Medicinal Leaves Part 3 PDF

Folium Cynarae --Artichoke Leaves ‫أوراق الخرشوف‬ Origin: Dried basal leaves of Cynara cardunculus L. (Asteraceae) Old name Cynara scolymus Fresh lower part of the flowerhead is official in African pharmacopeia. However, some recent research show that top young leaves had higher cont...

Folium Cynarae --Artichoke Leaves ‫أوراق الخرشوف‬ Origin: Dried basal leaves of Cynara cardunculus L. (Asteraceae) Old name Cynara scolymus Fresh lower part of the flowerhead is official in African pharmacopeia. However, some recent research show that top young leaves had higher content of A.C. than basal older leaves Leaves are large up to 50 cm in length and 25 cm in breadth. Pinnatisect and have dentate margin. Active constituents: 1. Phenolic acids: caffeoylquinic acids, e.g., cynarin. 2. Sesquiterpene lactones: cynaropicrin Uses: 1. GIT: dyspepsia , flatulence and vomiting. 2. Choleretic (increase production and secretion of bile). 3. Hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis.  Uses: 4. Hepatoprotective (protect liver against free radicals, pollutants and liver steatosis [fatty liver]) 5. Traditionally as diuretic and treatment of urinary stones Normal Fatty liver Side effects: Gastrointestinal discomfort: cramps, nausea and heartburn. Contraindications: 1.Obstruction of bile ducts. (e.g. Presence of gall stones) 2.Sensitivity or allergy to artichoke or other plants from family Asteraceae.  Moringa tree ‫شجرة المورينجا‬ Fresh or dried Leaves of Moringa oleifera. Family: Moringaceae. Seeds, roots, fruits and stem bark are also medicinally used. Drumstick tree (because of shape of pods). Horseradish tree (root is like radish and can be eaten). Regarded as food (nutritious) and as medicine. (miracle tree) Active constituents: Vitamins B, K, E, C, D, A. Minerals Mn, Cu, Mg, Zn, P, Fe, K, Na, and Ca. Protein and amino acids It is beneficial in cases of malnutrition. However, its nutritious activity should not be overestimated because of the dose limitations of moringa (up to 6 grams/day). Other constituents: Sterols and triterpenes Phenolic acids and flavonoids, beta- carotenes. Thiocarbamate and Isothiocyanates glycosides (antihypertensive) Uses: 1. In tropial regions, leaves and fruits are used in cooking as food. (because of its nutritive value). 2. (due to unique mixture of antioxidants) Leaves can be used to reduce cholesterol and incidence of cardiovascular diseases. (reduce risk of cancer) (delay aging). (hepatoprotective). 3. It is claimed to be effective in other ailments but as supportive treatment. 4. Traditionally used as lactagogue (not confirmed). Most related to the antioxidant and the nutritious effects of moringa Should be regarded as supportive treatment Contraindications: Prohibited during pregnancy to avoid abortion or miscarriage. Overconsumption may have toxic effects (its safety is not yet well studied, especially for roots). Generally, Moringa has been used safely in doses up to 6 grams (0.21 oz) daily for up to 3 weeks  Uva ursi (‫(أوراق عنب الدب‬ Common names : Bearberry, Red Bearberry. B.O. : The dried leaves of Archtostaphylos uva ursi (Fam. Ericaceae) Active constituents: 1- Phenolic glycosides : Mainly arbutin, methyl arbutin, Ericolin. 2- Tannins { high % }. 3- Flavonoids. N.B.: Buchu is more preferred than Uva ursi bec. it does not contain tannins.  Action & uses: 1-Antiseptic ,astringent & antiinflammatory for urinary tract e.g. Cystitis, urethritis. 2- Diuretic. 3- As whitening agent for skin in cases of hyperpigmentation disorders [because it is a tyrosinase inhibitor, so prevents melanin formation]. Tyrosine Tyrosinase enzyme Melanin. Chem. test for [arbutin]: [Sublimation] Pd. + dil.HCl long rods or feathery Cover with aggregates glass slide [ In a crucible ] + NH4OH Brown col. Test for phenolics & tannins: boil Pd.+ water + FeCl3 Bluish-violet Filter , col. cool  Boldo B.O. : The dried leaves of Peumus boldus Fam. Monimiaceae. A.C. : 1- Alkaloid [ Boldine ]. 2- Glycoside [ Boldoglucin ]. 3- V.O. Oil cells. N.B. : Presence of stellate hairs. Uses: 1- Hepatic stimulant or tonic Jaundice. 2- Mild diuretic. 3- Mild laxative. Chemical test: [ For Boldine ] ev. Alc. Extr. Residue + Vanillin HCl Intense red col. Name Active constituents Uses Coca CNS stimulant, local anaesthetic Cocaine Alkaloid leaves Ginkgo - Improve cerebral and peripheral biloba blood circulation. Therefore, it leaves enhances the memory (Alzheimer’s) (Duck Flavonoids and biflavonoids and improves brain fuctions and foot) performance (not in normal healthy Chinese persons) Leaves -Antioxidant Coca leaves Ginkgo leaves Chemical tests For Coca Leaves: 1- General +ve Mayer’s 2- Special [ for cocaine ] ev. Pd. + dil. HCl residue + H2O + K permenganate Violet-red cryst. aggregates