Medical Terminology Chapter 1 PDF

TERMINOLOGY FIRST YEAR Dr : Arnold ‫‪90‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬ ‫‪80‬‬ ‫‪60‬‬ ‫‪80‬‬ ‫‪70‬‬ ‫‪70‬‬ ‫‪Soon‬‬ ‫الكتب متوفرة بمكتبة الشرقاوي‬  INTRODUCTION Definition of medical terminology It is the l...

TERMINOLOGY FIRST YEAR Dr : Arnold ‫‪90‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬ ‫‪80‬‬ ‫‪60‬‬ ‫‪80‬‬ ‫‪70‬‬ ‫‪70‬‬ ‫‪Soon‬‬ ‫الكتب متوفرة بمكتبة الشرقاوي‬  INTRODUCTION Definition of medical terminology It is the language used in the field of medicine to precisely describe the human body including its components, processes, conditions affecting it, and procedures performed upon it. Medical terminology is used by health care professionals for effective and accurate communication, It is based mainly on Greek and Latin words. The four medical word elements 1- Word Root 2- Combining vowel 3- Suffixes 4- Prefixes 1 INTRODUCTION WORD ROOTS 1- The foundation of a medical term. 2- Almost all medical terms have at least one word root. 3- Most word roots are derived from Greek or Latin. 4- Two different roots may have the same meaning. 5- The same root may have different meanings in different fields of study. AN EXAMPLE “micr’ a word root meaning small. PREFIX SUFFIX A word element A suffix is a word attached to the element placed at beginning of a word the end of a word or word root to to change its change its meaning. meaning. AN EXAMPLE PERFIX Using the word root “therm” (temperature) adding different suffixes will give different meanings related to temperature. “Hypo” is a prefix meaning below normal. Adding it to the beginning of “therm” gives the term “hypothermia” (low temperature). “hyper” is a prefix meaning above normal. Adding it to the beginning of “therm” gives the term “hyperthermia” (high temperature). AN EXAMPLE SUFFIX Using the word root hepat (liver) adding different suffixes will give different meanings related to the liver. “-itis” is a suffix meaning inflammation, adding it to the end of “hepat” gives the term “hepatitis” (liver inflammation). “-megaly” is a suffix meaning enlargement) adding it to the same word root, will form the term “hepatomegaly” (liver enlargement). 2 INTRODUCTION COMBINING FORM A word root followed by a vowel (a, e, i, o, u or y). The most commonly used is the vowel o. AN EXAMPLE erythr (word root meaning red) + o= erythro (combining form) COMBINING FORMS ALLOW Joining of two roots A word root to be joined with a suffix to form a medical term. Erythr (red) + vowel o + poiesis (production) = erythropoiesis (red blood cell) COMPOUND MEDICAL TERM A term containing more than one root. BUILDING A MEDICAL TERM Forming a term from different elements. The three basic rule for building medical words: A word root + a suffix that begins with a vowel → medical term. AN EXAMPLE Gastr (word root meaning stomach) + ectomy (suffix meaning surgical removal) Gastrectomy (surgical removal of the stomach). A combining form (root + o) + suffix beginning with a consonant = medical term. AN EXAMPLE Gastr + pathy (suffix meaning disease) Gastropathy (disease of the stomach). A vowel links a root to another root (even if the next root begins with a vowel) → compound medical word. AN EXAMPLE: gastr/o-enter/o-logy means the study of the stomach and intestines. Enter (word root meaning intestine), logy (suffix meaning study of). 3 INTRODUCTION BREAKING DOWN A MEDICAL TERM: Defining the different parts of the medical term. AN EXAMPLE Pericarditis Peri (a prefix meaning around)/ cardi (word root meaning heart) it is (a suffix meaning inflammation) Inflammation around the heart. Commonly used suffixes: 1. ia (condition) : Hemophilia 2. ar (related to) : Muscular 3. al (related to) : Bronchial Commonly used prefixes: 1. a or an (without) : Aphonia or Anoxia 2. intra or extra (inside or outside) : intravenous or extradural 3. poly (many) : polyuria Compound words: 1. Multiple word roots within a compound word are always changed to combing form. 2. The roots, then, are joined together with a combing vowel, regardless of whether the second word root begins with a vowel or a consonant. 4  ANATOMICAL TERMS Definition of ANATOMICAL POSITION It is the standard position of the body used to describe the locations of the anatomical structures in relation to each other. CHARACTERS 1. The body is standing erect. 2. The eyes are looking forward. 3. The upper limbs are by the sides of the trunk. 4. The palms of the hands are directed forward. 5. The lower limbs are parallel, with the feet together and the toes pointing forwards. They are imaginary flat surfaces used to identify the different sections in the body. They are applied to the body in the anatomical position. They classified into: 5 ANATOMICAL TERMS MEDIAN (MIDSAGITTAL) PLANE it is a vertical antero-posterior plane passing through the center of the body, dividing it into equal right and left halves. SAGITTAL (PARASAGITTAL) PLANE it is any plane parallel to the median plane that divides the body into unequal right and left portions. CORONAL (FRONTAL) PLANE it is a vertical side to side plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions. It is situated at a right angle to the median plane. HORIZONTAL (TRANSVERSE) PLANE it is the cross section of the body which divides it into upper and lower parts. It lies at right angles to both the median and the coronal planes. 6 ANATOMICAL TERMS THE DIRECTIONAL TERMS TERMS DEFINITION Anterior refers to the front of the body. Posterior refers to the back of the body. Medial nearer to the median plane of the body. Lateral away from the median plane of the body. Superior nearer to the upper end of the body. Inferior nearer to the lower end of the body. Proximal close to the point of attachment of the limb to the trunk. Distal away from the point of attachment of the limb to the trunk. Ipsilateral on the same side of the body. Contralateral on the opposite side of the body. Superficial close to the surface of the body. Deep away from the surface of the body. Supine lying on the back with the face up Prone lying on the abdomen with the face down. Afferent the flow is toward the reference point. Efferent the flow is away from the reference point. Palmar the anterior surface of the hand. Plantar the sole (inferior surface) of foot. Dorsum the posterior surface of the hand/ the upper surface of the foot. 7 ANATOMICAL TERMS NOTES FOR YOU 1. Anterior Ventral 2. Posterior Dorsal 3. Superior Cephalic 4. Inferior Caudal 5. Superficial External 6. Deep Internal 7. Dorsum Dorsal surface of hand/ foot 8 ANATOMICAL TERMS TERMS OF MOVEMENTS FLEXION It is the movement of decreasing the angle of joint in sagittal plane. It usually takes place in anterior direction. EXCEPTIONS OF FLEXION: 1. In the knee, the movement occurs in posterior direction. 2. In the thumb, the movement occurs medially parallel to plane of the palm. 3. In the shoulder, the arm moves forwards in front of the chest. 4. In the ankle, there is dorsiflexion (lifting the top of the foot superiorly) and plantar flexion (moving the sole of the foot inferiorly). 5. Lateral flexion, sideways bending movement of the trunk in the coronal plane. 9 ANATOMICAL TERMS TERMS DEFINITION the movement of increasing the angle of joint (straightening) Extension in sagittal plane. the movement of lifting the top of foot superiorly (equivalent Dorsiflexion to extension). moving the sole of foot inferiorly as in standing on toes Plantar flexion (equivalent to flexion). movement away from the midline of the body in coronal Abduction plane. Adduction movement toward the midline of the body in coronal plane. the spreading of fingers away from the long axis of middle Abduction of fingers finger. the drawing fingers together toward the long axis of middle Adduction of fingers finger. Abduction of thumb the movement away from the palm. Adduction of thumb the movement toward the palm. 10 ANATOMICAL TERMS ROTATION It is the movement of a part of the body around its long axis. 1. Medial rotation: it is the movement that makes the anterior surface face medially. 2. Lateral rotation: it is the movement that makes the anterior surface face laterally. CIRCUMDUCTION It is a complex sequence of movements combining flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation. SUPINATION It is the movement of turning the forearm laterally, so that the palm of the hand faces anteriorly. PRONATION It is the movement of turning the forearm medially, so that the palm of the hand faces posteriorly. INVERSION it is the movement that makes the sole of the foot to face medially. EVERSION it is the movement that makes the sole of the foot to face laterally. PROTRACTION RETRACTION it is the movement forward. it is the movement backward. 11 ‫‪90‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬ ‫‪80‬‬ ‫‪60‬‬ ‫‪80‬‬ ‫‪70‬‬ ‫‪70‬‬ ‫‪Soon‬‬ ‫الكتب متوفرة بمكتبة الشرقاوي‬