Memory Class Chapter 10 PDF

Class 18 Scarlett Horner, MA PSYCH 3610: Memory Fall 2024 Thurs 11/21  Exam 2 Grades Class Averages: MEAN: 72%, MEDIAN: 75%, MODE: 80% Highest Grade: 97.5% No retakes Controversial Question Count: 7 Do not talk about test questions with anyone but me until I go...

Class 18 Scarlett Horner, MA PSYCH 3610: Memory Fall 2024 Thurs 11/21  Exam 2 Grades Class Averages: MEAN: 72%, MEDIAN: 75%, MODE: 80% Highest Grade: 97.5% No retakes Controversial Question Count: 7 Do not talk about test questions with anyone but me until I go over it Office Hours: Wed 11a-12p & Thurs 10a-11a in Duff Roblin P257 If a student can prove a question wrong with a viable source, everyone will receive credit for that question  Motivated Forgetting Motivated Forgetting – Includes intentional forgetting and unconscious forgetting triggered by motivations Repression – A term in psychoanalysis which describes unconsciously banishing unwanted memories and ideas Intentional Forgetting - Forgetting arising from a conscious goal to forget Suppression – Conscious and intentional forgetting of unwanted memories Why are we motivated to forget???  Emotion and Memory We remember more emotional images than neutral ones HOWEVER… As we get older, we show more positive biases for memory Older adults more skilled in emotion regulation Cause of motivated forgetting? Mnemic Neglect – People limit encoding of negative feedback about themselves  Directed Forgetting Directed Forgetting – Instructions to forget items reduces memory for those items Item-Method Directed Forgetting – A person is given a list of items and told whether to remember or forget a word List-Method Directed Forgetting – Participants are told to forget list they memorized as a surprise Memory performance for words told to forget is worse for both directed forgetting methods Item-Method Directed Forgetting Item-Method Directed Forgetting – A person is given a list of items and told whether to remember or forget a word Selective Rehearsal Hypothesis – Item Method Directed Forgetting is caused by permission to not rehearse information – Older theory – Suggests prefrontal brain activity is greater for remembering than forgetting Encoding Suppression – Greater prefrontal activity when suppressing encoding leads to forgetting – Recent research has found that forgetting takes up more cognitive resources  List-Method Directed Forgetting List-Method Directed Forgetting – Participants are told to forget list they memorized as a surprise – Forget Group – Told To Forget First List – Remember Group – Told to Remember First List People Encode Items From List 1 – Intentional Forgetting We see forgotten lists in implicit memory tests  Theories of List Method Directed Forgetting Retrieval Inhibition Hypothesis – The forget instruction for the first list inhibits retrieval – The memories are still available, if not accessible Context Shift Hypothesis – Remembered and forgotten items are mentally separated into different contexts – Will only have context for remembered list – Evidence of forgetting lists in different contexts  Motivated Context Shifting We tend to avoid contexts that remind us of unpleasant memories – When traumatized, avoid triggers/reminders Motivated Context Shifting occurs when it is too late to minimize encoding Deprives one of retrieval opportunities Makes retrieval less likely because the context is different  Intentional Retrieval Suppression We can forget things using retrieval suppression! Suppressing Retrieval Involves Cognitive Control – Inhibition of memories Suppression-Induced Forgetting – Impaired memory for an item when a person intentionally stops retrieval – Example: When you are trying to forgive someone, you need to try to forget the bad thing that happened  Think/No Think Task Go/No Go Task – Task where people inhibit motor responses – Example: Press a button when you see any letter but X Think/No Think Task – Task designed to study the ability to voluntarily suppress retrieval of a memory – Work with word pairs: When given a certain stimulus, people must avoid having the word pair enter memory Total Memory Control Effect – Difference in recall for think and no think items  Forgiveness Noreen et al. (2014) – Think/No Think task in scenarios where people are asked to forgive People are more likely to forgive someone if told to suppress a memory (i.e. try to forget)  Brain Mechanisms The lateral PFC and ACC involved in memory suppression These areas decrease activity in the hippocampus – Send inhibitory signals In emotional memories, we feel less negative after suppressing negative memories – PFC and ACC send inhibitory signals to the amygdala Direct Thought Substitution – As effective as suppression, but involves the left PFC and increases amygdala activity  Psychogenic Amnesia We talked about this in Unit 2 Some amnesias are situation specific Psychogenic amnesia shows greater suppression activity – Greater activity in right lateral PFC and less activity in hippocampus  Factors that Affect Recovery of Memories Passage of Time Repeated Retrieval Attempts Cue Reinstatement  Spontaneous Recovery Passage of time can also lead to recovering memories Spontaneous Recovery – The reemergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a delay Seen in conditioning, which is a type of implicit memory Evidence of spontaneous retrieval after delay in explicit memories Due to decreased inhibition  Retroactive Interference Retrieval may be due to dissipating retroactive interference Retroactive interference effects go away over time  Repeated Retrieval Attempts Reminiscence – Remembering again of forgotten things without learning or gradual improvement – When people have multiple recall attempts, they remember things better Hypermnesia – Improvement in recall caused by repeated testing sessions of the same material – Happens in experimental and complex memories – Rare for motivated forgetting Same Caveat as Before – Need to Test on Correct Information  Cue Reinstatement Smith & Moynan (2008) – Using the right cue can lead to accurate memory – Selective re-processing decreases memory, but using category cues brought it back up  Recovered Traumatic Memories Sometimes Traumatic Memories are recovered during therapy Can be problematic sometimes – Suggestive Therapies – Not necessarily false, but should be taken with caution Sometimes people may forget memories again – Motivated Forgetting  Questions? Any remaining questions about the study material?  Problem for Next Class How do memory skills develop across childhood? Read Chapter 14