Medical Teminology PDF

Medical Terminology Prefixes Root Suffixes  At the beginning  The main unit of  At the end of the Definition of the root. the word. root. ‫قبل اللكمة‬ ‫اللكمة الاصلية‬...

Medical Terminology Prefixes Root Suffixes  At the beginning  The main unit of  At the end of the Definition of the root. the word. root. ‫قبل اللكمة‬ ‫اللكمة الاصلية‬ ‫بعد اللكمة‬ Cardi = Heart = ‫قلب‬  Pericardium =  Cardi (heart).  Carditis = membrane around inflammation of the Example heart heart ‫غشاء حول القلب‬ ‫القلب‬ ‫الهتاب‬ DR. El-Sawy 1  Medical Terminology 1. Respiratory system : ‫اجلهاز التنفيس‬ Word root Meaning Example  Bronch-  Windpipe ‫قصبة هوائية‬  Bronchus  Trache-  Windpipe ‫قصبة هوائية‬  Trachea  Nas-/naso-  Nose ‫انف‬  Nasal obstruction  Or-/oro-  Mouth ‫مف‬  Oral therapy  Pharyng-  Throat ‫حلق‬  Pharyngitis  Pne-/pnoea-  Breathing ‫تنفس‬  Apnea  Pneumo-  Lung, air ‫ رئة‬- ‫هواء‬  Pneumonia  Rhin-  Nose ‫انف‬  Rhinorrhea DR. El-Sawy 2  Medical Terminology 2. CardioVascular System (CVS) : ‫هجاز القلب والاوعية ادلموية‬ A. Heart Word root Meaning Example  Cardi-  Heart ‫قلب‬  Cardiology  Sphygmo-  Pulse ‫نبض‬  Sphygmomanometer  Diastole-  Dilatation ‫متدد‬  Diastolic time  Systole-  Contraction ‫تقلص‬  Systolic time B. Blood vessels Word root Meaning Example  Angi (o)-  Blood vessel ‫وعاء دموي‬  Angio-genesis  Vaso-  Blood vessel ‫وعاء دموي‬  Vaso-dilatation  Arteri (o) -  Artery ‫رشاين‬  Arterial blood  Ven-  Vein ‫وريد‬  Venous blood C. Blood Word root Meaning Example  Cyte-  Cell ‫خلية‬  Erythrocyte  Emia  Blood ‫دموي‬  Anemia  Thromb-  Clot ‫جلطه‬  Thrombosis DR. El-Sawy 3  Medical Terminology 3. Endocrinal system : ‫هجاز الغدد الصامء‬ Word root Meaning Example  Aden-/adeno-  Gland ‫غدة‬  Lymphadenitis 4. Central Nervous System (CNS) : ‫اجلهاز العصيب املركزي‬ Word root Meaning Example  Cerebr-  Brain/cerebrum ‫مخ‬  Cerebral hemorrhage  Encephala-  Brain ‫مخ‬  Encephalitis  Meninges ‫الاغش ية السحائية حول املخ‬  Meningitis  Crani-  skull ‫مججمة‬  Cranial nerves  Myel (o)-  Bone marrow or ‫خناع العظم أو‬  Myelopathy spinal cord ‫احلبل الشويك‬  Neur (o)-  Nerve ‫عصب‬  Neuritis DR. El-Sawy 4  Medical Terminology 5. GastroIntestinal Tract (GIT) Word root Meaning Example  Gastr-  Stomach ‫معدة‬  Gastric mucosa  Enter-  Intestine ‫األمعاء‬  Enteritis  Chol-  Bile ‫مراري‬  Cholecystitis  Splanchn-  Viscera ‫احشاء‬  Splanchnic nerve  Proct-  Rectum ‫مس تقمي‬  Proctitis  Rect-  Rectum ‫مس تقمي‬  Rectal tumor 6. Urinary system Word root Meaning Example  Nephr (o)-  Nephritis  Kidney ‫لكية‬  Ren-  Renal stone  Pyel- Pelvis of kidney  Pyelo-nephritis  Cyst-  Cystitis  Bladder ‫مثانة‬  Vesic-  Vesical tumor DR. El-Sawy 5  Medical Terminology 7. Obstetrics And Gynecology Word root Meaning Example  Gyn-  Woman ‫نسا‬  Gynecology  Colp-  Vagina ‫همبل‬  Colposcopy  oo-, oophor-  Egg/ovum ‫بويضة‬  Oophoritis  Hyster-  Uterus ‫الرمح‬  Hysterectomy  Salpingo-  Tube ‫انبوبة‬  Salpingitis 8. Eye Word root Meaning Example  Ophthalm-  Eye ‫عني‬  Ophthalmology  Oculo-  Vision/eye ‫عني – نظر‬  Ocular  Kerato-  Cornea ‫قرنية‬  Keratitis  Blephar  Eye lid ‫اجلفن‬  Blepharitis DR. El-Sawy 6  Medical Terminology 9. Ear Word root Meaning Example  Aud-  Related to sound/ear  Auditory  Oto-, ot-  Related to the ear  Otitis 10. Skin Word root Meaning Example  Derm-  Related to the skin  Dermal eruption  Dermato-  Related to the skin  Dermatology  Cut-  Superficial horny layer  Cutaneous DR. El-Sawy 7  Medical Terminology 11. Musclo-Skeletal System (MSK): Word root Meaning Example  Spondyl-  Vertebra ‫فقرة‬  Spondylosis  Cost-  Rib ‫ضلع‬  Costal  Arthr  Joint ‫مفصل‬  Arthritis  Oste  Bone ‫عضم‬  Osteology DR. El-Sawy 8  Medical Terminology Relative Position: Superior Inferior Anterior Posterior = = = = Above Below Front Back Ventral Dorsal Medial Lateral = = = = Front Back Center Side Ipsilateral Contralateral Proximal Distal = = = = Same side Other side Closer to trunk Farther from trunk Superficial Deep = = Surface Internal DR. El-Sawy 9  Medical Terminology Body movements: FLEXION  Movement of a body part forwards EXTENSION  Movement of a body part backwards ABDUCTION ‫ابعد‬  Movement of a body part away from the mid-line ADDUCTION  Movement of a body part towards the mid-line Body Sections (cuts, planes) : Sagittal Section  Divides the body into right and left portions. Midsagittal  Equal right and left portions. (median) Coronal Section  Divides the body into anterior and posterior portions. (frontal) Transverse Section  Divides the body into superior and inferior portions. (horizontal) DR. El-Sawy 10  Medical Terminology 1. Prefixes for number : Prefix Meaning Example  Mono -  Single/one  Monocyte  Uni  One  Unicellular  Bi  Two  Biceps muscle  Di  Two  Dichloride  Tri  Three  Triceps muscle  Quadr  Four  Quadriceps  Quadr  Four  Quadriplegia (paralysis of the four limbs)  Hemi  One side  Hemiplegia  Semi  Half  Semilunar valve  Poly  Many  Polyarthritis (inflammation of many joints) 2. Prefixes for degree & size : Prefix Meaning Example  Micro  Small  Microcyte  Macro  Large  Macrocyte  Mega  Exceptionally large  Megacolon  Normo  Normal  Normotensive  Euo  Normal  Euoglycemia  Pseudo  False  Pseudo  Neo  New  Neonate  Hypo  Low/below  Hypoglycemia  Hyper  Above/beyond  Hypertension  Oligo  Few  Oliguria  Poly  Much  Polyuria  Pan  All  Pancarditis DR. El-Sawy 11  Medical Terminology 3. Prefixes For Site And Position Prefix Meaning Example  Ante  Before  Antenatal Care  Pre  Before  Prediabetic  Post  After  Post-operative  End (o)  Inside  Endocardium  Extra  Beyond/outside  Extra-pyramidal  Peri  Around  Pericardium  Sub  Under  Subarachnoid  Epi  Above (on the surface)  Epidermis  Retro  Behind/beyond  Retro-orbital tumor  Mal  Defective/bad  Mal-absorption  Para  Beside/alongside  Para-vertebral vessel  Dextro  Right  Dextro-cardia  Ecto  Abnormal site  Ectopic gestation  Mes  Middle  Mesencephalon  Ab  Away from  Adduction  Ad  Toward/to bring to  Adduction  Trans  Through  Transdermal  Per  By way of (through)  Percutaneous DR. El-Sawy 12  Medical Terminology 4. Prefixes for Color (Colour) Prefix Meaning Example  Alb  White  Albino mouse  Leuc/leuk  Colorless/ white  Leucocyte/ Leucorrhea  Cyan  Blue  Cyanosis  Chlor  Green  Chlorophy11  Flav  Yellow  Flavoproteins  Xanth  Yellow  Xanthoma 5. Prefixes For Negativity Prefix Meaning Example  An  Without / lack of  Anemia  Un  Absence / loss  Unconsciousness  In  Not / lacking  Incontinence of urine  Contra  Other / against  Contra-lateral  Anti  Against  Antispasmodic  Dis  Remove / separate / absence  Disconnect / dissolve / disagree  Dys  Painful  Dysuria DR. El-Sawy 13  Medical Terminology 1. Suffixes for diagnosis : Suffix Meaning Example  Itis  Inflammation  Gastritis (in stomach)  Hypovolemia  Emia  Blood condition (diminished blood vol.)  Cele  Cystic fluid  Meningocele  Oma  Tumor/growth  Lymphoma  Fluid  Edema  Lymphedema  accumulation  Penia (poenia)  Decrease  Leucopoenia  Existence of  Ism  Hyperthyroidism  condition  Sickness/disease  Pathy  Neauropathy  state  Hypertrophy (↑ in size)  Trophy  Related to size  Atrophy (↓ in size)  Uria  Pertaining to urine  Hematuria  Sclerosis  Hardening  Arteriosclerosis  Algia  Pain  Arthralgia  Algesia  Sensation  Analgesia  -rrhage  Break,burst or flow  Hemorrhage  When a suffix containing (rh) is added to the root, the “r” is doubled (rr), e.g hemorrhage , diarrhea etc. DR. El-Sawy 14  Medical Terminology 2. Suffixes For Surgical & Diagnostic Procedures Suffix Meaning Example  Centesis  Puncture (with a needle)  Thoraco-centesis  Ectomy  Removal of a part  Tonsillectomy  Gram  The recording machine  Electrocardiogram  Electrical record of  Graph (y)  Electrocardiograph organ activity  To look through an optic  Scopy  Bronchoscopy instrument for exam.  Osteotomy (cutting  Otomy  To cut through a part  bone)  Plasty  To repair by reshaping  Osteoplasty 3. Suffixes For Adjectives Or Nouns Suffix Meaning Example  Ous  Related to veins  Venous  Oid  Like or similar to  Mucoid  Form  Like or similar to  Epileptiform  ac  Heart (cardiac)  Pertaining  ic  stomach (gastric) DR. El-Sawy 15  Medical Terminology 4. Miscellaneous Medical Suffixes Suffix Meaning Example  Ist  Specialist in  Physiologist  Ian  Specialist in (in medicine)  Physician  Ician  Specialist in (children)  Pediatrician  Particular condition  Ia  Insomnia (due to certain disease)  Iasis  Pertaining to certain disease  Bilharziasis  Penia  Decrease  Lymphopenia  cid (e)  Kill or cut  Fungicide 5.Suffixes For Plural Endings  Usually we change the single form singular to plural form by adding thesuffix “s” e.g student _ students  When the singular word ends by the letter “Y” it is changed to “ies” to obtain the plural e.g. abnormality – is changed to abnormalities. However there are many exceptions in medical terminology some of these are shownin the following table. DR. El-Sawy 16  Medical Terminology Singular Example Plural ending Example ending  On  Phenomenon  A  Phenomena  Um  Bacterium  A  Bacteria  A  Vertebra  Ae  Vertebrae  Is  Hypothesis  Es  Hypotheses  Ex  Index  Ces  Indices  Us  Fungus  I  Fungi  Ix  Appendix  Es  Appendices  Y  Abnormality  Ies  Abnormalities  Nx/anx  Phalanx  Nges  Phalanges DR. El-Sawy 17  Medical Terminology 1. Cardiovascular system: Chronotropism  Heart rate. Inotropism  Cardiac contractility Arrhythmia  Irregularity of heart rate Aneurysm  Dilatation in the wall of an artery Ecchymosis  Extravasation of blood into tissues Note Properties of cardiac muscle: 1- Rhythmicity = Chronotropism means heart rate. 2- Contractility = Inotropism. 3- Excitability 4- Conductivity = dromotropism 2. Digestive system: Glossitis  Inflammation of the tongue Stomatitis  Inflammation of the mouth cavity Gingivitis  Inflammation of the gums Anorexia  Loss of appetite Hyperphagia  Excess eating Polyphagia  Excess eating Polydipsia  Excess thirst sensation DR. El-Sawy 18  Medical Terminology 3. Respiratory System: Rhinitis  Inflammation of mucus membrane of nose Rhinorrhea  Nasal discharge Tachypnea  Increase respiratory rate Hemoptysis  Cough of blood Epistaxis  Bleeding from the nose Hiccough  Spasm of diaphragm Bronchiectasis  Dilatation of the bronchi Pneumothorax  Free air in the pleural space Dyspnea  Difficulty in breathing 4. Urinary System: Dysuria  Painful urination Nocturia  Urination during night Enuresis  Bed-wetting at night Pyuria  Pus in urine Hematuria  Blood in urine Nephropathy  Disease in the kidney Hemodialysis  Removal of toxic material from blood 5. Genital System: Menarche  Date of first menstruation Dysmenorrhea  Painful menstruation Leukorrhea  White discharge Mastodynia  Breast pain Azo-spermia  Absence of sperms Oligo-spermia  Decreased sperm number DR. El-Sawy 19  Medical Terminology 6. Loco-motor System: Abduction  Movement away from the midline Adduction  Movement towards the midline Scoliosis  Lateral curvature Spondylosis  Affection of the vertebral column Lordosis  Backward curvature of the vertebral column Kyphosis  Increased convexity of the vertebral column Crepitus  Cracking on joint Ankylosis  Stiffness at joint Chondroma  Tumor of cartilage Osteoma  Tumor of bone 7. Central nervous system : Dysarthria  Difficult articulation of speech Aphasia  No speaking Aphonia  No voice Insomnia  Difficulty In sleeping Somnolence  Sleepy Narcosis  Stupor = unconsciousness Dysphoria  Un-happiness Psychosis  Psychological disturbance  Major CNS trouble due to cerebral hemorrhage Stroke  or thrombus Hydrophobia  Fear to dink water (in case of rabies) Dyskinesia  Involuntary rhythmic movements Sedation  Calmness Analgesia  Absence of pain sensation DR. El-Sawy 20  Medical Terminology 1. Hepato-biliary symptomatology: Symptom Meaning  Jaundice ‫ الصفرا‬  Bleeding tendency ‫ النزيف‬  Loss of weight ‫ نقص الوزن‬  Itching ‫ الحكة‬  Fever ‫ حمي‬  Fatigue and weakness ‫ تعب وضعف‬  Biliary colic ‫ مغص‬  Pain in right ‫ الم في الجانب االيمن‬ hypochondrium Note Patient complexion: Pallor, Jaundice & Cyanosis 2. GIT Symptoms : Upper GIT symptoms Symptom Meaning  Halitosis ‫راحئة مف كرهيه‬  Bad breath.  Ptyalism ‫س يالن اللعاب‬  Salivation = sialorrhea  Xerostomia ‫حفاف الفم‬  Dry mouth.  Anorexia ‫فقدان الشهية‬  Loss of appetite.  Dysphagia ‫عرس البلع‬  Difficulty of swallowing.  Hemoptysis ‫كحة بدم‬  Coughing of blood  Hematemesis ‫يقء دموي‬  vomiting of blood.  Vomiting ‫يقء‬  Dyspepsia ‫عرس الهضم‬  Difficulty in digestion  Melena  passage of black tarry stool DR. El-Sawy 21  Medical Terminology lower GIT symptoms Symptom Meaning  Flatulence ‫انتفاخ‬  Abdominal distension ‫اسهال‬  Passage of increased amounts of  Diarrhea loose stool  Delayed passage of residue of meal  Constipation ‫امساك‬ is excreted within 48 hours = hard stool.  Passage of frequent loose stool,  Desentry containing mucus and blood accompanied by tenesumus.  Bleeding per ‫نزيف من املس تقمي‬ rectum  Lower abdominal pain 3.Chest symptoms Symptom Meaning  Dyspnea ‫صعوبة يف التنفس‬  Wheeze ‫صفري‬  Cough ‫كحه‬  Expectoration ‫كحة ببلغم‬  Hemoptysis ‫كحة بدم‬  Chest pain ‫امل ابلصدر‬  Cyanosis ‫زرقان‬ DR. El-Sawy 22  Medical Terminology 4. CVS symptoms: A) Symptoms of pulmonary venous congestion Symptom Meaning ‫صعوبة يف التنفس‬  Uncomfortable awareness of  Dyspnea breathing. ‫صعوبة يف التنفس عند‬  Shortness of breath on lying down;  Orthopnea ‫النوم‬ relieved on sitting.  The attack occur 1 to 2 hours after  Paroxysmal ‫ضيق التنفس اللييل‬ sleep. nocturnal ‫الانتيايب‬  It is also called = cardiac asthma if dyspnea PND accompanied by bronchospasm and chest becomes wheezy  Cyanosis ‫زرقان‬  Chest infection ‫عدوي ابلصدر‬ B) Symptoms of SYSTEMIC venous congestion Upper part of body  Congested neck veins.  Edema lower limb; starting in dependent parts so known as dependent edema, pitting, bilateral; ending by ascites.  Congestion of the liver; pain in right hypochodrium. Lower part of body  Congestion of spleen; pain in left hypochondrium.  Congestion of stomach and intestine; anorexia, nausea, dyspepsia, flatulence. C) Symptoms of SYSTEMIC venous congestion  Giddiness= sensation of rotation. CNS  Dizziness= sensation of unsteadiness.  Syncope= sensation of blacking out. Kidney  Oliguria. DR. El-Sawy 23  Medical Terminology d) local symptoms related to the heart  Uncomfortable awareness of heart beats. Palpitation ‫سامع رضابت قلبك‬ Arrhythmia ‫عدم انتظام رضابت القلب‬ Chest pain ‫وجع ابلصدر‬ e) toxic symptoms Night fever ‫محى ليلية‬ Night sweat ‫العرق اللييل‬ Loss of weight ‫فقدان الوزن‬ Loss of appetite ‫فقدان الشهية‬ Note Fever in cardiac patients should be considered endocarditis until proved otherwise. f) Embolization manifestations Brain Hemiplegia. Heart Myocardial infarction. Peripheral blood Ischemia. vessels Intestine Intestinal gangrene. DR. El-Sawy 24  Medical Terminology 5. CNS symptoms: Symptom Meaning  Hallucination ‫ هلوسة‬  Dysarthria –.difficulty speaking ‫ صعوبة يف الالكم‬ Inability to produce sentences that hang  Aphasia together.  ↑↑ intra-cranial tension:  Headache. ‫ صداع‬  Vomiting. ‫ يقء‬  Blurring of vision. ‫ زغلهل يف العني‬ DR. El-Sawy 25  Medical Terminology ‫عمل الصوتيات‬ Definition:  The way you pronounce the words and letters. ‫الطريقة اليت تنطق بها الكلمات واحلروف‬ ‫ ال ميكنك االعتماد على النطق للتهجئة؛ ويرجع ذلك إىل حقيقة أن العديد من الكلمات والتعريفات‬،‫ يف العديد من املناسبات‬. ‫ على سبيل املثال‬،‫الطبية يتم نطقها بشكل خمتلف عن التهجئة‬ ".‫ "رغم ذلك‬.ً‫ ونفس احلروف تنطق مثل (منشار) أو (إظهار) مثال‬،)‫ جيوز نطق حرف (غ) كما يف (السعال‬:‫النطق‬1.  ‫ كما حتتوي معظم التعريفات الطبية أيضًا‬،‫ تعتمد اللغة بشكل أساسي على الالتينية واليونانية‬،‫ يف اللغة اإلجنليزية الطبية‬ 2 )1( ‫ وترد األمثلة يف اجلدول‬.‫ وهذا قد يزيد من تعقيد املوضوع‬،‫على مزيج من الفرنسية واألملانية واإليطالية‬  However, in other words, the pronunciation is different from their spelling; the following are examples: Pronunciation:  The letters (gh) may be pronounced (f) as in “cough”, the same letters sound like (saw) or (show) e.g. “though”. LETTER PRONUNCIATION EXAMPLE Ph F Phenomenon Ae Ee Vertebrae Ch K Chemotherapy Ch Sh Choose /challenge C before a & o K Cortisone G before e & I J Gingivitis Dys Dis Dysmenorrhea Eu U Euphoria X Z Xyphoid “catilage" DR. El-Sawy 26  Medical Terminology Silent letters:  Some letters, in some words or definitions, are not pronounced (silent. Silent LETTER PRONUNCIATION EXAMPLE - dg j Knowledge - gn n Gnath (jaw) -g- not pronounced Sign h- before o a Hour / honour -h following c k Chemistry -h- following r hemorrhage -b- Doubt -h- after –r Rhythm -h- after –r Rheumatism Not pronounced -t as last letter Tourniquet k as first letter Knee p as first letter Pneumonia -d- Wednesday ps - S Pseudo -Pt T Ptyalin  N.B. If a word ends with the letter “x”, it is replaced by and pronounced as “g” or "c" if it is changed to an adjective or plural or verb e.g.: Pharynx → Pharyngeal (adjective) Phalanx → Phalanges (plural) Thorax → Thoracotomy (verb) DR. El-Sawy 27  Medical Terminology ‫عالمات الرتقمي‬  This means the use of marks to separate or end sentences and words, or to stress on a meaning or join words. e.g. Full stop (.) Question mark (?) Comma(,) Exclamation mark (!) Semicolon (;) Straight brackets [ ] Hyphen (- ) Parenthesis ( ) Also called round Quotation marks (“ ”) brackets.  Not used frequently, when used they are meant to connect parts of the word.  When double vowels are combined, but should be Pronounced Separately, a hyphen may then be used. e.g. Retro-orbital tumor. Salpingo - oophoritis.  To separate two adjectives when used together to make the meaning clear. e.g. Histamine - like substance. Necrotic - appearing tissue. Ano - rectal trouble.  When two names (or more) are applied in single terms, they are usually hyphenated. This is frequently encountered in laboratory tests or medical syndromes.e.g. Adams-Stokes attacks (cerebral ischemia due decreased cardiac output). Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (disturbance in cardiac rhythm). DR. El-Sawy 28  Medical Terminology a) Proper names:  Names begin with capital letters, many names however, are used in medical fields to honor a person's contribution to medicine or any other science.  The proper name is then made part of medical term or unit of measure without capitalization  Examples: used as reference to radiation in honor of Roentgen who is the discoverer. used as a measurement of radioactivity in honor of Madame Curie's discovery of radium.  On the other hand however, the person's name is capitalized when it is used to identify a specific subject as in "Gigli's saw" b) Scientific names:  In words giving the biological classification of animals or plants, the word that signifies the genus (or any higher classification), is capitalized  The names of species (lower classification), or when written as adjective are not capitalized.  Example: 1. Staphylococcus aureus (genus) 2. staphylococcus (a type of bacteria) 3. staphylococcal infection (adjective) DR. El-Sawy 29  Medical Terminology Definitions :  These are the subjective feeling of the patient and they constitute his complaint. Symptoms  Usually felt by patient but mostly not observed by physician  Example: pain headache, nausea etc  These are objective evidence or physical manifestations of a disease  Usually observed by the examining physician & the patient may or may not feel them  Examples:  Redness of the skin Signs  Swelling in the abdomen  Sore throat  Abnormal heart sounds etc  N.B. sometimes the symptom may be as well a sign (felt by the patient and observed by the physician) as in fever swelling in a joint etc  A group of symptoms & signs or both which characterize a Syndrome disease  This is an involuntary response to a stimulus it may be: A sign of a local disease as in the guarding rigidity of the muscles of the right lower abdomen due to Reflex appendicitis A sign of a systemic disease (e.g. knee jerk) which means the extension of the leg in response to a quick tap on the patella DR. El-Sawy 30  Medical Terminology Medications I. Treatment and therapy : Treatment Therapy  The means to cure a disease  Implies a planned program of (usually single act) which may include treatment of the disease rather medication (drugs) surgery bed rest than a single act Both definitions are overlapping II. Abbreviations related to frequency of doses: Known abbreviations commonly used by physicians for instructions Given to patients as for the time or frequency of administration of drugs: Abbreviation Meaning b.i.d.  Twice daily t.d.s  Three times daily q.h  Every hour a.c  Before meals p.c  After meals III. Equivalents of weight and measures: Physicians prescribe medicines in terms of weight measures or volumes. Usually adopting the metric system e.g  Milli=1/1000 Metric  Dece=10  Kilo=1000 Examples  One kilogram(kg) =1000 gram Wight  One gram(gm) =1000 milligram  One liter = 1000 milliliter (or cubic centimeter “cc” or ml)  Deciliter =100 milliliter(ml) Volume  One tablespoonful = 15ml  One teaspoonful = 8ml.ml DR. El-Sawy 31  Medical Terminology  Almost all English sentences contain a subject (S) and a verb (V) that may or may not be followed by an object (O).. Subjects and Objects:  These are nouns or pronouns.  Nouns: stand for names, persons, thing, place information, appearance or amusement.  They can be singular or plural. Proper nouns Common nouns  given to a specific person, place or  do not need to begin with capital thing and they begin with capital letters letters  e.g. Ahmad, Cairo. University, Faculty  e.g. birds, baby, student, party, etc. friend, etc.. Verbs:  These may or may not be followed by an object.  Examples for subjects, objects and verbs: DR. El-Sawy 32  Medical Terminology. Pronouns:  Used in place of a noun, referring to the noun that comes before it.  e.g. I examined the patient, he is in a good condition. Types of Pronouns : Singular Plural I We Subject Pronouns You You He, she, it They Me Us Object Pronouns You You Him, Her, It Them My, Mine Your, Yours Possesive Your, Yours Your, Yours Pronouns His, Hers, Its Their, Theirs Myself Ourselves Reflexive Yourself Yourselves Pronouns Himself, Herself, Itself Themselves Examples of the use of pronouns:  This is my report.  This is your report.  I wrote it myself.  You wrote it yourself.  It is mine.  It is yours.  It belongs to me.  It belongs to you DR. El-Sawy 33