Maskulinitas lan Teori Jinis

Masculinity

• Masculinity encompasses roles, behaviors, and attributes considered appropriate for boys and men within a particular society.
• It includes expectations and practices related to manhood.
• Connell's concept: Practices involving men and women, influencing gender and impacting bodily experience, personality, and culture.

Filipino Masculinity

• The study highlighted that Filipino masculinity, as presented in tweets, is often centered around "real man" ideals, including these themes:
  • A focus on romantic relationships with women, emphasizing heteronormativity and monogamy. The romantic relationship is a chance for men to show their masculinity
  • Courage in courtship, involving impressive display to gain a female partner.
  • Respect as non-violent behavior, personal restraint and commitment to the partner
• The study also noted that men who challenge these concepts through jokes and sarcasm, critique, or open displays of feelings were seen as marginal or alternative versions of masculinity.

Masculinity Themes

• Multiple Masculinities: Different patterns of masculinity exist across cultures and historical periods with varying definitions.

• Hierarchy and Hegemony: The idea of male dominance over women and varying levels of privilege within the male community. Hegemonic masculinity is seen as the dominant ideal of manliness.

• Connell's Hegemonic Masculinity: A configuration of gender practices reflecting the legitimacy of patriarchal power systems, asserting male dominance, and subordinating women.

• Kimmel's View: Discusses the image of the man in power; equating masculinity with strength, success, capability, reliability and control.

• Relations that Structure Gender:

  • Power relations: Male dominance over women.
  • Production relations: Gender-divided labor.
  • Cathexis relations: Views on sexual desire

• Collective Masculinities: Masculinity's expression in various institutions and cultural contexts (e.g., video games, media, sports).

• Active Construction: Masculinity emerges and evolves as a combination of social and organizational behaviors and individual actions.

• Internal Complexity: Contradictions and complexities of masculinity concerning desires, emotions, logic and potential expressions. Gender roles and potential expressions.

• Dynamics: Masculinity's tendency to change, be composed, decomposed, contested and replaced. The ideas about masculinity keep evolving.

Types of Masculinity

• Hypermasculinity: Aggressive, callous attitudes towards women, and violence being perceived as masculine acts.

• Caring Masculinity: A shift toward traditionally feminine traits and expressions of care, especially fathers' roles in childcare.

• Protest Masculinity: A marginalized form stemming from childhood experiences characterized by powerlessness, poverty and violence. Braude (1990) associated it with physical aggression, lack of delay in gratification, crime, and related destructive behavior

• Toxic Masculinity: Societal pressures to prevent men from displaying human emotions and encourages men to be strong and avoid expressions of support, vulnerability and dependence. It is harmful for men themselves, women, and society.

• Masculine Gender Role Stress: A high commitment to traditional masculine norms leading to daily psychological stress.

Other key aspects

• Constructivist Perspective (Beynon, Parsons, Goffman): Examines the social construction of masculinity, rejecting the idea of inherent male qualities

• A study (Bañez, 2021 ) examined Filipino masculinity in tweets, highlighting online resistances to hegemonic masculinity through jokes and direct critique.

• Masculine Capital: Certain skills, manners, and cultural competence that provide social legitimacy and respect among men. This includes acquiring certain masculine manners, body postures, and controlling emotions.

Additional Concepts

• Online Resistance to Hegemonic Masculinity: Critique of traditional masculinity and an attempt to establish alternatives.

• Resistance Through Direct Critique: Challenge to traditional masculine concepts and advocacy for a more inclusive definition.