Medical Terminology - Lecture 5 - Blood and Immune System - New Mansoura University PDF

New Mansoura University Faculty of Pharmacy Pharm D Program ___________________________________________________________________________ pharmacy orientation & medical terminology Lecture 5 Blood and Immu...

New Mansoura University Faculty of Pharmacy Pharm D Program ___________________________________________________________________________ pharmacy orientation & medical terminology Lecture 5 Blood and Immune system By Dr. Manar Gamal, Ph.D Assistant Professor of Pharmacology and Toxicology Faculty of pharmacy- Mansoura university  Blood Blood circulates through the vessels, bringing oxygen and nourishment to all cells and carrying away waste products. -The total adult blood volume is about 5 liters. -Whole blood can be divided into two main components: the liquid portion, or plasma (55%) Cellular components, or blood cells (45%), consisting of red blood cells (erythrocyte), white blood cells (leukocytes), Platelets (thrombocytes)  Plasma The fluid portion of the blood and accounts for 55% of the total blood volume. Plasma consisting of: -Water (90%) -The remaining 10%: Proteins (albumin), salts, nutrients, vitamins, hormones, enzymes, gases, electrolytes, excretory products The pH (relative acidity) of the plasma remains steady at about 7.4.  2. Cellular component All blood cells are produced in red bone marrow. Some white blood cells multiply in lymphoid tissue.  A. Erythrocytes (Red blood cells, RBCs) -The major function of erythrocytes is to carry oxygen to cellsThis oxygen is bound to an iron-containing pigment within the cells called hemoglobin. Shape: are small, disk-shaped cells with no nucleus. Concentration: about 5 million per µL (cubic millimeter) of blood the most numerous of the blood cells. Hemoglobin conc.: averages 15 g per dL of blood. Life span: A red blood cell gradually wears out and dies in about 120 days, so these cells must be constantly replaced. Production: in the bone marrow is regulated by the hormone erythropoietin (EPO), which is made in the kidneys.  B. leukocytes (White blood cells, WBCs) These cells are referred to as “white” blood cells because they lack hemoglobin and are essentially colorless Shape: White blood cells all show prominent nuclei when stained. Count: They total about 5,000 to 10,000 per µL, but their number may increase during infection. Types: 5 types of leukocytes according to the size and appearance of the nucleus and by their staining properties. Granular leukocytes or granulocytes Agranulocytes visible granules in the cytoplasm when stained do not have visible granules when stained. 3 types 2 types neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils lymphocytes and monocytes -named for the kind of stain they take up. -neutrophils: The most numerous WBCs and called polymorphs because of their various-shaped nuclei. B. leukocytes (White blood cells, WBCs) 7 B. leukocytes (White blood cells, WBCs)  B. leukocytes (White blood cells, WBCs) -Function: 1. WBCs protect against foreign substances. 2. Some engulf foreign material by the process of phagocytosis; 3. others function as part of the immune system. 4. In diagnosis: it is important to know not only the total number of leukocytes but also the relative number of each type because these numbers can change in different disease conditions.  C. Platelets (thrombocytes) They are not cells but small, round or oval cell fragments. Count: They number from 200,000 to 400,000 per µL of blood. Function: Platelets are important in hemostasis, the prevention of blood loss, a component of which is the process of blood clotting, also known as coagulation. When a vessel is injured, platelets stick together to form a plug at the site.  Blood Type Genetically inherited proteins on the surface of red blood cells determine blood type. More than 20 groups of these proteins have now been identified, but the most familiar are the ABO and Rh blood groups. -An individual obtains two genes, one from each parent, that determine the production of antigens  there are four possible blood types The ABO system includes types A, B, AB, and O. - There are two types of inherited antigens: A antigens and B antigens. The Rh types are Rh positive (Rh+) and Rh negative (Rh−). 12  Blood Type In giving blood transfusions, it is important to use blood that is the same type as the recipient’s blood or a type to which the recipient will not show an immune reaction. Compatible blood types are determined by cross-matching. Whole blood may be used to replace a large volume of blood lost, but in most cases requiring blood transfusion, a blood fraction such as packed red cells, platelets, plasma, or specific clotting factors is administered.  The immune system Our bodies have an array of defenses against foreign matter. Some of these defenses are nonspecific (protect against any intruder): the unbroken skin, blood-filtering lymphoid tissue, cilia and mucus that trap foreign material, bactericidal body secretions, and reflexes such as coughing and sneezing. Specific attacks on disease organisms are mounted by the immune system. The immune response involves complex interactions between components of the lymphatic system and the blood.  The immune system Any foreign particle may act as an antigen, that is, a substance that provokes a response by the immune system. This response comes from two types of lymphocytes that circulate in the blood and lymphatic system. 1. the T cells (T lymphocytes), mature in the thymus gland. They are capable of attacking a foreign cell directly, producing cell-mediated immunity. Macrophages are important in the function of T cells take in and process foreign antigens. A T cell is activated when it contacts an antigen on the surface of a macrophage in combination with some of the body’s own proteins.  The immune system 2. The B cells (B lymphocytes) mature in lymphoid tissue. When they meet a foreign antigen, they multiply rapidly, transforming into plasma cells. These cells produce antibodies, also called immunoglobulins (Ig), that inactivate an antigen. Antibodies remain in the blood, often providing long-term immunity to the specific organism against which they were formed. Antibody-based immunity is referred to as humoral immunity. Suffixes for the blood Roots for the blood and immunity Roots for Chemistry Common blood tests