Conventional Radiological Techniques Equipment - PDF

‫جامعة العين‬ ‫كلية التقنيات الصحية والطبية‬ ‫قسم تقنيات االشعة والسونار‬ conventional Radiological techniques Equipment Dr. Hussein A.Dakhild Ph.D. Medical Imaging Technology History of X-ray The concept of medical imaging began in 1895 with the invention of...

‫جامعة العين‬ ‫كلية التقنيات الصحية والطبية‬ ‫قسم تقنيات االشعة والسونار‬ conventional Radiological techniques Equipment Dr. Hussein A.Dakhild Ph.D. Medical Imaging Technology History of X-ray The concept of medical imaging began in 1895 with the invention of the x-ray by a German professor of physics, Wilhelm Rontgen. In the early 1900’s it was discovered that by using pharmaceutical contrast agents it would be possible to see organs and blood vessels. In the 1950’s nuclear medicine started to utilized as a way to diagnose pathology in the body. During the 1960’s sonar was beginning to be used after having been used for many years as a war time tool to detect enemy ships during World War Two. In the 1970’s Computed Tomography (CT scan) was developed. Also in the 1970’s the technology of MRI was developed which works on the principle of nuclear magnetic relaxation times. X-Rays They have a properties shorter wavelength of the electromagnetic spectrum. They are capable of Requires high travelling in a voltage to produce vacuum. X-Rays. They travel in a straight line and do They are used to not carry an capture the human electric charge with skeleton defects. them. X-ray Machine parts The main components: X-Ray Tube: Operating Console: High Frequency Generator: The secondary components: Collimator: Grid: X-Ray Film: The main components: X-Ray Tube: Include cathode (electron source), anode (target), vacuum and glass tube. The main components: Operating Console: Allows the radiologic technologist to control the x-ray tube current and voltage so that the useful x-ray beam is of proper quantity and quality. The main components: High Frequency Generator: A high frequency generator powers the x-ray tube, high frequency generator are used for x-ray because operate on single phase and give less voltage ripples. The secondary components: Collimator: is a device used to minimize the field of view. Lead shutter are used to restrict the beam. Collimator is attached to the x- ray below the glass window where the useful beams are emitted. The secondary components: Grid: similar to collimator except they have different positions. Placed right after the patient. Use to filter the deflected ray that can block the image that produced by the device. The secondary components: X-Ray Film: It turn black when the x-ray interact with it and stay white where the x-ray are absorbed, that causes an image to be formed in black, greys and white.  types of X-ray machines according to movement: Although there is an extensive range of machines of different size, Fixed X-ray Portable X-ray Mobile X-ray power and machines, machines and machines. manufacture, they may be divided into three main groups. They are:  Fixed X-ray machines: Fixed X-ray machines require transformers of such size and output that they have to be built into the room and provided with special electrical connections to the mains. The cost of such apparatus normally restricts the equipment’s usage to teaching schools and research institutes.  Portable X-ray machines: In Portable X-ray machines, the transformers are of small size and low weight. Portable x-ray machines can be the easiest to operate amongst all X-ray machines. Known for their intuitive and effectual design, Portable X-ray machines can also interface well with other technologies. High-quality images taken on these machines can be transferred instantly to the laptop which, in turn, can be sent to a medical facility. These functionalities can help cutting down on the time and expenses incurred by dark rooms and emergency vehicles. The maximum output of a Portable X-ray machine varies from 70-110 kv and 15-35 mA.  Mobile X-ray machines: Mobile X-ray machines have a higher output than portable x-ray machines owing to their larger transformers and are mounted on wheels with output of 90- 125kv and 40 to 300mA. Most mobile x-ray machines are movable and convenient on the smooth surfaces within the radiology section. These machines can be moved over level surfaces and, in most instances, operated from 13-15 A sockets. Fluoroscopy: Fluoroscopy: is a study of moving body structures. A continuous X-ray beam is passed through the body part being examined. The beam is transmitted to a TV- Fluoroscopy, as an imaging tool, enables physicians like monitor so that and technologist to look at many body systems, the body part and including the skeletal, digestive, urinary, respiratory, its motion can be and reproductive systems. seen in detail. Fluoroscopy is similar to radiography and X-ray computed tomography (X- ray , CT) in that it generates images using X-rays. The original difference was that radiography fixed still images on film whereas fluoroscopy provided live moving pictures that were not stored.  Fluoroscopy uses: A radiologist can use barium to check the functions of the stomach, the small and large intestines, colon and rectum. Since X‑rays often shoot completely through these soft tissues, barium adds density to these anatomies so that they can be monitored. During a swallow study, a speech language pathologist can use fluoroscopy to see if food is going to the right place when swallowed. They can also check to see if parts of the patients mouth and throat are working properly. In cardiac procedures, dye can be injected into the coronary arteries to show blood flow or to investigate potential block­ages. Catheters may be placed more easily due to fluoroscopic guidance. Several spine and joint injections can accurately be made using fluoroscopy after dye is injected. These injections can be both diagnostic, to see if there is a greater underlying pathology, or therapeutic, sometimes providing full relief for an extended period of time.  C- arm X ray C- arm or C-shaped arm used to connect the x-ray source and x-ray detector to one another. C-arms have radiographic capabilities, though they are used primarily for fluoroscopic intraoperative imaging during surgical, orthopaedic, and emergency care procedures. OPG X- Ray OPG (Orthopantomogram) : is a scan that gives a view of jaw and teeth. The scan can provide information on teeth, bone loss, mandible trauma, dental pain, or be used as part of a general dental check-up. Dental X- rays Dental X-rays (radiographs) are images of your teeth that your dentist uses to evaluate your oral health. These X-rays are used with low levels of radiation to capture images of your teeth and gums. This can help your dentist to identify problems, like cavities, tooth decay, and impacted teeth. Mammography Is a specific type of breast imaging that uses low-dose x- rays. The machine has 2 plates that compress or flatten the breast to spread the tissue apart. bone density scan also known as bone densitometry or dual- energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA or DEXA scan), is a medical test that measures the density of bones. It is primarily used to assess bone health and diagnose conditions such as osteoporosis, which is a condition characterized by weakened bones that are more prone to fractures.