Medical Studies - M2/Grade 8 PDF

# Medical Studies - M2/Grade 8 ## Common Diseases or Medical Conditions of the Male Reproductive System 1. **Erectile Dysfunction (ED)** - The inability to achieve or maintain an erection sufficient for sexual intercourse. - It can be caused by physical, psychological, or a combination o...

# Medical Studies - M2/Grade 8 ## Common Diseases or Medical Conditions of the Male Reproductive System 1. **Erectile Dysfunction (ED)** - The inability to achieve or maintain an erection sufficient for sexual intercourse. - It can be caused by physical, psychological, or a combination of factors. - Example: infection in the muscle 2. **Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)** - A non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate gland, often leading to urinary problems such as difficulty urinating or frequent urination. | Malignant | | ----------- | | = cancerius (เนื้อร้าย) | | Benign | | = non-cancerius | - Diagram: - Bladder - Prostate - Urethra - Penis - Scrotum - Rectum 3. **Prostate Cancer** - A common cancer in men that begins in the prostate gland, often diagnosed through screenings like PSA testing or Biopsy. - **mรตรวจว่าเป็น benign or malignant** 4. **Testicular Cancer** - Cancer that develops in the testicles. - It is most common in younger men and is typically highly treatable when caught early. 5. **Varicocele** - An enlargement of veins within the scrotum, which can lead to infertility, discomfort, or testicular atrophy in some cases. - **เส้นเลือดขอด** - **gonad = testes = testosterone** 6. **Hypogonadism (Low testosterone)** - A condition where the body doesn't produce enough testosterone, leading to symptoms such as low energy, reduced libido, and infertility. - **testes = male gonad (อวัยวะเพศ)** - **ความต้องการทางเพศ** 7. **Orchitis** - **-tis = inflammation (อักเสบ)** - **การอักเสบ** - Inflammation of the testicle often caused by a viral infection (such as mumps) or bacterial infections, which can lead to painful and swelling (ขาม) - **virus** - **ทม อม บวม** 8. **Epididymitis** - Inflammation of the epididymis, typically caused by bacterial infections, including sexually transmitted infections (STIs) like gonorrhea or chlamydia. - Diagram: - Scrotum - Testes - Irritation and swelling of epididymis 9. **Priaprism Disease** - A prolonged and often painful that lasts for hours to the penis if not treated promptly. - It can cause permanent damage. - **เป็นเวลานาน** - **unrelated to sexual stimula** 10. **Peyronie's Disease อวัยวะเพศโค้งงอ** - The development of fibrous scar tissue inside the penis, which causes curved, painful erections and may affect sexual function. - **แผลเป็น** ## Diseases 11. **Sexually Transmitted (STDs) /STIS (I = Infections)** - Various infections that can affect the male reproductive organs, including chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, and HIV. - These can lead to fertility problems, pain, and other complications. 12. **Male Infertility** - Inability to conceive a child, often due to fungi, bacteria, virus, low sperm count, poor sperm quality, or structural abnormalities of the reproductive organs. - **lack of energy** 13. **Hypospadias** - A congenital condition where the opening of the urethra is on the underside of the penis, rather than at the tip. - **congenital = ตั้งแต่กำเนิด** - **มีตั้งแต่อยู่ในท้องแม่** - Diagram: - Opening of the urethra 14. **Cryptorchidism (Undescended Testical)** - A condition where one or both testicles fail to descend into the scrotum before birth. - It can lead to infertility if not corrected. - **ตอนเจริญเติบโต** - **testical มิลมालामปกติ ลงมาใน scrotum** 15. **Phimosis** - A condition in which the foreskin of the penis cannot be fully retracted, potentially causing pain or difficulty during urination or sexual activity. - **small opening of foreskin** - **ดึงลงมาไม่ได้** - Diagram: - Phimosis - Normal 16. **Balanitis** - Inflammation of the head of the penis, typically due to infection, poor hygiene, or a skin condition, causing redness, swelling, and pain. - Diagram: - Balanitis 17. **Hydrocele** - A condition where fluid accumulates around the testicle, causing swelling in the scrotum. - It can be present at birth or develop later in life. - **congenital** - Diagram: - Hydrocele 18. **Testicular torsion** - A medical emergency in which the spermatic cord twists, cutting off blood flow to the testicle, which can cause severe pain and lead to testicular loss if not treated quickly. - **pressure block blood flow** - Diagram: - Testicular Torsion 19. **Prostatitis** - Inflammation of the prostate gland, which can cause symptoms like pain in the pelvic area, painful urination, and sexual dysfunction. - It can be caused by bacterial infections or other factors. 20. **Klinefelter syndrome** - A genetic condition where a male is born with an extra ✗ chromosome, which can lead to symptoms such as infertility, low testosterone, and developmental delays. - **male look like female** - **genetic** - Man has a characteristic of a woman - Diagram: - Background - XXY syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome - Presence of extra X chromosome (in XXY) - Most common sex chromosome disorder - Affects approximately 1/500 – 1000 genetic males - Signs & Symptoms - Tall Stature - Reduced Muscle Tone - Weaker Bones - Lack Facial & Body Hair - Enlarged Breast Tissues - Infertility - Structural Genitourinary Abnormalities - Developmental & Behavioral Abnormalities - Speech & Language delays - Social & Emotional Immaturity, - Mild Executive Functioning Deficits - Diagnosis - Review Symptoms & Medical History - Assess Physical Development - Stages during Puberty - Evaluate Hormone Levels - Imaging & Assess Size & Structure Gonads - Confirmed Karyotyping (chromosome Analysis) - Causes - Random error during meiosis results in an extra copy of chromosome to all cells in the body. - May occur after conception. - Can lead to mosaic Klinefelter syndrome (where some cells may have a normal X chromosome). - Treatment - Testosterone replacement therapy - Fertility management (in-vitro fertilization) - Early interventions (speech & language therapy, social & emotional therapy) - Routine monitoring & follow-up