Medical Terminology PDF

Cost- Rib LESSON 1 What is Medical Terminology? Crani/o- Brain ​ Medical Terminology is a speci...

Cost- Rib LESSON 1 What is Medical Terminology? Crani/o- Brain ​ Medical Terminology is a special vocabulary used by healthcare professionals for effective and accurate communication. ​ It is the language used to describe components and processes of Cutane- Skin the human body, medical procedures, diseases, disorders, and pharmacology. Cyst/o-, Cysti- Bladder or sac ​ The words within the system usually have prefixes, root words, combining vowels, and suffixes. These elements are combined to Derm-, Dermat/o- Skin form specific terms that help describe various conditions of the human body. Duoden/o- Duodenum ​ Prefix - Placed at the beginning of a word to modify or change its meaning. It may indicate a location, number, or time. Gastr- Stomach ​ Root Words - Central part of the word, this expresses the basic meaning of a term. Gloss- Tongue ​ Suffix - It is a short word that is added at the end of a word part or series of parts to modify its meaning. ​ PREFIX + ROOT WORDS + SUFFIX Hem-, Hema-, Hemat-, Hemo-, Blood Hemat/o- Prefixes Hepat/o-, Hepatico- Liver ​ It can be attached to the beginning of the root or sometimes a suffix Hist/o-, Histio- Tissue ​ Whenever a prefix stands alone, it is followed by a hyphen. Hyster/o- Uterus Common Prefixes Ileo- Ileum A-, An- Without; Lacking Ischi/o- Ischium Andr/o- Male Kerat/o- Cornea (eye or skin) Anti- Against Lacrim/o- Tear (from your eyes) Auto- Self Lact/o-, Lacti- Milk Bio- Life Laryng/o- Larynx Chem/o- Chemistry Lingu/o- Tongue Contra- Against Lip/o- Fat Hydr/o- Water Lymph/o- Lymph Idio- Self; One's own Mamm-, Mast/o- Breast Lyso-, Lys- Break down; Destruction Mening/o- Meninges Mal- Bad; Abnormal Muscul/o- Muscle Myc/o- Fungus My/o- Muscle Necr/o- Death Myel/o- Spinal cord or bone marrow Neo- New Nephr/o- Kidney Oxy- Sharp; Acute; Oxygen Neur/i-, Neur/o- Nerve Pan-, Pant/o- All or everywhere Oculo- Eye Pharmaco- Drug; Medicine Onco- Tumor; Bulk; Volume Re- Again; Backward Onych/o- Fingernail; Toenail Somat/o-, Somatico- Body; Bodily Oo- Egg; Ovary Body Part Prefixes Oophor/o- Ovary PREFIX MEANING Op-, Opt- Vision Acous/o- Hearing Ophthalm/o- Eye Aden/o- Gland Orchid/o-, Orchio- Testis Adip/o- Fat Orth/o- Straight; Normal; Correct Adren/o- Gland Osseo- Bone Angi/o- Blood vessel Ossi- Bone Arteri/o- Artery Ost-, Oste/o- Bone Arthr/o- Joint Ot/o- Ear Вuсс/о- Cheek Ovar/i-, Ovario-, Ovi-, Ovo- Ovary Bronch/i- Bronchus Phalang- Phalanx Burs/o- Bursa Pharyng/o- Pharynx; Throat Carcin/o- Cancer Phleb/o- Vein Cardi/o- Heart Phren/i-, Phreno-, Phrenico- Diaphragm Cephal/o- Head Pleur-, Pleur/a-, Pleur/o- Rib, pleura Chol- Bile Pneum/a- Pneumat/o- Air; Lung Chondri- Cartilage Proct/o- Anus; Rectum Coron- Heart Prostat- Prostate Pseudo- False Circum- Around Radio- Radiation; Radius Cycl- Circle; Cycle Ren/o- Kidney De- Away from; Ending Retin- Retina (of the eye) Dia- Across; Through Rhin/o- Nose Ect/o-, Exo- Outer; Outside Salping/o- Tube End/o-, Ent-, Enter/o- Within; Inner Sarco- Muscular; Flesh-like Epi- Upon; Outside of Schiz/o- Split; Cleft Ex-, Extra- Beyond Sclera-, Sclero- Hardness Infra- Beneath; Below Sigmoid/o- Sigmoid colon Inter- Between Sperma-, Spermo-, Spermato- Sperm Intra- Within Splen/o- Spleen Meso- Middle Sten/o- Narrowed; Blocked Meta- Beyond; Change Stern- Sternum Para- Alongside; Abnormal Stom/a-, Stomat/o- Mouth Path/o- Disease Thorac/o-, Thoracico- Chest Peri- Around Thromb/o- Blood clot Post- Behind; After Thyr/o- Thyroid gland Pre- Before; In front Trache/o- Trachea Retro- Backward; Behind Tympan/o- Eardrum Sub- Under Ur/o- Urine Super- Above Vagin- Vagina Supra- Above; Upon Varic/o- Duct; Blood vessel Sy-, Syl-, Sym-, Syn-, Sys- Together Vasculo- Blood vessel Trans- Across; Through Ven/o- Vein Quantity Prefixes Vertbr- Vertebra; Spine PREFIX MEANING Color Prefixes Bi- Two PREFIX MEANING Brady- Slow Chlor/o- Green Diplo- Double Chrom-, Chromato- Color Hemi-, Semi- Half Cyano- Blue Hetero- Other; Different Erythr/o- Red Homo- Same Leuk/o- White Hyper- Above; Beyond; Excessive Melan/o- Black Hypo- Under; Deficient Iso- Equal; Like Physical Property and Shape Prefixes Macro- Large; Long; Big PREFIX MEANING Mic-, Micro- Small Cry/o- Cold Mon-, Mono-, Uni- One Elect- Electrical activity Olig/o- Few; Little Kin/o-, Kine-, Kinesi/o- Movement Poly- Many; Excessive Kyphy/o- Humped Quadri-, Tetra- Four Rhabd/o- Rod-shaped; Striated Tachy- Fast Phot/o- Light Tri- Three Reticul/o- Net Suffixes Scoli/o- Twisted Rules of Suffixes ​ When the suffix starts with a vowel, combining vowel is dropped. Therm/o- Heat ​ When the suffix starts with a consonant, the combining vowel is not dropped. Direction and Position Prefixes Common Suffixes PREFIX MEANING SUFFIX MEANING Ab-, Abs- Away from -ac, -eal, -ial, -ity, -ous Pertaining to Ad- Towards -blast, -blasto, -blastic Bud; Germ Ante- Before; Forward  ​ Combining vowel is usually an o, but may be occasionally be a, e, -cyte, -cytic Cell or i ​ Roots shown with a combining vowel are called combining forms -dynia Pain; Swelling Compound Word -ectasis Expansion; Dilation ​ Word that contains more than one root word -emia Blood condition Rules in Putting Combining Vowel ​ When connecting a root to a suffix, the combining vowel is used -la, -ism, -sis Condition only when the suffix starts with a consonant. ​ ROOT + COMBINING VOWEL + SUFFIX -iasis Condition; Formation ​ Combining two root words of ○​ ROOT + COMBINING VOWEL + ROOT WORD + SUFFIX ○​ If the suffix starts with a vowel (a, e, i, o, u) the -ites, -itis Inflammation combining vowel is not needed. ​ ROOT WORD + SUFFIX -ium Structure or tissue Medical Rules in Forming Plurals Rule 1: Change the a ending to ae -lysis, -lytic Break down; Rule 2: Change um ending to a Destruction; Rule 3: Change the us ending to i Dissolving Rule 4: Change the is ending to es Rule 5: Change the ma or oma ending to mata -malacia Softening Rule 6: Change yx, ax, ix ending. Change x to c and add es Rule 7: Change the nx ending. Change the x to g and add es -megaly Enlargement Rule 8: Change the on ending to a Rule 9: Change the en ending to ina -oid Resembling English Rules in Forming Plurals -oma Tumor Rule 1: Add s Rule 2: When the term ends with s, x, ch, sh, add es Rule 3: When the term ends with y change y to i and add es -Osis Condition; Usually Suffixes Beginning in rh - When you add a suffix beginning with rh into a abnormal root word, the r is doubled. -pathy Disease LESSON 2 Directional Terms -penia Deficiency; Lack of ​ All healthcare fields require knowledge of body directions and orientations. -phagia, -phagy Eating; Swallowing ​ Radiologic technologists must be able to position a person and direct x-rays to obtain suitable images for diagnosis. -phasia Speech ​ In describing the location or direction of a given point in the body, it is always assumed that the subject is in the anatomic position. -plasia, -plastic, -trophy Growth Anatomical Position: A reference position that gives meaning to the -plegia Paralysis directional terms used to describe the body parts and regions ​ The body is in a standing posture with the arms at the sides, -pnea Breathing palms turned forward, feet together and pointed forward, and head pointed forward -poiesis Production Anatomic Directions ​ Anterior (ventral) - toward or at the front of the body -ptosis Falling; Drooping ​ Posterior (dorsal) - toward or at the back of the body ​ Medial - toward the midline of the body -rrhage, - rrhagic Bleeding ​ Lateral - toward the side of the body ​ Proximal - nearer to the point of attachment or to a given -rrhea Flow or discharge reference point ​ Distal - farther from the point of attachment or to a huh given -sclerosis Hardening reference point ​ Superior - above, in a higher position -stasis Level; Unchanging ​ Inferior - below, in a lower position ​ Cranial (Cephalad) - toward the head -uria In the urine Procedure Suffixes SUFFIX MEANING -centesis Surgical puncture to remove fluid -desis Surgical binding -ectomy Cut out; Removal -gram Record; Picture ​ Caudal - towards the lower end of the spine; in humans, in an -graph Instrument used to create a inferior direction record or picture ​ Superficial (external) - closer to the surface of the body ​ Deep (internal) - closer to the center of the body -graphy To record or take a picture Types of Joints -meter Device used for measuring ​ Distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint - the hinge joint at the tip of the finger that connects the middle and distal phalanges -opsy Visual examination ​ Proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint - the middle joint of a finger -ostomy Opening ​ Interphalangeal (IP) joint - the small hinge-like joints that connect the bones in the fingers and thumb -otomy Incision ​ Metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint - the joint that connects the finger bones to the hand bones -pexy Surgical fixation ​ Carpometacarpal (CMC) joint - the joint at the base of the thumb where the thumb's metacarpal bone meets the wrist's -plasty Surgical reconstruction trapezium bone ​ Trapeziometacarpal (TM) joint - the joint in the thumb that -scope For examining connects the trapezium bone to the first metacarpal bone -scopy Examine Root Word ​ The main part of the word and it often refers to a body part. Combining Forms ​ When a suffix or another root beginning with a consonant is added to a root, a vowel is inserted between the root and the next word part to aid in pronunciation.  Body Planes ​ Sagittal plane - plane that divides the body into right and left -​ Large/Small Intestine ​ Midsagittal plane - plane that divides the body into equal right and left Right Lumbar Region -​ Ascending Colon ​ Coronal plane - plane that divides the body into anterior and -​ Small Intestine posterior parts -​ Right Kidney ​ Midcoronal plane - plane that divides the body into equal anterior and posterior parts Right Iliac Region -​ Appendix ​ Transverse (horizontal) plane - plane that divides the body -​ Cecum into superior and inferior parts -​ Ascending Colon -​ Small Intestine Epigastric Region -​ Liver -​ Stomach -​ Spleen -​ Duodenum -​ Adrenal Glands -​ Pancreas Umbilical Region -​ Duodenum -​ Small Intestine -​ Transverse Colon Hypogastric Region -​ Bladder -​ Sigmoid Colon Body Cavities -​ Small Intestine ​ Abdominal Cavity - large ventral cavity below the diaphragm -​ Reproductive Organs and above the pelvic cavity ​ Abdominopelvic Cavity - large ventral cavity between the Left Hypochondriac Region -​ Liver’s Tip diaphragm and pelvis that includes the abdominal and pelvic -​ Stomach cavities -​ Pancreas ​ Cranial Cavity - dorsal cavity that contains the brain -​ Left Kidney ​ Pelvic Cavity - ventral cavity that is below the abdominal cavity -​ Spleen ​ Peritoneum - large serous membrane that lines the -​ Small/Large Intestine abdominopelvic cavity and covers the organs within it ​ Spinal Cavity (canal) - dorsal cavity that contains the spinal Left Lumbar Region -​ Descending Colon cord -​ Left Kidney ​ Thoracic Cavity - ventral cavity above the diaphragm, the chest -​ Small Intestine cavity Left Iliac Region -​ Sigmoid Colon -​ Descending Colon -​ Small Intestine Abdominal Quadrants Upper Right Quadrant -​ Liver -​ Stomach -​ Gallbladder -​ Duodenum -​ Right Kidney -​ Pancreas -​ Transverse Colon Positions -​ Right Adrenal Gland ​ Anatomic position - standing erect, facing forward, arms at sides, palms forward, legs parallel, toes pointed forward; uses for Right Lower Quadrant -​ Small descriptions and studies of the body. -​ Intestine ​ Decubitus position - lying down, specifically according to the -​ Large Insect Cecum part of the body resting on a flat surface, as in right or left lateral -​ Right Ureter decubitus, or dorsal or ventral decubitus -​ Right Reproductive Organs: ​ Dorsal recumbent position - on back, with legs bent and Ovary, Fallopian Tube, separated, feet flat; used for obstetrics and gynecology Spermatic Cord ​ Fowler’s position - on back, head of the bed raised about 18°, knees elevated; used to ease breathing and for drainage Left Upper Quadrant -​ Liver ○​ Semi Fowler’s - 30-45° -​ Left Adrenal Gland ○​ High Fowler’s - 90° -​ Stomach ​ Lateral recumbent position - on the side with one leg flexed -​ Left Kidney ​ Prone - lying face down -​ Pancreas ​ Supine - lying face up -​ Spleen ​ Sim's position - on the left side, right leg drawn up high and -​ Transverse Colon forward, left arm along back, chest forward resting on bed; used -​ Small Intestine for kidney and uterine surgery, colon examination, and enemas ​ Trendelenburg position - on back with head lowered by tilting the bed back at 45° angle; used for pelvic and abdominal surgery, Left Lower Quadrant -​ Small Intestine treatment of shock -​ Large Intestine ​ Lithotomy - used during childbirth and surgery in the pelvic area. -​ Left Ureter -​ Left Reproductive Organs: It involves lying on your back with your legs flexed 90° at your Fallopian Tube, Ovary, hips. Spermatic Cord -​ Sigmoid Colon Abdominal Regions Right Hypochondriac Region -​ Liver -​ Right Kidney -​ Gallbladder  Vital Signs ​ Vital sign (VS) - recorded for comparison with normal ranges ○​ Vital Signs includes the following: ​ Temperature ​ Pulse rate - measured in beats per minute (bpm) ​ Respiration rate - measured in breaths per minute ​ Blood pressure (BP) - measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) and recorded when the heart is contracting (systolic pressure) and relaxing (diastolic pressure). The equipment used to measure blood pressure is a sphygmomanometer Imaging Techniques ​ Radiography - use of x-rays to produce images of internal structures either on specially sensitized film or digitally, also called ROENTGENOGRAPHY ​ Fluoroscopy - use of x-rays to obtain dynamic images; used to examine deep structures Medicine, Diseases, and its Related Medical Terms ​ Computed Tomography (CT) Scan - use of computer to ​ Medicine - branch of science that deals with the practice of generate images from a large number of x-rays that passed at diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases. different angles through the body; 3D image of a cross-section of ​ Disease - is any disorder of normal body function. Diseases can the body is obtained be grouped into a number of different but often overlapping ​ Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) - production of images categories. through the use of a magnetic field and radio waves ​ Infectious diseases - are caused by certain harmful ​ Ultrasonography - generation of images from the use of echoes microorganisms and other parasites that live at expense of of high frequency sound waves traveling back from different another organism tissues ​ Pathogen - any disease-causing agent ​ Scintigraphy - imaging the radioactivity distribution in tissues ​ Hormonal disorders - caused by underproduction or after internal administration of a radioactive substance overproduction of hormones or by an inability of the hormones to (radionuclide) function properly ​ Positron Imaging Tomography (PET) - production of sectional ​ Mental and emotional disorders - affect the mind and body images by administration of a natural substance, such as adaptation of an individual to his or her environment glucose labeled with a positron-emitting isotope ​ Etiology - causes of a disease ​ Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) - ​ Acute - disease is sudden, severe and of short duration scintigraphic technique that permits visualization of a ​ Chronic - disease is long and progresses slowly radioisotope's cross sectional distribution ​ Degenerative diseases - result from wear and tear, aging or trauma (injury) that can lead to a lesion (wound) and necrosis Treatment and Surgery (tissue death). ​ Treatment - consist of counseling, drugs, surgery, radiation, ​ Neoplasia - uncontrolled growth of tissue physical therapy, occupational therapy, psychiatric treatment, or ​ Immune disorders - it includes failures of the immune system, some combination of these allergies, and autoimmune diseases, in which the body makes ​ Surgery - method for treating disease or injury by means of antibodies to its own tissues cutting or puncturing tissue with a sharp instrument in the process ​ Metabolic disorders - result from lack of enzymes or other of incision. Uses anesthesia to dull or eliminate pain factors needed for cellular functions ○​ Three principles of medical treatment: 1.​ Curative - to cure a patient of an illness Manifestations 2.​ Palliative - to relieve symptoms from an illness ​ Abscess - localized collection of pus 3.​ Prophylactic - to avoid onset of an illness ​ Adhesion - uniting of two surfaces or parts that may normally be ○​ Some of the purposes of surgery include: separated ​ Restoration ​ Anaplasia - lack of normal differentiation, as shown by cancer ​ Treatment cells ​ Diagnosis ​ Ascites - accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity ​ Relief ​ Cellulitis - a spreading of inflammation of tissue ​ Effusion - escape of fluid into a cavity or other body part Drug ​ Exudate - material that escapes from blood vessels as a result of ​ Drug - substance that alters the body function; can be derived tissue injury from natural plant, animals, and mineral sources ​ Fissure - a groove or split ​ Fistula - an abnormal passage between the two organs or from Key Terms an organ to the surface of the body ​ Side effect - unintended effect of a drug or any other form of ​ Gangrene - death of tissue, usually caused by lack of blood treatment is a side effect supply; may be associated with bacterial infection and ​ Contraindication - reasons not to use a particular drug for a decomposition specific individual based on the person's medical conditions, ​ Hyperplasia - excessive growth of normal cells in normal current medications, sensitivity, or family history arrangement ​ Anaphylaxis - immediate and severe allergic reaction that may ​ Hypertrophy - increase in the size of an organ without increase be caused by a drug; can lead to life-threatening respiratory in the number of cells, may result from an increase in activity, as distress and circulatory collapse in muscles ​ Antagonist - substance that interferes with or opposes the action ​ Induration - hardening, an abnormally hard spot or place of a drug ​ Metaplasia - conversion of cells to a form that is not normal for ​ Brand name - trade or proprietary name of a drug that tissue ​ Efficacy - power to produce a specific effect or result ​ Polyp - tumor attached by a thin stalk ​ Generic name - simplified version of the chemical name of a drug ​ Purulent - forming or containing pus ​ Phytomedicine - another name for herbal medicine ​ Suppuration - pus formation ​ Potentiation - increased potency created by two drugs acting together Diagnosis and Treatment of Diseases ​ Prescription - written and signed order for a drug with directions ​ Diagnosis - determination of the nature and cause of an illness, for its administration begins with a patient history ​ Substance dependence - condition that may result from chronic ​ Symptoms - evidence of diseases use of a drug, in which a person has a chronic or compulsive need ​ Sign - manifestation of a diseases that the physician perceives for a drug regardless of its adverse effects ​ Physical examination - includes a review of all systems and ​ Synergy - combined action of two or more drugs working observation of any signs of illness, and follows the history taking together to produce an effect greater than any of the drugs could ○​ Following techniques used in performing physical produce when acting alone examinations: ​ Tolerance - condition in which use of a drug results in loss of ○​ Inspection - visual examination effectiveness and the dose must be increased to produce the ○​ Palpation - touching the surface of the body with the original response hands or fingers ​ Withdrawal - abrupt reduction of a drug that has been used ○​ Percussion - tapping the body to evaluate tissue regularly according to the sound produced ○​ Auscultation - listening to body sounds with a Types of Drugs stethoscope ​ Adrenergics - mimic the action of sympathetic nervous system, which responds to stress; used to treat bronchospasms, allergic reactions, hypotension ​ Analgesics - alleviate pain Stages of Cell Division ○​ Narcotics - decrease pain sensation in central nervous ​ Mitosis - cell division; the chromosomes are doubled and then system equally distributed to the two daughter cells ○​ Non-narcotics - act peripherally to inhibit ​ Prophase - separates the duplicated material in the nucleus of a prostaglandins parent cell into two identical daughter cells ​ Anesthetics - reduce or eliminate sensation ​ Metaphase - chromosomes attached to spindle fibers ​ Anticoagulants - prevent coagulation and formation of blood ​ Anaphase - chromosomes move away from one another to clots opposite poles of the spindle ​ Anticonvulsants - suppress or reduce the number and/or ​ Telophase - where chromatids or chromosomes move to opposite intensity of seizures ends of the cell and two nuclei are formed ​ Antidiabetics - prevent or alleviate diabetes ​ Antiemetics - relieve symptoms of nausea and prevent vomiting ​ Antihistamines - prevent responses mediated by histamine: allergic and inflammatory reactions ​ Antihypertensives - lower blood pressure by reducing cardiac output, dilating vessels, or promoting excretion of water by the kidneys ​ Corticosteroids - hormones from the cortex of the adrenal gland; used for allergy, respiratory and blood diseases, injury, and malignancy; suppress the immune system ​ Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) - reduce inflammation and pain LESSON 3 Types of Tissues Body Organization ​ Four basic types of tissues that perform specific functions: ​ Group of cells working together make up tissues, which in turn ○​ Epithelial tissues - protects the body structures and make up the organs, which have specialized functions. Organs line organs, vessels, and cavities become components of various systems, which together comprise ○​ Connective tissue - supports and binds body structures the whole organism. ○​ Muscle tissue - contracts to produce movement ○​ Nervous tissue - makes up the brain, spinal cord, and The Cell nerves ​ Cells are the basic unit of living organisms. ​ They carry out metabolism, the sum of all body's physical and Organs and Organ System chemical activities. ​ Cardiovascular System - consists of the heart and blood vessels ​ They provide energy for metabolic reactions in the form of the ​ Lymphatic System - organs and vessels that aid circulation and chemical adenosine triphosphate (ATP), commonly described as help protect the body from foreign materials the energy compound of the cell. ​ Respiratory System - obtains oxygen needed for metabolism ​ The main categories of organic compounds contained in cells are: and eliminates carbon dioxide, a byproduct of metabolism ○​ Proteins, which includes enzymes, some hormones, and ​ Digestive System - takes in, breaks down, and absorbs nutrients structural materials. and eliminates undigested wastes ○​ Carbohydrates, which include sugars and starches. The ​ Urinary System - eliminates soluble waste and balances the main carbohydrate is the sugar glucose, which volume and composition of body fluids circulates in the blood to provide energy for the cells. ​ Nervous System - consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and ○​ Lipids, which include fat. Some hormones are derived nerves, and including the sensory system from lipids, and adipose (fat) tissue is designed to store ​ Endocrine System - consisting of individual glands that produce lipids hormones ​ Skeletal System - bones and joints Cell Structures and Functions ​ Muscular System - moves the skeleton an makes up organs ​ Plasma Membrane - encloses the cell contents; participates in ​ Integumentary System - includes the skin and its associated growth, reproduction, and interactions between cells structures, such as hair ○​ Microvilli - absorbs materials into cells ​ Nucleus - contains chromosomes, the hereditary units that direct Key Terms all cellular activities ​ Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) - energy compound of the cell ○​ Nucleolus - makes ribosomes that stores energy needed for cell activities ​ Cytoplasm - site of many cellular activities; consists of cytosol ​ Carbohydrates - category of organic compounds that includes and organelles sugars and starches ○​ Cytosol - fluid portion of the cytoplasm; surrounds the ​ Cell - basic structural unit and functional unit of the living organelles organism ○​ Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) - network of membranes ​ Chromosome - thread-like body in a cell's nucleus that contains within the cytoplasm; rough ER modifies, folds, and sorts genetic information proteins; smooth ER participates in lipid synthesis ​ Cytology - study of cells ○​ Ribosomes - manufacture proteins ​ Cytoplasm - fluid that fills the cell and holds the organelles ○​ Golgi apparatus - modifies proteins; sorts and prepares ​ Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) - genetic compound of the cell, proteins for transport to other parts of the cell or out of makes up the genes the cell ​ Enzyme - organic substance that speeds the rate of metabolic ○​ Mitochondria - powerhouse of the cell; convert energy reaction from nutrients into ATP ​ Gene - hereditary unit composed of DNA and combined with other ○​ Lysosomes - digest substances within the cell genes to form the chromosomes ○​ Peroxisomes - break down harmful substances ​ Glucose - simple sugar that circulates in the blood, main energy ○​ Vesicles - store materials and move materials into or out source of metabolism. the cell in bull ​ Homeostasis - steady state, a condition of internal stability and ○​ Centrioles - help separate the chromosomes during cell constancy division ​ Lipid - category of organic compounds that includes fats ​ Surface Projections - move the cell or fluids around the cell ​ Membrane - simple, very thin, and pliable sheet of tissue that ○​ Cilia - move the fluids around the cell might cover an organ, line a cavity, or separate structures ○​ Flagellum - moves the cell ​ Metabolism - sum of all chemical and physical reactions that occur within an organism ​ Mucus - thick fluid secreted by cells in membranes and glands that lubricates and protects tissues ​ Nucleus - cell's control center; directs all cellular activities based on the information contained in its chromosomes ​ Organ - part of the body with a specific function, a component of a body system ​ Organelle - specialized structure in the cytoplasm of a cell ​ Protein - category of organic compounds that includes structural materials, enzymes, and some hormones ​ Ribonucleic acid (RNA) - organic compound involved in the manufacture of proteins within cells ​ Tissue - group of cells that acts together for a specific purpose ​ Histology - study of tissues Supplementary Terms ​ Amino acids - nitrogen-containing compounds that make up proteins ​ Anabolism - type of metabolism in which body substances are ​ Infecting organisms can enter the body through several routes, or made; the building phase of metabolism portals of entry, including damaged skin, respiratory tract, ​ Catabolism - type of metabolism in which substances are broken digestive system, and urinary and reproductive tracts. down for energy and simple compounds ​ An infected person's body discharges may contain organisms that ​ Collagen - fibrous protein found in connective tissue spread infection through air, food, water, or direct contact ​ Cortex - outer region of an organ ​ The presence of harmful microorganisms or their toxins (poison) ​ Glycogen - complex sugar compound stored in the liver and in the body is termed SEPSIS muscled and broken down into glucose when needed for energy ​ Interstitial - between parts, such as the spaces between cells in Chain of Infection a tissue ​ Medulla - inner region of an organ, marrow ​ Parenchyma - functional tissue of an organ ​ Parietal - pertaining to a wall, describes a membrane that lines a body cavity ​ Soma - the body ​ Stem cell - immature cell that has the capacity to develop into any of a variety of different cell types, a precursor cell ​ Visceral - pertaining to internal organs; describes a membrane on the surface of an organ Disease and Response to Disease Common Infectious Organisms ​ Disease - any disorder of normal body function ​ Infectious diseases are caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi (yeast ​ Many diseases are named on the basis of the symptoms they and molds), protozoa (single-celled animals), and worms cause (helminthsCommon Infectious Organisms ​ Tuberculosis causes small lesions known as tubercles in the ​ Bacteria (plural)/Bacterium (singular) - simple microscopic lungs and other tissues. organisms that are widespread throughout the world, some can ​ Bubonic plague causes painful and enlarged lymph nodes called produce disease buboes ​ Inflammation - common response to infection; when cells are Types of Bacteria injured, they release chemicals that allow blood cells and fluids to ​ Cocci - round bacteria move into the tissues ○​ Causes: pneumonia, rheumatic fever, food poisoning, ○​ Signs of inflammation: Heat (Calor), Pain (Dolor), septicemia, urinary tract infections, gonorrhea Redness (Rubor), Swelling (Tumor), and Loss of function ​ Bacilli - rod-shaped bacteria (Functio Laesa) ○​ Causes: typhoid, dysentery, salmonellosis, tuberculosis, ○​ Inflammation is one possible cause of edema, a swelling botulism, tetanus or accumulation of fluid in the tissues. Other causes of ​ Spirochetes - corkscrew-shaped bacteria that move with a edema include fluid blockage, heart failure, and twisting motion imbalance of body fluid composition ○​ Causes: Lyme disease, syphilis, Vincent disease ​ Phagocytosis - ingestion of organisms, such as invading bacteria ​ Vibrios - short curved rods or small particles of waste material by a cell ○​ Causes: cholera, gastroenteritis ○​ The body uses phagocytosis to get rid of invading ​ Chlamydia - extremely small bacteria with complex life cycles microorganisms, damaged cells, and other types of that grow in living cells but, unlike viruses, are susceptible to harmful debris antibiotics ○​ Phagocytic cells are found circulating in the blood, in ○​ Causes: conjunctivitis, trachoma, pelvic inflammatory the tissues, and in the lymphatic system. disease (PID), and other sexually transmitted infections ○​ The remains of phagocytosis consist of fluid and white (ST|s) blood cells, an Immunity - refers to all our defenses ​ Rickettsia - extremely small bacteria that grow in living cells but against infectious disease are susceptible to antibiotics Causes: typhus, Rocky Mountain ○​ Inflammation and phagocytosis are examples of inborn or spotted fever innate protective mechanisms, which are based on a ​ Viruses - submicroscopic infectious agents that can live and person's genetic makeup and do not require any previous reproduce only within living cells exposure to a disease organism. ○​ Causes: colds, herpes, hepatitis, measles, varicella ​ Immunity that we develop during life from exposure to disease (chicken pox), influenza, AIDS organisms is termed adaptive immunity, or acquired ​ Fungi - simple, non green plants, some of which are parasitic immunity. Causes: candidiasis, skin infections ​ The remains of phagocytosis consist of fluid and white blood cells, ​ Protozoa - single-celled animals a mixture called pus ○​ Causes: dysentery ​ Neoplasm - abnormal and uncontrolled growth of tissue-a tumor ​ Helminths - worms or growth ○​ Causes: trichinosis; infections with roundworms, ○​ Benign neoplasm does not spread, that is, undergo pinworms, and hookworms metastasis to other tissues, although it may cause damage at the size where it grows. Types of Infections (Origin and Duration) ​ Benign - Non-cancerous ​ Nosocomial infection - Hospital Acquired diseases; Infections ○​ An invasive neoplasm that can metastasize to other acquired in the course of medical care tissues is termed malignant and is commonly called ​ Iatrogenic Infection - Cause is a result of the treatment given cancer to the patient; A nosocomial infection that results from a ​ Malignant - Cancerous particular treatment or therapeutic procedure ​ A malignant tumor that involves epithelial tissue is called ​ Idiopathic - Unknown cause carcinoma ​ Community-Acquired Infection - A person who enters a ​ If the tumor arises in glandular epithelium, it is an healthcare facility with an infection. adenocarcinoma ​ Acute - short term and localized in a specific part ​ Cancer of pigmented epithelial cells is called melanoma ​ Chronic - long term ​ A neoplasm that involves connective tissue or muscle is sarcoma Indirect Contact Types of Bones ​ Vehicle - Non-living things include food, water, drugs, or blood ​ Axial contaminated with infectious microorganisms. ​ Appendicular ​ Vector - Living things such as animals or insects. ​ Airborne - Residue from evaporated droplets of diseased microorganisms are suspended in air for long periods of time. This residue is infectious if inhaled by a susceptible host. ​ Droplets - coughs, sneezes, or talking. Body's Defense Against Infection ​ The human body is protected from the invasion of microorganisms in three ways: ○​ Natural Resistance - skin barrier; injuries such as severe burns, cuts, and abrasions cam disrupt skin barrier and allow microorganisms to pass into tissues and proliferate, increasing the risk of infection LESSON 4 ○​ Acquired Immunity - Also known as Active Immunity; Humans are born with a certain amount of immunity, but Infectious Diseases most humans become resistant to a disease by becoming ​ Infectious diseases are caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi (yeast infected with a specific organism. and molds), protozoa (single-celled animals), and worms ○​ Passive Immunity - Injection of preformed antibodies (helminths) the antibodies act immediately and prevent disease but will weaken overtime.