Medical Terminology Chapter 1 Part 1 PDF

Medical Terminology Chapter 1 part 1 Basma El Awady, M.D Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology Kasr Al Ainy Faculty of Medicine Cairo University  Course Objectives Ø On completion of this course, you should be able to...

Medical Terminology Chapter 1 part 1 Basma El Awady, M.D Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology Kasr Al Ainy Faculty of Medicine Cairo University  Course Objectives Ø On completion of this course, you should be able to: Ø Apply basic principles of medical word building. Ø Correctly pronounce and spell medical terms. Ø Define common medical terms. Ø Relate common medical terms to human anatomy and physiology; common disease states, pharmacological categories and diagnostic tests. Ø Identify the medical terminology in medical record reports.  LEARNING GOALS Ø On completion of this lecture, you should be able to: 1. Identify the roles of the four types of word parts used in forming medical terms. 2. Use your knowledge of word parts to analyze unfamiliar medical terms. 3. Describe the steps in locating a term in a medical dictionary. 4. Define the commonly used word roots, combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes introduced in this lecture.  LEARNING GOALS 5. Use the “sounds-like” pronunciation system to correctly pronounce the primary terms introduced in this lecture. 6. Recognize the importance of spelling medical terms correctly. 7. State why caution is important when using abbreviations. 8. Recognize, define, spell, and correctly pronounce the primary terms introduced in this lecture.  Medical Terminology Ø The language of medicine is a specialized vocabulary used by health care practitioners (HCP). Ø Approximately 75% of Medical Terms are based on either Greek or Latin language. Ø Complicated medical terms can be broken down into small fragments.  WORD PARTS ARE THE KEY Ø Learning medical terminology is much easier once you understand how word parts work together to form medical terms. Ø Word parts (word roots, combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes) make up most medical terms. Breaking it down into small pieces : Word Parts Ø Beginning = Prefix Description: Number/ amount, size, location, colour etc. Ø Middle = Root Subject: Relating to a part of the body Ø Ending = Suffix Condition: Pertaining to a process or procedure; amount, location etc.  Elements ØLearning medical terminology is much easier once you understand how word parts work together to form medical terms. Root Suffix = Prefix = foundation clarification Combining vowel = connector  Elements Ø A medical word consists of some or all of the following elements: prefix word root suffix combining vowel Basic Elements of Medical Word  1. Word roots (WR) Ø A word root is the core of a medical term and contains its primary (fundamental) meaning of the word. Ø It is the foundation on which other elements are added to develop a complete term. Ø They usually, but not always, describe a body part (gastr, card).  1. Word roots (WR) Ø Medical terms have one or more word roots. e.g Cardi/o thorac/ic= pertaining to the heart and chest Ø Most word roots are derived from Greek or Latin. Because of this twofold origin, two different roots may have the same meaning. For example, the Greek word derm and the Latin word cutane both refer to the skin.  1. Word roots (WR) Ø Latin roots (e.g. cutane) are used to build words that describe anatomical structures. Ø Greek roots (e.g. derm) are used to build words that describe a disease, condition, treatment, or diagnosis.  Examples of Word Roots Ø “dent” means tooth (dentist) Ø “dermat” means skin (dermatitis) Ø “pancreat” means pancreas Ø “Stomato “ means mouth stomatitis Ø “Glosso/linguo “means tongue (glossitis, lingual nerve) Ø *“Gingivo” means gums (gingivitis) Ø “Encephalo” means brain (encephalitis) Ø “Entero “means intestine (gastroenteritis) Ø “Colo “means large intestine (colitis, megacolon) Ø “Procto” means anus/rectum (proctitis, proctologist)  Examples of Word Roots Ø “Orchido “ = testis (orchiditis, orchidectomy) Ø “Oophoro” = ovary (oophorectomy) Ø “Hystero/metro“ =uterus (hysterectomy,endometritis) Ø “Salpingo “ = uterine tubes (hysterosalpingogram) Ø “Masto/mammo “= breast (mammography, mastectomy) Ø “Cysto “ = bladder (cystitis) Ø “Rhino “= nose (rhinitis runny nose!) Ø “Phlebo/veno “ = veins (phlebitis, phlebotomy) Ø “Pneumo/pulmo “ = lung (pneumonitis, pulmonologist) Ø “Hemo/emia” = blood (hematologist, anemia)  2. Combining forms (CF) Ø A combining form is created when a word root is combined with a vowel hepat + o= hepato Ø The vowel, known as a combining vowel. Ø The combining vowel has no meaning of its own, but enables two word elements to be connected. v Gastro/duodeno/scopy combining form + combining form + suffix = compound word  2.Combining forms (CF) Ø The combining vowel is usually an “o”, but sometimes it is an I gastr o Gastro Word root Combining Combining vowel form  2. Combining Forms Ø Cardi/ + o = cardio heart Ø gastr/ + o = gastro stomach Ø hepat/ + o = hepato liver Ø nephr/ + o = nephro kidney Ø oste/ + o = osteo bone  2.Combining forms (CF) v When a word has more than one root, a combining vowel is used to link the roots to each other. osteoarthritis oste/ o / arthr/ itis Word root Word root suffix Combining vowel  Rules of using a combining vowel Ø When two word roots are joined, a combining vowel is always added to the first word root. Ø When a suffix is added to a word root, a combining vowel is used only if the suffix begins with a consonant. Oste/ o / arthr/ itis  3. Suffix Ø A suffix is a word element placed at the end of a word that changes its meaning. tonsill/ itis (inflammation) tonsill/ ectomy (excision, removal) Ø Changing the suffix changes the meaning of the word.  3. Suffix Ø In medical terminology, a suffix usually describes Surgical procedure Related pathology Diagnostic procedure Ø Many suffixes are derived from Greek or Latin words.  Examples of Suffix Ø Arthr/ o -centesis Arthrocentesis joint puncture puncture of a joint Ø Trache/ o -tomy Tracheotomy Trachea incision incision into the trachea Ø Hepat/ o -megaly Hepatomegaly Liver enlargement enlargement of the Liver  Suffix The term tonsillitis is created by adding the suffix -itis to the word root tonsill.  4. Prefix Ø A prefix is a word element attached to the beginning of a word root. Ø Adding a prefix changes the meaning of the word. Colours Size & amounts Rate Location Numerical Movement Examples of Prefix  Examples of Prefix Ø Prefix : Location Peri= around structure Endo or Trans = Extra intra Inter across (outside) (between) Ø Prefix : Movement Ab = away (abduction) Ad = towards (adduction) Dis = separation (displacement)  Examples of Prefix Ø Prefix : Numerical Mono= single Di= two Tri= three Poly= Many Ø Prefix : Rate Tachy= high Brady= low  Examples of Prefix Ø Prefix : Size and amounts Macro= visible to the naked eye Micro= not visible to the naked eye Hyper= above normal (hyperventilation) Hypo= below normal (hypothermia)  Word Part Guidelines Ø A word root cannot stand alone. A suffix must always be added at the end of the word to complete the term. Ø The rules for creating a combining form by adding a vowel apply when a suffix beginning with a consonant (e.g. b, d, p,s,t,v) is added to a word root. Ø When a prefix is added, it is always placed at the beginning of the word.  Word root: root (gums) Suffix: suffix (inflammation) : prefix (below) electr/o/cardi/o/gram root prefix suffix combining vowel Puzzle pieces  Defining Medical Words Ø Here are three basic steps for defining medical words using gastroenteritis as an example are: Ø 1. Define the suffix, or last part of the word. Ø 2. Define the first part of the word, which may be WR, CF or prefix. Ø 3. Define the middle parts of the word or WR, or CF.  Learning Pearls Building Medical Words There are three basic rules for building medical words. Rule #1 Ø A word root links a suffix that begins with a vowel. Rule #2 Ø A combining form (root o) links a suffix that begins with a consonant. Rule #3 Ø A combining form links a root to another root to form a compound word. This rule holds true even if the next root begins with a vowel, as in osteoarthritis. Keep in mind that the rules for linking multiple roots to each other are slightly different from the rules for linking roots and combining forms to suffixes.  Try these (Interpret from right to left) Ø Carditis Ø Cardiomyopathy Ø Echocardiography Ø Colitis Ø Hepatitis Ø Gastritis Ø Nephrostomy Ø Prenatal Ø Bronchiectasis  Try these (Interpret from right to left) Ø Hyperinsulinemia Ø Blepharitis Ø Cranium Ø Osteomyelitis Ø Dermatitis Ø Splenectomy Ø Pericardium Ø Neuroplasty Ø Bronchoscopy Thank you