Medical Ethics II PDF

**[MEDICAL ETHICS II;]** **Unit : Medical Ethics II** **Code : N3407-03** **Contact Hours : 3 HRS.** **Prerequisites:** Growth and development **Purpose** The unit is designed to enable the learner to appreciate life of the unborn, the moral aspects and *importance of human organs in life and...

**[MEDICAL ETHICS II;]** **Unit : Medical Ethics II** **Code : N3407-03** **Contact Hours : 3 HRS.** **Prerequisites:** Growth and development **Purpose** The unit is designed to enable the learner to appreciate life of the unborn, the moral aspects and *importance of human organs in life and abstain from interference.* **Expected Learning outcomes-** By the end of the unit the learner will be able to: - 1. 2. 3. 4. **Course Content** **Conception: -**Definitions, process of conception, beginning of life. **Moral behaviour**- Definitions, values and belief system, implications, **Interference of life- C**omplication in pregnancy -ectopic and tubal pregnancy, in vivo fertilization-\[artificial insemination\], birth regulations, natural family planning, artificial family planning, guiding and counselling. **Human organ transplant** -; Types, procedures, Perceptions and beliefs Definitions, moral and immoral behaviour, types of surgery, organ transplant, Blood transfusion. **Teaching and Instructional Resources**: Lecture notes, white board, Textbooks, Holy Bible, Handouts, internet, videos, i. [] [] [] **Medical ethics** is a sub-specialty of medical care that brings together patients, caregivers, and non-medical and medical professionals in an effort to make the best decision on a health care issue. **ETHICS**; Are sets of moral principles that guide a person's behavior The 4 main ethical principles; - Beneficence, - Non-maleficence, - Autonomy, - Justice, *Informed consent, truth-telling, and confidentiality* spring from the principle of autonomy. **The 3 C\'s of medical ethics** Besides the four pillars of medical ethics, the *three C\'s.* *(confidentiality, consent, capacity*) are a must-know foundation for many common medical school interview scenarios. **The 4 keys in ethics of care** Joan Tronto (2005) further elaborated and identified four ethical elements:  - *Attentiveness,* - *Responsibility,* - *Competence* - *Responsiveness.* Tronto also outlines these elements in her lecture entitled \" The Challenges of Medical Care in a Caring Democracy\" **The three major ethical theories are** - whether it is ethical; - - virtues. **The Four Levels of Ethical Issues are.** - *Personal,* - *Professional,* - *Organizational,* - *Societal.* These levels represent the different spheres of influence that ethical issues may arise from in any given situation. **VALUES** - Are individual beliefs that motivate people to act one way or another. **CHARACTERISTICS:** - Important for the person who holds them - They are desirable and satisfying - Needed for a meaningful life style **FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE A PERSON'S VALUE;** - Religion - Culture - Education - Personal experiences - Mentors **CONCEPTION** Conception happens when sperm swims up through the vagina and fertilizes an egg in the fallopian tube. It happens in the hours or days after you have unprotected sex. After conception, the fertilized egg implants into the uterus and a pregnancy begins. **MORAL BEHAVIOUR;** **Moral behavior** is stipulated to concern any actions toward others intended to impact them in positive or negative ways. A relevant social norm underlying moral behavior is *social responsibility*. There are basically *four components* to moral behavior -- - - - - For a good ethical decision to be made, all four of these components have to be in place. None is more important than the other. **3 factors that influence to your moral behavior** Moral development is strongly influenced by *interpersonal factors*, such as family, peers, and culture. Intrapersonal factors also impact moral development, such as cognitive changes, emotions, and even neuro development. **Characteristics of morality** The eight moral characteristics are *diligence, frugality.* *\[economical\], honesty, discipline, politeness, cleanliness, unity and generosity.* **Four qualities of moral development** These include, but aren\'t limited to; - - - - **Five elements of morality** Moral foundation theory argues that there are five basic moral foundations: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. These five foundations comprise the *building blocks of morality*, regardless of the culture. **INTERFERENCE OF LIFEpp** Can occur naturally or after man involvement as; - - - - **HUMAN ORGAN TRANSPLANT** **Organ transplantation** is a medical procedure in which an organ is removed from one body and placed in the body of a recipient, to replace a damaged one/ nonfunctional. Adult kidney transplantation is perhaps the greatest success among all the procedures; more than 270,000 initial transplantation have been performed since 1970. Kidney transplantation is the most common solid organ transplant procedure, the majority of kidney grafts come from brain- dead donors whereas the number of live donor transplants is increasing, also thanks to paired donation and blood group incompatible transplantation methods. **Organ transplants** involve removing an organ from a donor and putting it into someone who may be very ill or dying. **Transplantation** is a surgical procedure in which an **organ**/s, tissue or a group of cells are removed from one person (the **donor**) and surgically **transplanted** into another person(**recipient**\] **Transplants can be for:** - - nerves and veins. - - **Guiding Principle**\ \ ***Cells, tissues and organs*** may be removed from the bodies of deceased persons for the purpose of transplantation if: - - **A procedure performed prior to transplanting an organ** **Cross-Matching**. A blood test performed before a transplant to find out if the specific donor organ to be transplanted is likely to be rejected by the prospective recipient. If the test is positive, the donor and recipient are \"incompatible\" and the transplant is unlikely to be performed with an organ from that donor. **Preparing a patient for a transplant.** **Things you can do** - - - - - - - - **Medication is given before organ transplant** Although there are multiple methods of mixing and matching the above drugs, the most common combination employed by the transplant centers is Tacrolimus, Mycophenolate, Mofetil and Prednisone(*immunosuppression*). **Factors to consider during organ transplantation.** There are many factors considered when matching the donor\'s organs to potential recipients. These factors include, but are not limited to: - - - - - Just prior to being removed from the donor; - Each organ is flushed free of blood with a specially prepared ice-cold preservation solution that contains electrolytes and nutrients. - The organs are then placed in sterile containers, packaged in wet ice, and transported to the recipient\'s transplant center. **Transplantation** is a surgical procedure in which an organ/s, tissue or a group of cells are removed from one person (the donor) and surgically transplanted into another person (the recipient), or moved from one site to another site in the same person. **What is the procedure before transplant?** Before and after transplant, you will ; - Give blood samples, - Get intravenous (IV) medicines - Likely get blood transfusions often. If you don\'t already have one, you will have a central venous catheter, or central line, put in before your transplant to ease this process. Procedure for a kidney transplant Kidney transplant - Mayo Clinic During kidney transplant surgery, the donor kidney is placed in your lower abdomen. Blood vessels of the new kidney are attached to blood vessels in the lower part of your abdomen, just above one of your legs. The new kidney\'s urine tube (ureter) is connected to your bladder. **What is the age limit for kidney transplant?**  **What is the best age for kidney transplant?** While most kidney transplant recipients are between the ages of **45 and 65**, there really is no upper age limit. However, *to ensure the best results*, your healthcare provider will likely look for a donor who is **close to your own age.** **How long do transplanted organs last?** How long transplants last:  - Median survival is **greater than 12.5 years** and has gotten better each decade. - Longest on record at ***Ohio State: 32.9 years*** **4 types of organ transplants** There are 4 kinds of grafts or transplants; 1. 2. Isograft, -Transplant between genetically identical twins 3. Allograft, -Transplant from one individual to another individual of the same species 4. Autograft -- From one point to another of the same body ***Based on the genetic variations between the recipient\'s and donor\'s tissues:*** ----------------- --------------------------------------------- ----------------------------- **Graft** **Procedure** **Complications** ***Autograft*** From self to self No rejection concerns ***Isograft*** From identical twin to twin Little concern of rejection ***Allograft*** From relative or non relative to individual Rejection possible ***Xenograft*** From animal to human Rejection possible ----------------- --------------------------------------------- ----------------------------- **The three types of transplantation.** Transplants can be for:  - - nerves and veins. - **Types of rejection.** - - - - - **4 types of tissue grafts** There are four types of grafts that primarily use: - - - - Lungs are the most difficult organ to transplant because; - They are highly susceptible to infections in the late stages of the donor\'s life. - They can sustain damage during the process of recovering them from the donor or collapse after surgeons begin to ventilate them after transplant. **POST OPERATIVE CARE** Immediately following organ transplant surgery, patients are moved to a unit (ICU) where they are closely monitored to ensure that: - - Your transplant team will closely watch your recovery while you are in the hospital. It is common to feel some discomfort in the first week after surgery. Your belly area and side may be sore, and you may also feel weak and tired while you are healing. Your physician will give you specific bathing instructions.  The *stitches or surgical staples* will be removed during a follow-up office visit. You should not drive until your physician clears you to do so. You should avoid any activity or position that causes pressure to be placed on the transplanted organ. **Getting back to activities after a transplant** 1. 2. 3. 4. **Most common post-transplant complication** 1. 2. *Delayed graft function* 3. *Infections* 4. ***THANKS***