Summary

This document is a summary of Mendel's laws of inheritance, including monohybrid and dihybrid crosses. It outlines the concepts of genotype and phenotype.

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Name : ……………………. Date : ……………………… Class : MYP 5 / BIO References : https://byjus.com. (n.d.). Retrieved from /biology/mendel-laws-of-inheritance/: https://byjus.com/biology/mendel-laws-of-inheritance/ Mendel's Laws o...

Name : ……………………. Date : ……………………… Class : MYP 5 / BIO References : https://byjus.com. (n.d.). Retrieved from /biology/mendel-laws-of-inheritance/: https://byjus.com/biology/mendel-laws-of-inheritance/ Mendel's Laws of Inheritance Inheritance can be defined as the process of how a child receives genetic information from the parent. The whole process of heredity is dependent upon inheritance and it is the reason that the offspring are similar to the parents. This simply means that due to inheritance, the members of the same family possess similar characteristics. It was only during the mid 19th century that people started to understand inheritance in a proper way. This understanding of inheritance was made possible by a scientist named Gregor Mendel, who formulated certain laws to understand inheritance known as Mendel’s laws of inheritance. Between 1856-1863, Mendel conducted the hybridization experiments on the garden peas. During that period, he chose some distinct characteristics of the peas and conducted some cross-pollination/ artificial pollination on the pea lines that showed stable trait inheritance and underwent continuous self-pollination. Such pea lines are called true-breeding pea lines. He selected a pea plant for his experiments due to : 1. The pea plant can be easily grown and maintained. 2. They are naturally self-pollinating but can also be cross-pollinated. 3. It is an annual plant, therefore, many generations can be studied within a short period of time. 4. It has several contrasting characters. While experimenting, Mendel found that certain factors were always being transferred down to the offspring in a stable way. Those factors are now called genes i.e. genes can be called the units of inheritance. Mendel conducted 2 main experiments to determine the laws of inheritance. These experiments were: Monohybrid Cross In this experiment, Mendel took two pea plants of opposite traits (one short and one tall) and crossed them. He found the first generation offspring were tall and called it F1. Then he crossed F1 and obtained both tall and short plants in the ratio 3:1. To know more about this experiment. Mendel even conducted this experiment with other contrasting traits like green peas vs yellow peas, round vs wrinkled, etc. In all the cases, he found that the results were similar. From this, he formulated the laws of Segregation And Dominance. Dihybrid Cross In a dihybrid cross experiment, Mendel considered two traits, each having two alleles. He crossed wrinkled-green seed and round-yellow seeds and observed that all the first generation progeny (F1) were round-yellow. This meant that dominant traits were the round shape and yellow colour. He then self-pollinated the F1 and obtained 4 different traits wrinkled-yellow, round-yellow, wrinkled-green seeds and round-green in the ratio 9:3:3:1. After conducting for other traits, the results were found to be similar. From this experiment, Mendel formulated his second law of inheritance i.e law of Independent Assortment. Conclusions from Mendel’s Experiments:  The genetic makeup of the plant is known as the genotype. On the contrary, the physical appearance of the plant is known as phenotype  The genes are transferred from parents to the offspring in pairs known as allele.  During gametogenesis when the chromosomes are halved, there is a 50% chance of one of the two alleles to fuse with the other parent.  When the alleles are the same, they are known as homozygous alleles and when the alleles are different they are known as heterozygous alleles. Mendel’s laws: The two experiments lead to the formulation of Mendel’s laws known as laws of inheritance which are: 1- Law of Dominance This is also called Mendel’s first law of inheritance. According to the law of dominance, hybrid offspring will only inherit the dominant trait in the phenotype. The alleles that are suppressed are called as the recessive traits while the alleles that determine the trait are known as the dormant traits. 2 - Law of Segregation The law of segregation states that during the production of gametes, two copies of each hereditary factor segregate so that offspring acquire one factor from each parent. In other words, allele (alternative form of the gene) pairs segregate during the formation of gamete and re-unite randomly during fertilization. This is also known as Mendel’s third law of inheritance. 3 - Law of Independent Assortment Also known as Mendel’s second law of inheritance, the law of independent assortment states that a pair of trait segregates independently of another pair during gamete formation. As the individual heredity factors assort independently, different traits get equal opportunity to occur together. H.W : 1) Justify Why is the law of segregation known as the law of purity of gametes? 2) Recall Which is the universally accepted law of inheritance?

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