MemoryQuiz2.pptx

If you try to recall how many windows there are in your house by mentally walking from room to room, are you using declarative memory, procedural memory, or both? In trying to recall the number of windows in your house by mentally walking from room to room, you are using your declarative memory. In...

If you try to recall how many windows there are in your house by mentally walking from room to room, are you using declarative memory, procedural memory, or both? In trying to recall the number of windows in your house by mentally walking from room to room, you are using your declarative memory. In this case, the memory is a conscious effort pertaining to a fact. These features are typically • What evidence is there that declarative and nondeclarative memory use distinct circuits? Studies support the idea that declarative and nondeclarative memories use distinct circuits. Most of these are lesion studies. For example, animals with lesions of the hippocampus or temporal lobe are unable to form declarative memories, but procedural memory is intact. Animals with lesions of the striatum are unable to form procedural memories, but declarative memory is intact. A very dramatic example of the disassociation between structures subserving the two types of memory is the renowned case of amnesia resulting from temporal lobe damage in the subject H.M. At the age of 27, H.M. had an operation in which an 8-cm length of medial temporal lobe was bilaterally excised to control seizures, including cortex, the underlying amygdala, and the anterior twothirds of the hippocampus. The surgery controlled his What is working memory, and in what brain areas have neural correlates of working memory been observed? Working memory is a temporary form of information storage that is limited in capacity and requires rehearsal. It is often referred to as information held “in mind.” Different digit spans in different modalities suggest the presence of multiple temporary storage areas in the brain (probably cerebral cortex)—depending on the sensory system. Hippocampal lesions cause a deficit in working memory (as tested in the radial arm maze) and so do lesions of the prefrontal cortex (as tested in the Wisconsin card-sorting test). Six areas in the frontal lobe showed activity during the delay period in an fMRI study of working memory. The active areas could be separated into three groups: those active during the facial identity task alone, those active during both the facial identity and spatial memory tasks, and those active during If you were using a microelectrode to record from the brain and you suspected that a neuron you encountered was involved in storing long-term memories, how would you test If you were recording from an awake, behaving monkey, that hypothesis? you could test the animal in a long-term memory paradigm and correlate his behavior with the output of the neuron. You could also remove the brain area and test the animal’s ability to form long-term memories after the surgery. It might also be useful to apply a molecule that temporarily disabled the neuron. The animal could be tested while the neuron was disabled and again when the molecule’s effects were reversed. The behavior could then be correlated with the two conditions to determine the contribution of the neuron of interest. If a neuron in visual cortex responds to faces, how could you determine whether it is involved in perception or One way to distinguish perception memory is to watch the storing memories for from faces? response pattern of the neuron after repeated presentations of the faces. If the neuron’s responses are always the same, regardless of how often the stimuli are presented, it is likely to be only involved in perception. However, if the response properties of the neuron change with repeated presentations, perception cannot be its only function. If the changes are systematic, you may discover a pattern that is consistent with the formation of memories. For example, a single neuron in area IT was recorded while a subject monkey was presented with pictures of other monkeys. At first all the faces produced the same level of neuronal activity, but over time, the cell became selectively active only for certain faces. This dynamic aspect of responses in area IT supports the view that the brain can use cortical areas for both the processing of sensory A 64-year-old man is undergoing a neurological examination. The history reveals that this man has not experienced any particular neurological event, but his daughter thinks that his personality is changing. During the examination, the physician asks the man to remember the phrase “dog and cat in the house”. The physician proceeds with the exam and about 3 to 4 minutes later asks the man to repeat the phrase back to her. This exercise is mot likely testing which of the following? A. Anterograde amnesia B. Recent memory C. Remote memory D. Retrograde amnesia E. Immediate recall B. Recent memory, the process of turning newly learned material into longterm memory. Immediate recall is when the physician asks the patient to immediately repeat (with no intervening interval) a series of numbers or words. Remote memory is the ability of the patient to recall events that may be months or years old. Anterograde and retrograde amnesia are most frequently applied to memory deficits that follow a traumatic event or stroke, anterograde referring to an impaired memory immediately after the disorder, and retrograde referring to memory deficits immediately before the disorder. A 4-year old girl is rushed to the Emergency Department by an emergency medical team after falling through the ice of a frozen lake; she is unconscious, cold, has a slow, faint heartbeat, and she appears bluish. The history of this event, supplied by the EMS personnel, reveals that the girl fell through the ice and that it took 12 minutes to retrieve her. She is warmed and revived; her heart rate and breathing are re-established. MRI reveals bilateral lesions in the hippocampal formation. Which of the following is the girl likely to experience in the near future? A. Epileptic seizures B. Alzheimer’s disease C. Loss of long-term memory D. Loss of short-term memory E. Transient global amnesia D. Loss of short-term memory. Portions of the hippocampal formation are particularly susceptible to cerebral ischemia. This type of damage interrupts the hippocampal circuits that allow the cycling of short-term memory events into long-term memory that can be successfully retrieved years later. Transient global amnesia is seen primarily in older individuals, occurs in the absence of trauma, stroke or seizure activity, and results in temporary confusion and memory loss; however, the neurological exam is normal. The cause is unknown but is most likely some type of temporary ischemia. Which of the following is NOT a neurodegenerative disease? A. Parkinson’s Disease B. Pick Disease C. Motor Neuron Disease D. Dementia with Lewy bodies E. Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome E. Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is characterised by dementia, amnesia, learning and memory difficulties, and confabulation. It is commonly seen in chronic alcoholism, and is related to the accompanying malnutrition and vitamin deficiency. Treatment involves cessation of alcohol intake, a healthy diet, and thiamin administration in therapeutic doses. Which of the following statement about benzodiazepines is NOT true? A. They act as agonists to the GABA A receptor B. Their binding decreases the receptor affinity for GABA C. They have anxiolytic, sedative and muscle relaxant properties. D. A possible side effect in high doses is anterograde amnesia B. Their binding increases the receptor affinity for GABA, and results in more frequent channel opening. An 81-year-old woman presents with symptoms (forgetfulness, anterograde and retrograde memory loss, personality changes, gait difficulties) of probable Alzheimer disease. In this disease there is a loss of large neurons in the basal nucleus of Meynert, as well as the appearance of plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in areas of the cerebral cortex. Which of the following neurotransmitters is diminished by the loss of these large cells? A. Acetylcholine B. Dopamine C. GABA D. Glutamate E. Substance P A. Acetylcholine. These large cells in the basal nucleus use Ach as their neurotransmitter and have diffuse connections with the frontal and temporal lobes and with other areas. Physostigmine, Donepezil, Rivastigmine, Galantamine share a common mechanism of action. Which one is it? A. They block nicotinic receptors. B. They block the vesicular Acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) C. They inhibit Choline acetyltransferase (CAT). D. They increase the amount of Acetyl coenzyme A E. They inhibit Acetylcholinesterase. E. They inhibit Acetylcholinesterase, making more Ach available in the synaptic cleft. Which of the following statements IS true about Acetylcholine? A. It is stored in secretory granules. B. It is one of the monoamines C. Levodopa is one of its precursor molecules. D. There exist both metabotropic and ionotropic Acetylcholine receptors E. It is inactivated by Catechol-O-methyl-transferase (COMT). D. Muscarinic receptors are metabotropic, and nicotinic receptors are ionotropic.