prevention Secondary prevention target people who show early symptoms of mental health disruption it involves reducing illness by early detection and treatment of the problem 1. Early diagnosis and case finding: this can be achieved by educating the public , community leaders screening ,periodical examination of population at risk this can be in clinics, schools , home health care and work place 2. Early reference to proper hospitals  Cont, 3. Screening programs by simple questionnaires to identify the symptoms of mental illness 4. Early and effective treatment for patient 5. Training of health personnel: orientation courses to health workers to detect cases in the course of their routine work 6. Consultation services for the nurses in general hospital 7. Creation of a therapeutic milieu 8. Crisis intervention 9. Supervision of patient s receiving medication 10. Psychotherapy with individuals , families , groups of various ages  Tertiary prevention *Helps to reduce the severity , discomfort and disability associated with their illness and rehabilitation. *In these terms community mental health nurses play a vital role in monitoring the progress of discharged patients in houses especially regard to their medication regimen , coordination of care 1. Family members should be involved in the treatment program 2. Ensure effective follow up 3. Occupational and recreational activities should be establish in hospital 4. Community based programs can be launched through meeting with the family members when the need for discharge from the hospital should be emphasized