Men and Masculinities PDF

Men and Masculinities  Ang TUNAY na LALAKI ay… Image Source: https://media.istockphoto.com/vectors/silhouette-business-man-making-step-forward-sketch-businessman-full-vector- id884365178?k=20&m=884365178&s=612x612&w=0&h=DHD3v_yTweujZKHFp9L-UKxw3heJLUY7-uUI8qx6wvU=...

Men and Masculinities  Ang TUNAY na LALAKI ay… Image Source: https://media.istockphoto.com/vectors/silhouette-business-man-making-step-forward-sketch-businessman-full-vector- id884365178?k=20&m=884365178&s=612x612&w=0&h=DHD3v_yTweujZKHFp9L-UKxw3heJLUY7-uUI8qx6wvU=  Pag ang aming mga kamao Nilapat namin sa dibdib nyo Mararamdam ang init nito Mapapawi ang lungkot nyo Kung lakas ang pag-uusapan Muscle namin ang siyang panlaban Sa pagandahan dibdib man o braso Narito ang hanap nyo Lalake kami'y lalake Maasahan kami Babae kayo'y babae Di na kayo maaapi  Mga daliri ng aming kamao Lambot naman ay pang cariño Tigas ng aming dibdib at balikat Lumalambot sa inyong tiyan Lalake kami'y lalake maasahan kami Babae kayo'y babae hindi na kayo maaapi Kung lakas ang pag-uusapan Muscle namin ang siyang panlaban Sa pagandahan dibdib man o braso Narito ang hanap nyo  Lalake kami'y lalake Maasahan kami Babae kayo'y babae Di na kayo maapi Lalake kami'y lalake Maasahan kami Babae kayo'y babae Di na kayo maaapi Lalake by Hagibis Source:https://www.google.com/search?q=lalake+lyrics&oq=lalake+lyrics&gs_lcrp=EgZjaHJvbWUyBggAEEUYOTIICAEQABgWGB4yCAgCEA AYFhgeMgoIAxAAGAoYFhgeMgoIBBAAGAoYFhgeMgwIBRAAGAoYDxgWGB4yCggGEAAYDxgWGB4yCggHEAAYgAQYogQyCggIEAAYgAQY ogTSAQg1NTY1ajBqN6gCALACAA&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8  Masculinity Roles, behaviors, and attributes that are considered appropriate for boys and men in a given society Expectations and practices of manhood Connell: “Practices through which men and women engage that place in gender, and the effects of these practices on bodily experience, personality, and culture” Sex Role Theory: Four Elements of Western Masculinity  How does Philippine society define masculinity in terms of: Roles; Characteristics; Behaviors; and Values? Image Source: https://media.istockphoto.com/vectors/silhouette-business-man-making-step-forward-sketch-businessman-full-vector- id884365178?k=20&m=884365178&s=612x612&w=0&h=DHD3v_yTweujZKHFp9L-UKxw3heJLUY7-uUI8qx6wvU= Constructivist Perspective John Beynon: Maleness vs. masculinity Maleness as properties distinct to male sex Masculinity as the “child of culture” –framed by society according to history, culture, and structure of power in society Talcott Parsons: The society performs at its best when the traditional family assumes its role – man as breadwinner and woman as housewife. Erving Goffman: A respectable and worthy man possesses the desirable features that the society expects. Masculinity Themes 1. Multiple Masculinity Different patterns of masculinity across cultures and historical periods Multiple definitions of masculinity What is the basis or test of masculinity? 2. Hierarchy and Hegemony Hegemony is produced through legitimization of male dominance over women by maintaining authority over women and unworthy men. Masculinities as honored or dishonored, marginalized or exemplary An expression of the privilege that men collectively have over women Unequal shares in the privilege enjoyed by different groups of men  Connell: Hegemonic masculinity is “the configuration of gender practice which embodies the currently accepted answer to the problem of legitimacy of patriarchy which guarantees the dominant position of men and the subordination of women”. Hegemonic masculinity signifies a position of cultural authority and leadership.  Kimmell: Hegemonic masculinity “contains the image of the man in power, a man with power, and a man of power…equating manhood with being strong, successful, capable, reliable, and in control.” Relations that Structure Gender 1. Power relations have gender order established by the persistent male dominance over women 2. Production relations based on gender division of labor 3. Cathexis relations that focus on the idea that sexual desire commonly seems to be natural while it is shaped by practices 3. Collective Masculinities Defining masculinities collectively in different institutions – corporations, armies, governments, schools, informal groups, etc. Masculinity in culture (e.g. video games, sports, media, etc.) 4. Active Construction Masculinities as patterns of social practice in everyday or organizational life, and as a result of people’s actions 5. Internal Complexity Complexity or contradiction of desires, emotions, logics, and possibilities of masculinity Active heterosexuality vs. homosexual desire Image Source: https://alchetron.com/cdn/the-unkabogable-praybeyt-benjamin-cb2ebc42-7ce1-499e-80e1-a964fd67d45-resize-750.jpeg 6. Dynamics Changes in masculinity Tendency of masculinity to be composed, decomposed, contested, and replaced Image Source: https://media.gq.com/photos/55931b007dbd34d650ec87f4/1:1/w_409,h_409,c_limit/news-and-politics-2015-03-mens-rights-movement-mens- rights-movement-gq-magazine-march-2015-01.jpg  Are men now the VICTIMS? Image Source: https://d3i11hp0zpbt87.cloudfront.net/media/W1siZiIsIjIwMTQvMTIvMDYvMm05MTIybm5hel8xNzc2OTQ1NzAuanBnIl0sWyJwIiwidGh1bWIiLCIxMjQwe DY0MCMiXV0?basename=Male+Victims+of+Abuse+Face+Stigmas&sha=7b74f80af5b44f4a  Source: https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-13211241/Battered-husband-abused-wife-20-years-finds-new-love-designer-reveals-new-relationship- wife-tormented-jailed-campaign-cruelty.html Source: https://balkaninsight.com/2024/02/06/worse-than-death-male-wartime-rape-survivors-in-kosovo-speak-out/ Hypermasculinity “callous sexual attitude towards women” “the belief that violence is manly” “experience of danger as exiting” Caring Masculinity Men are able to adopt what is viewed as traditionally feminine characteristics without departing from masculinity. Fathers have the opportunity to explore a more nurturing side and are expected to be more involved in caregiving. Protest Masculinity Marginalized masculinity performance arising from childhood experiences of powerlessness, poverty, and violence Instances of extreme forms of sex- typed behavior on the part of some males in socially-deprived context Braude (1990): Associated with physical aggression, destructiveness, low tolerance for delay of gratification, crime, drinking, and other similar dispositions Image Source: https://i.pinimg.com/originals/4e/e7/ea/4ee7ea3d095dc839d38458a09e2aab1e.jpg Toxic Masculinity Preventing men from being human, from expressing feelings or emotions common to humans, and forces to be constantly strong even if they need support and comfort Masculinity as harmful to themselves, women, and society Eisler and Skidmore: Masculine gender-role stress (MGRS) High commitment to traditional masculine norms may lead to daily psychological stress. Domains: 1. Feeling of physical inadequacy provoking low self-esteem 2. Expression of emotions 3. Subordination to women leading to loss of male identity 4. Revealing intellectual inferiority 5. Performing unsuccessfully “A Real Man Cries”: A Scoping of Filipino Masculinities Construction in Tweets by John Erwin Bañez of UP Diliman (2021) Objective: To surface Filipino masculinities construction on Twitter by comparing and contrasting Filipino tweets on masculinities (as indicated by ‘#angtunaynalalake’ and the phrase ‘ang tunay na lalake’ Findings: Three Themes: 1. Romance and Masculinities a. Monogamous and Heteronormal ▪ Heterosexual romance as a chance to prove one’s masculinity ▪ A “real man” should be romantically involved with a woman emphasizing heteronormativity and monogamous relationship. “Ang tunay na lalake, hindi umiibig sa kapwa lalake.” “Ang tunay na lalake, maraming ‘babae’. Maraming babaeng dapat iwasan para sa isang babaeng dapat iniingatan.” b. Courage in Courtship ▪ Courage to face high standards, go extra mile, face a woman’s father, court a woman face-to-face, change for a woman, and to be emotional and say, “I love you” “Ang tunay na lalake hindi takot sa tatay ng babae.” “Ang tunay na lalake nagbabago para sa babae, hindi pabago-bago ng babae.” “Ang tunay na lalake magsabi siya sayo na mahal ka niya.” c. Respect ▪ Respect as non-violent behavior, keeping intimacy a secret, and being faithful to one’s partner “....dahil ang tunay na lalake di nananakit ng babae kapag nagmahal ka kahit wala na kayo, ang sikreto ay sikreto” d. The More Deserving ‘Real Man’ ▪ A real man deserves the ideal woman. ▪ A group of people performs masculinity construction online for another person or group “Oh here’s another one. Ang bobo mo. Ang kaibahan nila...si Arjo tunay na lalake. Si Alden, nanla lalake.” “... Kung tunay kang lalake at mahal mo ang babae, hindi mo gagamitin sa lahat ng interview mo ang kanyang pangalan. Alam mong nababash siya, ulit ulit mong binabanggit kahit di sya kasama sa movies mo” 2. Masculine Capital a. Composure Under Pressure ▪ Doing certain actions correctly to establish ‘real man’ status “Paano kabahan ang Isang Tan? Yan yung tunay na lalake!” b. Circumcised But Still Uncircumcised ▪ Having an image of ‘inferior man’ because of performing unmanly characters and gestures ▪ Overshadowing rites of passage “Tapos kanina chinat ako ng tropa ko sa Quezon kung pwede daw ba akong ligawan Sabi ko tuloy sakanya. Supot ka pa boi whahahhaha” 2. Masculine Capital ▪ Vasquez del Aguila (2014): “a form of cultural capital that provides men with the necessary “masculine” skills and cultural competence to achieve legitimacy and social recognition as respected men” ▪ “Includes acquisition of certain masculine manners, body postures, sexual expertise, ability in sports (such as soccer), control, and display of emotions” (p.67). 3. Online Resistance to Hegemonic Masculinity a. Resistance Through Jokes and Sarcasm ▪ Jokes as a reflection of social critique, a coping mechanism, an attempt to belong, an assertion, or acceptance of one’s identity that is marginalized by hegemonic structures “Ang tunay na lalake walang abs.” “Ang tunay na lalake umiiyak.” “Ang tunay na lalake takot sa ipis.” b. Resistance Through Direct Critique ▪ Questioning the ‘real man’ concept and advocating for masculinity ▪ Resistance by demanding an updated basis of discourse and elevating catchphrases towards inclusivity and behavioral change “Ang tunay na lalake may respeto sa babae pero mas better kung ang tunay na lalake may respeto sa lahat ng antas ng kasarian at sekswalidad.” “Ang tunay na lalake marunong umamin at iwawasto ang pagkakamali at ang tunay na nalalake nagsosorry.” Image Source: https://www.demilked.com/fighting-toxic-masculinity-campaign-rylf/ References: Bañez, J. E. (2021). “A Real Man Cries”: A Scoping of Filipino Masculinities Construction in Tweets. Masculinities and Social Change, 10 (3) 216-241. https://doi.org/10.17583/MCS.2020.8634 Sweetman, C. (2010 ). Men andMasculinity. https://oxfamilibrary.openrepository.com/bitstream/handle/10546/121126/b k-men-and-masculinity-010197-en.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y https://www.ndi.org/sites/default/files/ACFrOgAZ9X_S2Bl- K9iPv3XhiQ140Fw6QWeUNSQwJwuNXzShO1b_Wv9-Vbsw1KX0rkmdxRZ- nlwzPhL-WIQLh1agPgzn5s70jFg- wYO0cIafAvyfqfNvFQQX_UYSZKGjzuPLlyl2J_UFqRjaCxNs.pdf https://www.google.com/search?q=masculinity+pdf+kimmel&ei=HoCRYuDPI- zK2roPz4uo0Ag&ved=0ahUKEwjg1srJioH4AhVspVYBHc8FCooQ4dUDCA4& uact=5&oq=masculinity+pdf+kimmel&gs_lcp=Cgdnd3Mtd2l6EAMyBQghEK ABMgUIIRCgAToHCAAQRxCwAzoHCAAQsAMQQzoGCAAQHhAWOgcIIRA KEKABSgQIQRgASgQIRhgAUPUGWKMUYI8WaAFwAXgAgAF_iAGzBpIBA zAuN5gBAKABAcgBCcABAQ&sclient=gws-wiz Levell, Jade. (2020). Using Connell’s Masculinity Theory to Understand the Way in Which Ex-gang Involved Men Coped with Childhood Domestic Violence. Journal of Gender-Based Violence, 20 (20), 1-15. DOI: 10.1332/239868020X15857301876812. https://www.basw.co.uk/system/files/resources/2020_levell._connells_masc ulinity_theory_and_dva_journal_of_gender_based_violence.pdf Image Sources: https://sentrorizalsydney.org/static/imgs/rizal.png https://www.downloadclipart.net/large/mahatma-gandhi-transparent-png.png https://www.downloadclipart.net/large/superman-transparent-png.png https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcR8eRiH2J- twwKAkCYYf-AMvTzg- BpDC5NVJQrQeswSSenm4wa2tL391H9z2zrSLCqH8LU&usqp=CAU https://villagepipol.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Final-FI-370x300.png http://www.clker.com/cliparts/R/4/H/2/Z/2/army-hi.png https://i.pinimg.com/originals/78/3c/87/783c876c45e1ca9875b777cee95eacef.gif https://bernardogarcialaw.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Garcia-2-violent- crime.jpg https://images.theconversation.com/files/254654/original/file-20190121-100292- 1hdd12t.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip http://3.bp.blogspot.com/- f4Ol1BucI6I/VCo5p8PSYCI/AAAAAAAAGE8/CNqdjH8fWdY/s1600/coco- martin-bench-the-naked-truth-controversy.jpg https://cdn.vox- cdn.com/thumbor/vnL8EnbgAIrF5XVlGEeI4qRft00=/1400x1400/filters:forma t(jpeg)/cdn.vox- cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/10837605/yakuza_6_baby_5.jpg https://www.chrysalisfdn.org/documents/news/5.jpg https://i.ytimg.com/vi/ohUfMHbsB0E/maxresdefault.jpg https://images.slideplayer.com/7/1646456/slides/slide_17.jpg https://ih1.redbubble.net/image.2931556474.8427/ssrco,slim_fit_t_shirt,mens,050 81f:66c8590f4e,front,square_product,600x600.jpg