Social Science Textbook PDF (Karnataka)

Government of Karnataka SOCIAL SCIENCE (REVISED TEXTBOOK - 2024) ED 9 H IS BL EP S R TB U BE @K Ninth Standard TO T PART 2 O...

Government of Karnataka SOCIAL SCIENCE (REVISED TEXTBOOK - 2024) ED 9 H IS BL EP S R TB U BE @K Ninth Standard TO T PART 2 O N English Medium Karnataka Textbook Society (R.) 6th Cross, Malleshwaram Bengaluru - 560 003.  CONTENT Chapter Chapters Page No. No. HISTORY 17. THE AHOM DYNASTY, THE MOGHULS 1 AND THE MARATHAS 18. BHAKTI PANTHA 19 19. EUROPE : MEDIEVAL AND MODERN 26 ED 20. REVOLUTION AND RISE OF NATION STATES 40 POLITICAL SCIENCE H IS 21. THE ELECTION SYSTEMBL 52 EP S 22. DEFENCE OF THE NATION 61 R TB U 23. NATIONAL INTEGRATION 75 BE @K 24. AN INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF 80 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS SOCIOLOGY 25. SOCIALISATION AND FAMILY RELATIONSHIP 86 TO 26. COMMUNITY 92 T GEOGRAPHY O N 27. MINERAL RESOURCES OF KARNATAKA 99 28. TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN KARNATAKA 102 29. INDUSTRIES OF KARNATAKA 109 30. MAJOR TOURIST CENTRES OF KARNATAKA 116 ECONOMICS 31. MONEY AND CREDIT 121 32. LABOUR AND EMPLOYMENT 131 BUSINESS STUDIES 33. MARKETING MANAGEMENT 139 ii  CHAPTER – 17 THE AHOM DYNASTY, THE Mughals AND THE MARATHAS We learn about the the following in this chapter, Ahom Dynasty and their achievements. The Mughal rulers. The contributions of the Mughal sultans to literature, art and architecture The rise of the Maratha kingdom and Shivaji’s administration ED H AHOM DYNASTY IS BL EP S Ahoms were the descendents of Mongolian R TB U Shan Tribal community. In the early 13th BE @K century, they migrated from Thailand and Myanmar, settled in Assam. Despite of their external origin, they quickly adopted Indian The Emblem of Ahom culture. Ahom dynasty was founded by TO Dynasty Sukapha in 1228. Their initial capital was T Cheroydoy. The successfully repelled invasions O N by the Khaljis, the Lodhis and the Bengal sultans. however Aurangzeb wanted to conquer the Ahom kingdom and launched an attack and conquered it. Bengal advanced towards the Ahom kingdom through Brahmaputra valley, leading to a war in which the Ahoms lost significant protion of their territory. Jayadwaja Singha of the Ahom dynasty was compelled to sign a treaty under these circumstances. Sukapha Ahom founder 1  ED H IS After the death of Jayadwaja Singha, BL EP S Chakradwaja Singha became the ruler of the R TB Ahom dynasty. Lachith became the U commander-in-chief of Ahom army. This post BE @K was called as ‘Borphukhan’. So, he was called as ‘Lachith Borphukhan’. He conducted strict training sessions for the army and introduced modernized warfare weapons. By driving away TO Moghal officers and army, he recaptured Itkuli fort and consolidated his position. He also T reconquered Guwahati. O N Alboi Fight: In the battle at Alboi, Ahoms displayed great Lachith courage, by defeating the Mughals. However this the great warrior victory came at the cost of many soldiers loosing their lives. Saraighat struggle After the death of Chakradwaja Singha, Udayadithya Singha ascended the throne in 1670. He confronted persistent Mughal attacks, and a significant naval attack took place at Sarai Ghat in 1671, the Ahoms were most victorious. In the same year Lachith Borphukhan passed away due to ill health. 2 The last Ahom-Mughal struggle In 1682, under the rule of Gadhadhara Singha, the last battle took place between the Ahoms and the Moghals. Gadhadhara Singha reclaimed lost territories, expelled the Moghal army from the Brahmaputra valley. He extented the Ahom kingdom to the Manasa River meanwhile he conquered Kamarupa and added to the kingdom. The Ahom kings established Six capitals in their kingdom at different times. Over the course of 598 (1228-1826) years, the Ahoms defeated Moghals 17 times securing their rule over North-East India. MUGHALS IN INDIA (1526 – 1707) Babur ED Babur who established the Mughal Do you know this? Babarnama rule in India, was originally from – (Tuzuk – e – Babari) H Turkistan. His father, Umarsheikh Babar wrote his IS Mirza, was the king of a small kingdom autobiography in the Turkish BL language. In addition to dealing EP S called Pharghana in Afghanistan. Due with the political events, he R TB to the death of his father, Babur had has also described the natural U to ascend the throne at the very tender features, beauty, the flora BE @K age of 11 years. When he lost his and fauna and gardens of the kingdom and was wandering aimlessly, various areas. Babar was a he got the inspiration to attack India, poet and a talented artist. Abdul and he invaded India five times. He Rahim Khan translated Babar’s defeated the Delhi sultan Ibrahim book into Persian. TO Lodhi in the battle of Panipat in 1526 and established the Mughal T dynasty in India. This battle is known as the first battle of Panipat. O Delhi was his capital. Over a period of four years, he defeated Rana N Sangramsingh of Mewad, the Rajput king Mediniraya of Chanderi and Ibrahim Lodhi’s brother, Mohammad Lodhi. Babur conquered Panipat, Goghra and Kanwa. He established Mughal rule over a large area in North India. Humayun Humayun, the second Sultan of the Mughal dynasty, was the eldest son of Babur. He had to face many tough problems when he came to power. Such as problems of unstable and dispersed kingdom, trouble from the Afghans, enemity of Bahadur Shah of Gujarat and the hostility of his own brothers. He conquered Kalinjar fort 3 Daura Jonpur, Chunar fort and Mandasar. Humayun who was defeated by Sher Shah, sought shelter in Sindh province and came back to power after the death of Sher Shah. Sher Shah Sher Shah originally belong to the ‘Sur’ clan of Afghanistan. His original name was Sher Shah Farid, he was the founder of the Sur dynasty. His childhood was not happy. Deprived of parent’s love, he wandered about for some years. When he was working under Baharkhan Lohani, the king of South Bihar, he killed a tiger single- handed, and thus earned the name Sher Khan. When Babur took over the administration of India, Sher Shah worked under him and ED played a significant role. Do you know this? H Sher Shah defeated Humayun and To look after the IS administration, there were conquered Punjab, Sindh, Multan,BL EP S four main departments known R TB Gwalior, Malwa, Raisindurga, Marwad as Diwan-e-Insa, Diwan- U e-Arij, Diwan-e-Raslat and and Kalinjar. His kingdom comprised the BE @K Diwan-e-Vajarat, and two whole of North India with exception of subdivisions called Diwan-e- Assam, Gujarat and Kashmir. Khaja and Barid-e-Mamalik. Sher Shah’s administrative system Do you know this? TO The four main highways: Sher Shah’s was the head of the 1. From Sonargaon to the T administrative system. He had an banks of river Indus O through Agra, Delhi and efficient cabinet ministry, he had N Lahore. This route was complete control over Civil and Military called Sadak-e-Azam administration. There were 25,000 2. From Agra to Burhanpur 3. From Agra to Chittor infantry, 1,50,000 cavalry and 500 4. From Lahore to Multan. elephants in his army. The cavalry was On either side of the very strong. The army was divided into highway, shade-giving trees were planted and various troops and Commandants had 1700 sarais (shelters for relaxation of travellers) been appointed to supervise them. Sher were constructed. Shah himself paid attention to the organization of the army, arms and ammunition and the discipline of 4 the soldiers. If there was damage to crops during the movement of troops, the government compensated the farmers. Sher Shah constructed new forts at Delhi, Rohtas, Kanauj and Patna. The land in the kingdom had been classified as excellent, aver- age and bad according to their level of fertility. The farmers gave of their income as land tax to the government. Sher Shah was known for his impartial justice. Hence he had earned the title “Sultan of the fair justice”. The Sultan was the highest judge in the kingdom. He decided all the final appeals. He conducted his court every Wednesday evening. Sher Shah brought a new coin ‘Daam’ and ‘Rupiah’ into circulation. ED This coin weighed 180 liquorice seeds. All the other Mughal kings H continued this practice. IS BL EP S Akbar R TB U The most famous Mughal king, Akbar, was BE @K born in Amarkot in Sindh. Humayun was his father. When Akbar assumed power, he was only 14 years old. Since he was minor his tutor and TO gaurdian Bairam Khan administered on behalf of Akbar. After the death of Humayun, Hemu, T the military General of Bengal king Mohammad O N Shah Abdali, conquered Delhi and Agra. This led to the terrific battle at Panipat in 1556 between Hemu and the Mughals. This is known Akbar as the II Battle of Panipat. Akbar emerged victorious in this battle. His Prime Minister and royal representative, Bairamkhan came to Akbar’s assistance during the war. With the help of mighty army, Akbar conquered Malwa, Jaipur, Gondavan, Chittor, Ranathambhor, Kalinjar, Gujarat and Bengal. The Battle of Haldighat is the most significant battle in the history of medieval 5 India. After the death Kabul Peshawar of the Chittor king, Akbar’s kingdom Rana Uday Singh, his Kandahar Srinagar son Rana Pratapsingh Lahore came to power, large Multan Panipath portion of Mewad Delhi came under his Agra Bihar Malva Kanooj control. Akbar sent Patna Udaypura Prayaga his powerful army Varanasi under the leadership t Bangala u jra Gondwana of Generals Mansingh G Khand es h Kolkotta and Asaf Khan to Odisha Birar fight against Rana Ahamednagar Pratap. In the battle Golconda ED at Haldighat, the Bidar BAY OF BENGAL Mughal army was Vijayapura H Nellore Goa victorious. The IS remaining states of ARABIAN BL EP S Kashmir, Sindh, R TB SEA U Orissa, Baluchistan, Madurai BE @K Khandhar and Ahmednagar came under Akbar. Thus, for the first time, the Mughal kingdom expanded and laid solid foundation for Mughal rule. TO Din-e-Ilahi : Akbar in his childhood got inspired by his mother, teachers, sufi saints and adopted religious harmony. As a result, he T assimilated the best aspects of all religions in his life. He established O a new religious order named Din-e-Ilahi in 1582. Religious heads N of Hindu, Jain, Zorastrian and Christianity were invited and discussions were held at ‘Ibadat Khana’. It resulted in the rise of new religion called ‘Din-e-Ilahi’. This was based on the motto ‘Peace with all’ (sal-i-kul). This new religion contained the noble aspects of all religions. Abul Fazal was the high priest of this religion. This religion was an amalgamation of thoughtfulness, concern and worship of natural forces. Akbar’s Hindu policy : The Sultan adopted a policy of tolerance towards Hindus. He permitted his Rajput wives to worship their gods in the palace itself. He abolished the ‘Jizya tax’ on Hindus. 6 He contributed towards the construction and renovation of Hindu temples. He translated the Hindu religious books into Persian language. He showed respect towards qualified Hindus by appointing them to high positions. Raja Todarmal was a famous minister of finance. Bhagavandas, Mansingh, Todarmal and Raysingh were governors. There were 8 Hindus among the 12 provincial finance ministers. Akbar directed that the festivals of Rakhi, Deepavali and Shivaratri should be celebrated in his court. Akbar’s administrative system : For Do you know this? administrative convenience, Akbar had There were altogether divided his kingdom into Central 15 subhas. Each subha had government, provincial government and a “Sipaha-Salar” (governor), paraganas. Mansabdari system was a a d i w a n , a b h a k s h i , a sadar, a priest, a constable unique feature of his administration. and a vakiya navis. Every ED Akbar was the supreme head of his district had a faujdar, an H empire, the commander-in-chief of his amal gujar and a batikchi. IS army, head of the executive and judiciary. The administration of the There were four ministers called Vakil, paraganas was carried out BL EP S by shikdar, amil, potdar and R TB Diwan, Mirbhakshi and Main Sardar to kanungo. U assist him in the administration. He had BE @K divided the kingdom into various provinces. They were called ‘Subhas’. Akbar had established many hierarchies in his army. These were called ‘Mansabs’ and its supervisors were called Mansabdars. There were infantry, cavalry, elephant units and cannon units in the Mughal TO army. There was a separate department to stamp the horses known as ‘daag mahali’. T Revenue system : This was one of the remarkable achievements of O Akbar’s administration. He brought zabti system into practice. N Bamboo measuring sticks with iron hooks were used to measure the land. Based on the tilling done on the Do you know this? land, the land had been classified as The nine gems or navratans polaj, parauti, chachar and banjar. With in Akbar’s court : the exception of banjar (barren) land, Todarmal, Abul Fazl, Faizi, based on the fertility of the soil, all the Birbal, Tansen, Abdur Rahim, other land was classified as excellent, Khan-e-Khanana, Hamim Humam, Mulla do Payaz and average and mediocre. Each farmer was Mansingh. given a patta. The Police system (kotwal) during Akbar’s time was well orga- nized and capable. The constables assisted in the districts whereas the 7 revenue officials assisted in the paraganas. Their duty was to preserve tight security on the highways of the district. There were police stations in the paragons. In this manner, for the first time in the medieval age, Akbar had brought in a very efficient administrative system. Akbar encouraged art and architecture too. The important monuments in Fatehpur Sikri are Kwajaha Bhaga, Daftara Khana, Jodhabai palace, Daulat Khana, Panch Mahal, Birbal House, Kabutar Khana etc. ED H IS BL EP S R TB U BE @K Panch Mahal in Fatehpur Sikri After Akbar, his elder son Jahangir ruled with good administration. TO Shahjahan became the king after the death of his father. T Shahjahan O N He constructed the famous, immensely valuable ruby-studded Peacock throne. He appointed his son Aurangzeb as the royal representative of Deccan. In 1636, he defeated the Portuguese and conquered Ahmednagar. He brought into practice measurement and evaluation of land in the Deccan region. Later events led Aurangzeb to become the Sultan. During Shahjahan’s time, trade developed between India and the countries of West Asia and Europe. Shahjahan constructed the famous ‘Taj Mahal’ in Agra in memory of his beloved wife, Mumtaz. The Red Fort at Delhi and the buildings in it are the contributions of Shahjahan. Hence, his period is referred as the ‘Golden Age of Mughal Art and Architecture’. 8  Taj Mahal: The Mughal king, Shahjahan built the Taj Mahal in memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal on the banks of the river Yamuna at Agra in the state of Uttar Pradesh. The construc- tion of this monument began around 1632 and was complet- ed around 1653. This is built using white marble stone. It is one of the seven wonders of the world, and is included in the list Taj Mahal of UNESCO monuments. Aurangzeb Aurangzeb received good military training in his childhood and ED became a capable soldier. He imprisoned his father, Shahjahan, and H seized power. In memory of this feat, he earned the title Alamgir, and IS ascended the throne. Aurangzeb put the principles of Quran into BL EP S practice. To supervise the implementation of the Quran, he appointed R TB muhtasibs in important cities. He banned practice of sati, music U concerts, gambling, drinking and cultivation of ganja in his kingdom. BE @K The Jats, Satnamis, Bundelas and the Sikhs in North India rose in rebellion against the despotic rule of Aurangzeb. The ninth Sikh Guru Tej Bahadur was imprisoned, tortured and killed. Aurangzeb developed hostilities against the powerful Rajput forces which led TO to the downfall of the Mughal dynasty. Intolerant of the Maratha T kingdom, he waged wars against Shivaji perpetually. After Shivaji O died, he imprisoned Sambhaji, tortured and killed him. He fought N against the South Indian kingdoms of Adil Shahi of Vijayapura and Nizamshahi of Golconda, defeated them and merged their kingdoms with his own. The contributions of the Mughals Administration : The Mughal administration was hereditary, and absolute monarchy was in practice. The kings referred to themselves as Badshahs. There were ministers as well as officials to advise in matters of administration. Persian was the language of administration. In order to achieve efficiency in administration, the kingdom was divided into provinces, districts and cities. There were administrative 9 officers to supervise them. The Sultan was the head of the judiciary. The Mughal kings had the authority to appoint or dismiss military generals and ministers. The appointment of mansabdars, giving jagirs and framing laws were the duties of the king. Vakil, Diwan, Mirbakshi and Mukhya sardar were the important ministers in the central government. The provincial administration was taken care of by the governor, diwan, bakshi, vakiya navis, kotwal, faujdar, amal gujar and batikchi. Revenue system: Agriculture was the main occupation of majority of the people in the Mughal kingdom. Land tax was collected according to the fertility of the soil. The agricultural land was measured meticulously and only then the tax was fixed. Society and the economic system: The king, ministers, officials ED and other employees enjoyed a dignified status in society. With the exception of Aurangzeb, all the rest used to engage in past-times like H music entertainment, drinking of alcohol and gambling. IS BL Raja Todarmal had implemented an efficient practice of EP S R TB measuring the land and classifying it. Since North India had many U rivers, fertile land was naturally available. Irrigation encouraged BE @K development of agriculture. Eestablishment of industries led to the growth of international trade and relationship. Do you know this : TO There were government factories in Lahore, Agra, Fatehpur Sikri and Ahmedabad. The famous textile industries of that period were in Benares, Patna, Dacca, Chabaspura, Sonar, Lahore, Fatehpur Sikri and Agra. The T O weaving of shawls and carpets developed during Akbar’s time. Kashmiri N shawls became popular. During the Mughal period, India had trade relations with many countries in Asia and Europe. Raw silk, metals, horses, perfumes, gold and silver were imported whereas cotton cloth, pepper, saffron, opium, salt petre and woollen clothes were exported. Literature: During the Mughal period, many books were written in Persian, Arabic, Turkish, Hindi and Sanskrit languages. Babar and Jehangir were scholars and they wrote their autobiographies Babarnama and Tuzik-e-Jehangir. Abul Fazl who was in Akbar’s court, wrote Ain-E-Akbari and Akbarnama in Persian. Badauni translated the Ramayana, Faizi the mathematical work Leelavati and Raja Todarmal the Bhagavat Puran into the Persian language. 10 Great works were written like Ramacharitamanas by Tulsidas, Sursagar by Surdas. Art and Architecture : The emperors who contributed the most to Mughal art and architecture were Akbar and Shahjahan. The wonderful monuments built by them are in Fatehpur Sikri, Agra and Delhi. These were the capitals of the Mughals. Shahjahan built Akbari Mahal, Taj Mahal Jehangir Mahal and a fort at Agra. He built forts in Lahore and Allahabad similar to the one at Agra. After constructing the Red Fort, Diwan-e-Khas, Rang Mahal, Mumtaz Mahal, Moti Masjid, Nakkar Khana, Khas ED Mahal and other structures H were accommodated. In addition IS to this, the country’s largest BL EP S mosque, Jamia Masjid, was R TB U also built at Delhi during BE @K Red Fort Shahjahan’s period. Painting : During the period of Humayun, the art of painting evolved. With the help of Mir Sayyed Ali and Abdus Samad of Persia, various painted canvases were created. Of the 17 artists in the court of TO Akbar, 13 artists were Hindus. Famous among them were Daswant, T Basavana, Lala and Mukunda. In Jehangir’s court, Ustad Mansoor O and Abdul Hassan were present. These artists mainly produced huge N paintings of Mughal kings and their queens. THE MARATHAS The rise of the Maratha kingdom in Deccan during the 17th century was an important development. It spread over the present North India. During the 17th century, Maharashtra was under the control of Nizam Shahi of Ahmednagar and Adil Shahi of Vijayapura. These Sultans employed local Marathas in their armies. Deshpandes and Deshmukhs were the collectors of land tax. Among them, Shahaji Bhonsle was an administrator under Vijayapura Sultan and had been gifted lands. 11  MARATHA KINGDOM Shivaji ruling areas Daman Chandur Ellora Pune Mumbai Daulatabad Rayagada Satara Kalaburagi Vijayapura Golconda Raichur Koppala Goa Vijayanagar ED Ballari Karawar Nellore H Sira IS Vellur BAY OF Kolar BL BENGAL Bengluru Ashani EP S Jinji R TB U Mysuru BE @K ARABIAN SEA Thanjavur Madhurai TO T Shivaji O N The establishment of Maratha kingdom opened up a new chapter in Indian history. The Marathas fought with the Mughals to protect the integrity of the nation and to save it from external aggression. Shivaji was the most famous of the Maratha kings. He was successful not only in expanding the kingdom but also in giving a good administration. The Shivaji teachings of famous saints of Maharashtra influenced the protection of Hindu religion and establishment of Maratha kingdom. 12  Shivaji was born in Shivaneri of Pune district. His father, Shahaji Bhonsle, was in the service of the Vijayapura Sultan. His mother, Jijabai, was a pious woman who inculcated religious fervor, uprightness, honesty and sincerity in her son. Do you know this? Dadaji Kondadeva was Shivaji’s guru and he Guerilla warfare: trained him in armed warfare and the scriptures. Hiding in hills, forests and shrubs, and Shivaji achieved proficiency in body-building, attacking the enemies fencing, horse-riding and other field events. abruptly is called guerilla warfare. In his childhood itself, Shivaji had dreamt of establishing an independent kingdom. Therefore, he made Pune as his centre and started the process of expansion of his kingdom. Towards this end, Shivaji assembled an army of the local Mavali ED youths and trained them in guerilla warfare. Shivaji conquered Torana H fort, Purandhar gadh fort, Chakkankot, Simhagadh and Javali fort IS from the Vijayapura Sultan. He renamed Hosadurga near Torana fort BL EP S as Raigadh. He built a new fort called Pratapgad. Since Shivaji fought R TB U against Vijayapura Sultans, his father, Shahaji, was captured by BE @K the Sultan. On the assurance that he would not attack them again, Shahaji was released. The relationship between the Mughals and Shivaji TO Shivaji fought the Mughal sultan, Aurangzeb, for many years. In addition to defeating the Shia kingdoms in South India, Aurangzeb T O had determined to vanquish the Maratha kingdom completely. To N achieve this, he appointed Shahista Khan and Jaisingh. Jaisingh defeated Shivaji and made an agreement in Purandargadh. As per the agreement, Shivaji surrendered 23 of his forts and the land yielding 16 lakhs income annually. He promised to be loyal to the Mughals and sent 5000 cavalry under the leadership of his son, Sambaji, to Delhi. With an intention to stop Shivaji becoming intimate with Adil Shah of Bijapur and Kutub Shahi of Golconda, Jaisingh called Shivaji to Agra. Aurangzeb did not show proper respect to Shivaji in his court and insulted him. When Shivaji protested against this, Shivaji and 13 his son Sambhaji were kept in prison in Agra. But after a few days, Shivaji, along with his son, escaped from the prison by hiding in a fruit basket, and reached Raigadh. Later he strengthened his army and conquered many of the forts that he had lost. Shivaji’s coronation took place in the year 1674 at Raigadh. There he was given the title Chatrapathi and felicitated. Administration : Shivaji had organized an efficient administrative system in his vast kingdom. He had divided his kingdom into many provinces. They were called Swaraj and Mughal areas. Marathi was the language of administration. There were ministers known as Asthapradhans in the central government to assist the king. In addition to them, there were other officials. Province, district and ED village were the administrative units. H Revenue system: Shivaji’s system of revenue collection was Ryotwari IS BL system, favorable to farmers. He abolished the jahagir revenue system. EP S R TB The tax was collected in the form of money or material. Chauth ( U BE @K of the land tax) and sardeshamukhi ( of the land tax) types of land taxation were in practice. Judiciary system: In Shivaji’s administration, traditional system of justice was in practice. The village panchayat used to dispense TO justice in villages. The Brahmin judges used to give decisions based on smritis (scriptures). T O Army : The Maratha army had infantry, cavalry, elephant units N and cannon units. There were important forts in Raigadh, Rajgadh, Toranagadh, Pratapgadh and Simhagadh. The hawaldar (constable) was the supervisor of the fort. The army was divided into small units. Shivaji’s soldiers were specially trained in guerilla warfare. The successors of Shivaji : After the death of Shivaji, Sambaji by his own strength became the successor of the Marata kingdom. Instead of protecting his kingdom, he himself became the victim of Aurangzeb’s army. His wife and young son Shahu were captured. Thus, Sambhaji’s 14 step-brother, Rajaram Shahu, became the royal representative and took over the administration. Rajaram fought against the Mughals again and recaptured Gujarat, Malwa, Khandesh, Berar and other forts. Since Rajaram died in 1700, his wife, Tarabai Mohite, made her 10-year old son, Shivaji II the king, and ruled over the kingdom on his behalf. She served as the royal representative from 1700 to 1708. She also waged war against Aurangzeb. Although initially, the Mughals were victorious, later on the Marathas recaptured their lost territory. Aurangzeb’s successor, Bahadur Shah I released Sambhaji’s son Shahu from prison and permitted him to collect chauth and sardeshmukhi taxes from Mughal lands in the South. This led to internal strife between Tarabai and Shahu, and Tarabai gave up. But ED Shahu was not competent enough. He handed over the administration H to his Peshwa (Prime Minister). In this manner, the Peshwa rule began IS in the Maratha kingdom. BL EP S R TB THE PESHWAS U BE @K Balaji Vishwanath : Balaji Vishwanath was nominated as Peshwa for his efficient and loyal service as a commander of Shah. He played a decisive role in successfully getting Sahu and his mother free from the captivity of the Mughals. He gained the friendship of Sayyed brothers TO of the Mughal dynasty and under the employment of Shivaji, earned the responsibility of collecting land taxes on the areas captured by the T O Mughals during their administration. He was able to bring together the N members of the Maratha Union: Bhonsle, Gaikwad, Holkar, Scindhia and the Peshwas. Thus he established the fame of the Marathas. Baji rao I : After the death of Balaji Vishwanath, his eldest son, Baji Rao I, got appointed as Peshwa. Although he was only 19 years old, he was an unparalleled warrior. With the intention of expanding the Maratha kingdom in North India, he conquered Gujarat, Malwa and gained the authority to collect chauth and sardeshmukhi taxes. He invaded Chitradurga and Srirangapatna of Karnataka. When Baji Rao declared war against the Mughals, Nizam-ul-Mulk, with the 15 intention of assisting the Mughals, tried to march towards Delhi. But he lost to the Marathas in a battle near Bhopal. Due to this, the vast stretch of land between the Narmada and Chambal rivers and 50 lakh rupees came to Baji Rao as war compensation. In addition to this, he conquered Salcet and Basin from the Portuguese and Janjira from the Siddhis. Pune became his administrative centre. At this juncture, the members of the Maratha union, Scindhia of Gwalior, Holkar of Indore, Bhonsle of Nagpur and Gaikwad of Baroda decided together to become independent. Baji Rao I not only ruled with efficiency but also re-established the glory of the Maratha empire. Hence he was called Shivaji II. Balaji Baji Rao: Since he came to power at the age of 20 years, ED Balaji Baji Rao appointed his close relative, Sadashiv Bavu, to guide H him in the administration. He aspired to enhance the image of the IS Marathas. He took measures to improve the economic state of the BL EP S R TB kingdom. To establish the empire of Bundelkhand, he travelled with U the armies of Holkar and Scindhia in the year 1742. Ahmed Shah BE @K Abdali of Afghanistan attacked Mughal areas and captured Lahore, Multan and Kashmir. Then the Mughal king, Safdarjung, entered into an agreement with the Marathas. This agreement related to internal TO and external invasions. As expected, Ahmed Shah Abdali invaded India. Balaji Baji Rao fought with his army in Panipat mention the T year and got defeated. O N Madhav Rao I : He was the second son of Balaji Baji Rao and became the Peshwa after the death of his father. Since he was a minor, he appointed his uncle as the royal representative. After the defeat in the III Battle of Panipat, he recovered in an astonishing manner, and established his kingdom in South and North India. When the Nizam attempted to benefit from the defeat of Panipat, Madhav Rao I defeated him in the battle near Ahmednagar. He defeated Hyder Ali of Mysore also. He not only waged war against Mysore a second time, defeating Shrirangapatna and acquiring all the area earlier occupied by Hyder Ali, but he also received a huge amount of money as war 16 compensation. He overthrew the Rajputs, Jats and Rohils of North India. He helped the Mughal Emperor, Shah Alam II who had been banished as a traitor, to regain his throne at Delhi. In this manner, Madhav Rao re-established the lost glory of the Marathas in a very short period. After the British routed the Marathas in the Third Anglo- Maratha War, Maratha rule came to an end. EXERCISES I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words. 1. The founder of Ahom dynasty _____________. 2. The founder of the Mughal dynasty was _____________. ED 3. The most famous emperor among the Mughals was _______. H IS 4. The king who built the Taj Mahal at Agra was ______________. BL EP S 5. The Mughal emperor who established the new religion Din- R TB U e-Ilahi was _____________________. BE @K 6. Shivaji’s mother was __________________. II. Answer the following questions by discussing with your group. TO 7. Write briefly important achievements of Ahom dynasty. 8. Describe the military achievements of Babar. T O 9. Compare and contrast the present-day administrative N system with that of Sher Shah. 10. What are the areas won by Akbar ? 11. Describe the contributions of Shahjahan to art and architecture. 12. Describe Shivaji’s system of administration. 13. Explain the achievements of Bajirao I. 17 III. Activities : 1. Mark on a map of India the areas conquered by Akbar. 2. Write an essay on how Shivaji’s mother Jijabai was successful in inculcating patriotism in Shivaji. 3. Mark on a map of India the Ahom Kingdom and its places. IV. Project : 1. Write a report on the administrative system in your area. ED  H IS BL EP S R TB U BE @K TO T O N 18  CHAPTER – 18 BHAKTI PANTHA We learn about the following in this chapter, Development of Bhakti Pantha in India and Karnataka Importent Bhakti Saints and their contributions The effects of the Bhakti Pantha. The development of the Bhakti Pantha is an important feature of the medieval India. The religious reformers and philosophers of ED this age advocated a life of devotion. Bhakti or Devotion means pure trust in God. The reformers upheld devotion and surrender to God. H They attempted to develop feelings of brotherhood and preached IS the philosophy of religious harmony. They used to worship God by BL EP S different names like Rama, Krishna and Allah. They suggested the R TB U path of Bhakti to achieve moksha or mukti. Pure mind and complete BE @K surrender to God was the main philosophy of the reformers. The Bhakti pantha became the Sufi pantha in Islam. Ramananda Ramananda was born in a Brahmin family TO in Prayaga. He was a follower of Ramanuja’s philosophy. He established a Vaishnava T religious school based on love and devotion. O He travelled to several places in North India N and popularized the worship of Rama and Sita. Varanasi was his headquarters. He condemned caste system and allowed people from every caste to join his sect. Kabir was one such follower. Ramananda Do you know this? Ramananda gave this unique message to people: Think of the Lord and become one with Him. 19 Kabir (1442 - 1510) : Kabir was another saint who lived in North India during this time. Kabir was brought up in a Muslim family of weavers called ‘Julas’ of Varanasi. He was a student of Ramanand, and spent most of his time at Varanasi. He began to preach his new philosophy. He condemned caste system and multiple idol worship, and declared that God is one, and he is the same for both Hindus and Muslims. He tried to bring about harmony and tolerance between the two communities. Kabir Kabir composed couplets in Hindi language known as ‘Dohas’. Hindus and Muslims recite these Dohas even today in North India. The followers of Kabir are known ED as “Kabirpanthis”, meaning travellers who go on the path of Kabir. Kabir was the main religious and social reformer of India. H IS Chaitanya (1486-1533) : Chaitanya was one of BL EP S the famous saints of the Bhakti movement. He R TB was born in a Bramin family at Nadia in Bengal. U He preached that differences of caste can be BE @K removed by discipline, and man becomes pure through devotion. He popularized worship of Krishna. He composed many devotional songs in praise of Krishna. He opposed caste system and TO attempted to bring about a sense of brotherhood among the people. His philosophical thoughts T Chaitanya and teachings are collected in the book called O N “Chaitanya Charitamruta”. Guru Nanak (1469-1539) : Another advocate of the ‘Bhakti movement was Guru Nanak’. He was born at ‘Talawandi’ in Pakistan. He had religious learnings right from his childhood. He preached that God was one and condemned idol worship. He emphasized on good actions, pure and moralistic life. He made his followers to sit and eat together irrespect of caste and creed. He started ‘Langar’ a comminity kitchen, Gurunanak 20 where food is prepared and catered to all. He had both Hindu and Muslim followers. They are called as ‘Sikhs’. His preachings are compiled in the Sikh holy book ‘Guru Granth Sahib’. The sacred place of Sikhs is called ‘Gurudwaras’. Srimantha Shankardeva and Madhavadeva The role of Srimantha Shankaradeva in the cultural and religious history of Assam is very important. (Srimantha does not mean the rich but ED Honorary Sri). His name is associated with bringing a H IS newness in the culture and Srimantha Madhavadeva Shankardeva BL EP S the music in India. The R TB U B h a g a v a t h a o f BE @K Shankaradeva is in Sanskrit, Assamese and Brijavali. The Bhakti movement started by him in Assam spread its influence over the other parts of India. The movement started by him was rightly called Ekasarana Dharma or Vaishnava movement. He says we must develop TO unstinted love for Krishna, sing songs on Him, and by listening to it we acquire devotion to the Lord. He must have good feelings as the T O servant of God. Like other Vaishnavas this movement does not worship N Radhe along with Krishna. Srimantha Shankaradeva started Sarniya system (a system of initiation into his movement). He waged against the inequality in the society. He associated with all people to bring in the movement. He says follow religious worship, have faith in Krishna. His disciple Sri Madhavadeva belonged to Shakta movement was a multi-faceted personality. Madhavadeva was very popular in the Bhakti movement. The contributions of the two saints in Vaishnava movement, its spread and popularity is great. 21 Meerabai (1498 - 1569) : The other name for the Bhakti movement is Meerabai who was the prin- cess of Mewad. She renounced a life of luxury and became the most devoted follower of Lord Krishna. She composed songs of devotion to- wards Krishna. These are called ‘Bhajans’ and they are very popular. Even today, these bhajans are sung throughout India. Vitthoba temple at Pandharapur on the banks of the river Bhima in Maharashtra, was the centre of the Bhakti movement. Gnaneshwar and Namdev, Eknath, Tukaram and Ramdas Meerabai were the famous saints of the new sect. ED Puruandaradasaru (1484-1564) H Purandaradasa was praised by Vysaraya as IS a ‘Dasa among the Dasas’. He has contributed BL EP S immensely to the tradition of Bhakti poetry with R TB U his Vaishnava influenced Bhakti poems. He is BE @K called as the founding father of ‘Carnatic Music’. Purandaradasa apart from expressing the importance of devotion as per Vaishnava sect, expressed his concern over false worship and Puruandaradasaru TO philosophies of life. He criticized caste and creed based discrimination. He rejected false Bhakthi and insisted on T O inner reflections. He declared without inner purity, external purity N is of no use. He said ‘What is the use of cleaning the external filth without cleansing the internal filth’. He also said without faith, the mere dipping in a river is of no use. He said ‘One has to stay alive and emerge victorious’, ‘Human birth is great. Never spoil it, oh fools’. Like this, he sowed the seeds of faith in human life and its worthiness and became the beacon for a life of satisfaction. All his considerable knowledge has become the upanishad of Purandaradasa and earned the fame ‘‘Dasa means Purandaradasa’’. 22 Kanakadasa (1509 - 1609) Kanaka was the local chieftain of Bada and Bankapura and was well versed in war techniques. Once he was mortally wounded in war and this led him to question the very existence of life and its meaning. It is said that this incident made him to follow Dasa path and he became Kanakadasa. Kanakadasa put efforts to remove discrimination based on caste and creed as Bakthi saint. He criticized mere show off bhakthi. He preached that people could attain moksha through Bhakthi. He broke the belief propagated by the priestly class that in order to attain moksha one has to be born in Kanakadasa ED higher caste through his Keertanas. H Kanakadasa was a poet, has created literature along with his IS meaningful Keertanas. He wrote ‘Mohanatharangini’, ‘Nalacharithre’, BL EP S ‘Ramadhanya Charithre’ and ‘Haribhakthasaara’. R TB U Shihsunala Sharifaa (1819-1889) BE @K Imam and Hujuma were his parents. He was born in Shishunala of present Shiggavi taluk of Gadag district in 1819. Imam named his son ‘Muhammed Sharif’ as per the suggestion of a Khaji. TO Sharif is a Parsee word. It means a man who has ideal goals or a man of worth and respected by T all. Sharif grew up a worthy man just like his name. O N Sharif was influenced by Islam, Veerashaiva and Vedic philosophies from a young age. Govindabhat, Shihsunala a knowledgeable person, became his Guru. He Sharifaa opened a school for the children of Shishunala to provide education to them. His education provided a holistic vision of life for his students. Sharif who was always interested to move around with people, participated in all the fairs, drama shows and various other religious festivals that were arranged around Shishunala. He became the harbinger of Riyawath literature, which is part of Muharram celebration. 23 Sufi Saints : The Sufi saints arrived from Some Sufi Saints Persia and settled in different parts of Mohin-Ud-Din chisti, Baba India. They are called ‘Peer’ (teacher). Since Farid, Nizam-Ud-Din Oulia, they wore coarse woolen clothing called Ma lik Mo h a mme d a n d suf, these Muslim saints were called ‘Sufis’. Kwajha Bande Nawaz and They preached that it was possible to reach Others, God or Allah through love and devotion. They emphasised the importance of respecting people of all classes. They believed that dance and music filled with devotion take us closer to God. They composed many songs in Urdu and Hindi to proclaim the importance of devotion. The poetic works of ‘Mrigavati’ of Kutuban and ‘Padmavat’ of Mallik Mohammed Jaisi uphold Sufi philosophy. Many socio-religious reformers tried to bridge the gap between Hindus and Muslims in different parts of India. ED Effects of the Bhakti movement H Reform of the Hindu practices and bringing about harmony IS between Hindus and Muslims were the two main purposes of the BL EP S Bhakti movement. The reformers were successful in removing many R TB U weaknesses in the Hindu society. The regional languages of India BE @K flourished since the reformers wrote in these languages. This enabled development of Indian culture. Do you know this? The saints of the Bhakti movement composed keertans and bhajans TO in the languages they spoke. As a result, all these Indian languages flourished. In Hindi, Surdas composed ‘Sursagar’ and Tulsidas composed T ‘Ramacharitamanas’. Abhangs and Gnaneswari were written in Marathi O by Gnanadeva. N EXERCISES I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words : 1. Bhakti means _____________________ to God. 2. The famous follower of Ramanand was ___________________. 3. Kabir’s followers are called _________________. 24  4. The collection of Chaitanya’s philosophical thoughts is called ______________________. 5. The poetic work ‘Ramadhanya Charitre’ was written by ______________________. II. Answer the following questions by discussing with your group. 6. Who popularized worship of Rama and Sita? What are his services to society? 7. Who are Sikhs? Which is their holy book? 8. The role of Srimantha Shankardeva is prominent in cultural and religious history of Assam. How? Explain. ED 9. Explain the concept of Bhakti by Purandaradasa. H 10. What are the effects of the Bhakti movement? IS BL EP S III. Activities. R TB U 1. Read the life histories of the Bhakti panth reformers. BE @K 2. Collect more information about the reformers from your teachers. IV. Projects : TO 1. Prepare a detailed project about one of the reformers of the T Bhakti panth. His life, work and achivements. O N 2. Divide the students into groups and prepare a project about each reformer of Bhakti Pantha. 3. Discuss with the help of teachers about the values contained in the keertanas of Purandaradasa and Kanakadasa. 4. Practise and sing Kanakadasa and Purandaradasa’s keertanas.  25  CHAPTER – 19 EUROPE : MEDIEVAL AND MODERN We learn about the following in this chapter, Feudalism in Medieval age. Causes and effects of Renaissance. Geographical Explorations and their effects. Reasons for Religious Reformation and effects. Industrial Revolution and its effects. ED Fifth century to fifteenth century has been recoginised as Medieval H age in Europe. It started with the decline of Roman Empire and ended IS in 1453 after the capture of Constantinople by the Ottoman Turks. BL EP S Anarchy prevailed and there was no protection for life and property. R TB U At such a critical period, a new political and economic system took BE @K place in Western Europe, this was known as ‘Feudalism’. It was a system based on mutual agreement between the powerful land owners and the weak farmers. The owner of the land was called ‘Nobles’, where as the person who maintained the land was called TO ‘Vassals’. During the Middle ages, feudalism became popular in all the T sections and institutions of the society in Europe, as a result of this O system prominent ruling classes emerged. Clashes took place among N the ruling class, feudal lords and vassals. Due to this agreements feudalism broke down. During 15th Century many incidents caused for the decline of feudalism. The rise of powerful dynastic rule in England, France and Spain led to the down fall of feudal system. Development of regional languages, nationalism, lust for absolute power among the kings led to the down fall of this system. Europe entered a new age in 16th century. The end of the middle age and the beginning of the modern age have turned out to be the two important events in the history of Europe. 26 Capture of Constantinople by the Turks and increased trade activities were the causes for the Renaissance, Geographical explorotions, Religious reformation movement and Industrial revolution. Modern Europe : The Renaissance The word Renaissance means rebirth or reawakening. This word sums up all the Intellectual transformation towards the end of the middle ages in Europe. The 14th and 15th centuries indicate the development of Western European art, architecture, religion, philosophy, science and political matters. The intellectual renaissance started first in Italy. Later on, it spread to other areas. Therefore, Italy can be called the birthplace of Renaissance. ED Reasons for Renaissance The fall of Constantinople in the year 1453, end of slavery, H IS development of Guttenberg’s printing machine in Germany and BL EP S geographical explorations were the important reasons for Renaissance. R TB U The patronage given to scholars, artists, scientists and philosophers BE @K by the princes of Europe, aristocrats, merchants and clergy also contributed to the Renaissance. Features of Renaissance TO 1. The vision of the people during the Renaissance movement was quite different from that of the people in the Middle Ages. People’s T opinions towards the world and man changed. This was called O N ‘humanism’. The humanists developed keen interest in great literature. Attempts were made to support actions related to human life. 2. The works written in English, Italian and German languages by the writers of Renaissance period became very popular. 3. There were changes in the economic and social life. Agriculture gave place to commercial and industrial activities. Fundamental changes took place in social relations also. 27 4. The main feature of Renaissance was the interest shown by people in great culture and their desire to cultivate it. This is called “Imitation of the best”. 5. The migration of Greek and Roman Scholars to Italy, led to the Renaissance there. Literature during Renaissance Period Italy was the motherland of great writers. France, England, Germany and Spain too contributed a lot to literature. The theme of literature of this period was worldly matters rather than religion. Many articles were written about the human body, voice and other ED subjects. Instead of Latin, many of the regional European languages came to be used in daily life. H IS Petrarch : (1304-1374) BL EP S R TB Petrarch is known as the ‘Father of U Renaissance’. He collected about 200 Latin and BE @K Greek manuscripts. ‘Africa’ is his famous poem written in Latin language. He was well-known for his poems and sonnets. A deep contemplation of TO man’s happiness and sorrow can be seen in his poems. T O A collection of 100 stories called ‘Decameron’ Petrarch N written in Italian by Bocacchio, the famous work ‘Divine Comedy’ by Dante, ‘Canterbury Tales’ by Chaucer of England, Don Quixote by Cervantes of Spain, Utopia written by Thomas More of England are all notable works. William Shakespeare was an excellent poet and dramatist. He wrote numerous tragedies and comedies. St.Paul School, established in London, was dedicated to the acquisition of this new knowledge. 28 Renaissance Art (architecture and sculpture) During this period, the art was simple but natural. Artists drew murals showing mythological characters, Jesus Christ and his followers with natural human emotions. There were many artists in Italy during the 16th century. Michael Renaissance Painting Angelo, Raphael, Leonardo da Vinci and Titian were important artists. Michael Angelo’s ‘Adam and ED Final Decision’, Leonardo da Vinci’s ‘Last Supper’ and ‘Monalisa’, Raphael’s ‘Sistine Madonna’ and Titian’s ‘Assumption of the Virgin’ H IS were the famous paintings. BL EP S Science during Renaissance (birth of Modern science) R TB U Modern science was born during the Renaissance period. Science BE @K set aside religious dogma and came out with new discoveries. Learning about humans became a precursor to new inventions. People during the Middle Ages accepted everything without any questions. As necessity and questioning attitude developed, scientific research also TO increased. Francis Bacon declared that ancient scientific decisions T did not represent any professional knowledge. Decarthe encouraged O skepticism and advocated questioning of everything before accepting N it. Poland’s Copernicus disproved the earth-centric argument of Ptolemy of Greece and showed that the sun was the centre of the solar system. Keppler Keppler was a German scientist and explained that planets revolve around the sun on an oval orbit. Keppler 29  Galileo : Galileo discovered the telescope. When he supported the theory of Copernicus, he was summoned to Rome and admonished by it. Newton : Newton discovered the laws of Gravitation and said that all heavenly bodies are controlled by Galileo this gravitational force. Keen interest was shown in the study of chemistry, medical science and anatomy. Andew Vesolius conducted a human surgery and wrote a scientific book on the ED possibility of effective treatment on the skeletal Newton system, muscular system, brain, liver and H IS reproductive organs. BL EP S Effects of Renaissance R TB U BE @K During the Renaissance period, a humanitarian approach to life gained popularity. Scientific knowledge grew about the world. Knowledge of movement of astronomical bodies expanded and geographical exploration was possible by using sea routes. As a TO result of scientific discoveries and technological advances, industrial revolution became a reality. Dogmas were condemned. Progressive T O thinking gained momentum. This led to changes in the Catholic N church and paved way for religious reformation movement. Geographical explorations The 16th century has been called a century of geographical explorations. Till the end of the Middle Ages, Europeans were not much aware of geography. In the later developments, Europeans found new sea routes to various parts of the world. The new continents of North America, South America and Australia came to light. 30  Mariner’s compass Astrolobe It is used to show distance and It is used to show route to navigators time and distance of sun, planet and stars from earth Reasons for geographical explorations ED 1. When the Turks conquered the city of Constantinople in 1453, H it opened the trade gates between east and west. The greater IS share of the profits from importing spices from India went to BL EP S the Turks. Due to this, the Europeans faced the inevitability of R TB U finding a new sea route to India. BE @K 2. Spain and Portugal were ambitious in competing with Arabs in sea trade. 3. Discovery of new countries opened the possibility of spreading TO Christianity. T 4. European curiosity was roused by the adventurous nature of O sea voyage towards eastern countries. N 5. Mariner’s compass and astrolobe equipment were helpful to sailors. Charts and maps were available to sailors. 6. Europeans believed that China was a fertile place to make profit. Geographical explorations The countries which engaged in geographical explorations after the Middle Ages were Portugal and Spain. The sailors sent by Henry moved around for a long period, explored the west coast of the African 31 continent and went a long distance towards the south. Bartholomew Dias reached the southern tip of African Do you know this? continent and called it Cape of Good Hope. Amerigo Vespusi discovered In 1498 Vasco-da-Gama of Portugal sailed the mouth of Amazon river around the Cape of Good Hope, crossed the and called it the New Indian Ocean and reached Calicut in India. Continent. This came to be known as America. Thus, the dream of reaching India by Europeans came to be a reality. North Continent and Baltic ED Meditarenian Turky and Black Sea H IS Bay of Parshian East Portion BL EP S R TB India Sub continent U BE @K South East Asia TO T Map of the world (New Sea route) O N Christopher Columbus of Genoa city, crossed the Atlantic ocean with the help of the king of Spain, reached the Bahamas in West Indies (Caribbean islands). While Portugal’s Kabral reached Brazil in 1500, Balboa climbed a hill near Panama Strait and saw the vast ocean to the west. That was the Pacific ocean. Another Portuguese sailor Ferdinand Magellan, was the first to go round the Cape. After travelling for 5 months, he reached South America in the year 1520. From there, he reached 32 the Philippines through the Indian ocean. One ship passed between the Indonesian islands, went round the earth and reached Spain via Cape of Good Hope. Effects of land exploration 1. Competition began between the countries of Europe to build colonies in the newly explored lands. The contest was severe for gaining strength in trade in America, Africa and Asia. This helped them gain monopoly in trading in the countries they conquered. 2. Raw materials from the new colonies enriched the European countries. ED 3. Capitalism gained strength in European countries and led H to the beginning of the Industrial revolution. IS 4. Christian missionaries travelled far and wide and propagated BL EP S Christianity. R TB U 5. Colonialism and Imperialism led to hatredness between the BE @K local and the foreigners. 6. The African slaves were utilized for the economic development of North America, the slave trade came into existence. TO Religious Reformation T The biggest religious movement of the 16th century in Europe was O N the revolt against the monopoly of the Roman Catholic church, which led to the religious reformation movement. This movement was started by ‘Martin Luther’ in Germany. Reasons for Religious reformation movement: 1. Many members of the Christian clergies and the Popes indulged in materialistic pleasures and showed interest in politics. 2. Corruption in the name of ‘Letter of Pardon’ by Roman Catholic Church. 3. Clashes between Emperor and Roman Catholic Chruch. 33 4. Rise of scientific temperament. 5. The church opposed the translation of the Bible from Hebrew to other languages. 6. Feeling of Nationalism became stronger than the religion. Martin Luther: (1483 – 1546) The religious movement started by Martin Luther came to be known as “Religious Reformation”. Martin Luther rejected the preachings of the Catholic church. In the year 1517, he expressed opposition against the ED Church for selling of the confession letters. H The Catholic church was of the view that God IS has bestowed the Pope with the authority of BL Martin Luther EP S R TB reducing the punishment of the sinners; this U authority has been given to the Pope in return for the good deeds BE @K done by Jesus Christ and the missionaries. Normally, to be pardoned, a sinner had to do noble deeds. But on many occasions, instead of doing anything good, the sinners found the easy way of paying money TO to the church and getting the pardon. Martin Luther vehemently opposed the sale of such letters of pardon. The followers of Martin T Luther were called ‘Protestants’. Around half of Germany’s population O N became Protestants. Religious reformation took a new turn in Europe. The religious atmosphere became vitiated. All over Europe, people gave up their lives for their religious beliefs, or they were put in prison or divested of their property. Wherever they were more influential, Roman Catholics harassed the Protestants. In retaliation, the Protestants harassed the Catholics in places where they had government support. The long war of thirty years was a result of the hatred between the Catholics and the Protestants. 34 Effects of the Religious Reformation 1. As a result of the religious reformation, the solidarity of Christian religion received a severe blow. Christianity was divided into three sects: Catholic church, Orthodox church and Protestant church. 2. Many of the European kings got liberated from the hold of the Church and the Pope. 3. Religious reformation led to rise of nationalism. 4. The confiscated wealth of the Church was utilized for the economic development. ED 5. Patriotic feelings became strong and the kings of Europe developed religious tolerance. H IS 6. Due to this movement, the literary field saw progress. Local BL EP S languages influenced the European minds. R TB U 7. The Catholic church itself underwent reformation and this BE @K came to be known as “Counter Reformation”. Counter Reformation Movement The Protestant group gained strength by spreading very rapidly. TO Alarmed by this development, the Catholics saw the necessity of self- reformation to protect their image. The arguments of Protestants were T O effective in attracting the attention of the people. This incident dealt N a severe blow to the existence and survival of the Roman church. They had to do something to protect the interests of churches. Such a necessity gave birth to a movement called Counter-reformation. Stopping the advance of Protestants and repairing the damage to Roman churches were the objectives of this movement. Hence, an attempt was made to find a suitable solution to all the problems by making internal changes in the church. The leader of this counter reformation was the Spanish aristocrat called ‘Ignatius Loyola’. He founded ‘the Jesus society’ in the year 35 1540. Their main aim was to restore the glory and authority of Roman Catholic church. The main objective was to impart good education to the followers of this organization and make them to dedicate their lives for the service of society. “Inquisition”, a religious practice of interrogating those who violated the dictates of the church and punishing them, came into existence from 1542 onwards. It also stopped the Catholics from getting converted into Protestants. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION In the 18th Century, there was a phenomenal increase in the production of goods due to the rise in machine-based industries. This ED era is known as the industrial revolution, which began in England. H Reasons for Industrial Revolution IS BL 1. Scientific inventions made possible by the influence of the EP S R TB Renaissance led to the production of machines. U BE @K 2. With the establishment of colonies, the trae increased and also the demand for finished goods also increased. 3. Supply of enormous raw materials from the colonies at low cost. TO 4. The labour class which was depended on the industries emerged. 5. Increase in capital investment. T O 6. The political stability in N England. Although England was primarily an agricultural country before 1760, woollen textile and cotton textile industries had developed well. As trade increased, the demand for finished goods too Spinning Jenny Machine 36 increased. But the production could not match the demand. The skilled artisans would not invest more on the raw materials and speed up the manufacture. Therefore, some rich people employed these skilled artisans for wages, provided them raw materials and made them work in big buildings called factories. This laid the foundation for establishment of factories. Although the factory owners reaped huge profits by selling the products manufactured in these factories, the skilled artisans and other labourers continued to be poor. During the period from 1760 to 1830, great changes took place in the textile manufacturing industry in England. Do you Know this ? ED James Hargreaves invented a weaving machine called spinning jenny in 1764. After a few years, Richard Arkwright improved this spinning H IS jenny and in 1769, invented the waterframe. BL EP S In 1779, Samuel Crampton invented a machine known as ‘mule’. R TB U John Kay invented the horse shoe which moved from one side to another. BE @K Edmond Cartwright invented the weaving machine called ‘powerloom’ in 1785. Due to this, more cloth could be produced in a very short time. In 1793, Elli Whitney invented the cottongin. All these inventions enabled spinning, weaving, ginning and producing textiles very fast. TO The invention of the steam engine was another milestone in the T industrial revolution. In 1705, Thomas Malcomus invented a kind of steam O engine. James Watt improved this steam engine in 1774. In 1801, Richard N Trevethique attached the Watt steam engine to a rail coach and made it move on the road. Later he invented an automatic steam engine which moved on rail tracks. In 1815 George Stevenson invented a rail coach that could be used to transport goods. A train to carry passengers between the British towns, Swakton and Darlington, and another train to transport goods from Liverpool and Manchester was constructed. In 1801, an American, William Simington, adapted Watt’s engine to a boat and made it move. Another American, Robert Fullton, invented a steam ship. 37 Effects of the industrial revolution : Due to Discuss : the innumerable changes in industries, Industrial revolution is suppliment to Today’s demand for machines grew. Many changes Economic development. took place in the economic and social Discuss. fields too. New factories were established. The cost of production came down and essential products were available at a low price. Cottage industries could not compete with the giant factories and, thus, they collapsed. The rich became richer and the poor remained poor. People had to migrate from villages to towns. A capitalist class emerged in society. Hostilities developed between the owners and the workers, and class conflict began. ED EXERCISES H I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words. IS 1. BL Renaissance means _________________________. EP S R TB U 2. ______________ is called the father of Rennaissance. BE @K 3. Followers of Martin Luther are _______________. 4. The leader of the Counter Reformation movement was _______________. TO 5. The Industrial Revolution started in ________________. T II. Answer the following questions by discussing with your group. O N 6. What were the consequences of religious reformation? 7. What were the reasons for geographical explorations? 8. Which are the water-colour paintings of Leonardo da Vinci? 9. Explain the development of literature in the period of Ranaissance with an Example. 10. Describe the effects of Industrial Revolution. 38 III. Activities : 1. Know about the scientists of Rennaissance period from your teacher. 2. Collect the picture of machines developed during Industrial revolution. IV. Projects : 1. Collect pictures of artists of the Rennaissance period and their works. 2. List out the Renaissance scientists and their discoveries. 3. Discuss with your art teachers and collect the life histories ED of present-day artists. H 4. Make a list of discoveries of the Indian scientists who lived IS before the time of European scientists. BL EP S R TB U BE @K  TO T O N 39  CHAPTER – 20 REVOLUTION AND RISE OF NATION STATES We learn the following in this chapter : Rise of nation states and their development The causes and effects of the American War of independence The causes for the French Revolution The Unification of Italy and Germany The emergence of modern age is a Sign of the downfall of National ED Monarchy, In 15th, 16th and 17th Century. There was no logical H support for the establishment of these states. They varied from large IS empires to small city-states. The people living in these states were of BL EP S R TB different nationalities, spoke different languages and followed different U cultures. BE @K After the decline of the feudal system, the political strength of the landlords also came down. As a result, many European kings reduced their dependence on these landlords and took all the power TO to their hands. Many kings believed in Divine Right Theory and were T of the opinion that they were not answerable to citizens. O N In order to secure their own welfare, the middle class supported the kings and played a major role in the birth and growth of nationalism. A strong nationalistic view or patriotism had its own good and bad effects. These nations were responsible for ending the anarchy of the feudal period. They inspired people of similar culture to come together under the rule of one king. Conflict and competition started between nations. It paved the way for trade, control of colonies and wars in the American and Asian continents. 40  North America’s American War of Independence 13 British After the discovery of America, many Colonies: European countries started establishing colonies 1. New Hampshire there. The four major countries colonizing 2. New York North America were France, Spain, Holland 3. Pennysylvania and England. Along the Atlantic coast of North 4. Massachussets America, 13 colonies were established by England. These were called the “New English 5. Rhodes Island colonies”. France and England competed with 6. Connecticut each other to establish the colonies in North 7. New Jersey America. The intense desire of the American 8. Delaware colonies for independence led them to rise in 9. Maryland rebellion against England. ED 10. Virginia Reasons : The rise of nationalism among the peo- H ple of the colonies, the desire for independence IS 11. North Carolina among the colonies, the effects of the 7 years’ BL EP S 12. South Carolina war, the naval regulations, influence of writers R TB U 13. Georgia like Thomas Paine, John Adams, Samuel Adams, BE @K John Edward Coke and Benjamin Franklin, the Quebec regulation, the Townshend taxes and the Boston tea party – all these led to the revolution in America. Do you know this? TO The Seven years’ war (1756 – 63) : This war was fought between T France and England. The Naval Act was passed in 1760. The British O colonies acquired monopoly of sea trade. The Molasses Act which came N into existence in 1764 helped the American liquor manufacturers to transport molasses. The Quebec Act of 1774 led to dissatisfaction among the colonies. The Stamp Act was brought in to force in 1765 As a result, it was possible to impose taxes on tea, paper, glass etc. in 1767. The Boston Tea Party (1773) : In spite of protests, Britain sent a ship full of tea to Boston harbor. This enraged the colonies. A group of 50 people dressed like Red Indians entered the ship and threw about 340 cartons of tea into the sea. Declaration of Independence : To discuss the prevailing situation, representatives of the 13 British colonies of North America met in Philadelphia in 1774. They threatened to oppose with armed rebel- 41 lion any move to cut short their independence. The king of Britain declared this act as a revolt and sent military troops to suppress the same. The colonies had no option but to fight the British with the local arms. In this manner, on 19th April 1775 at Lexington, when a troop of the colonies attacked the British, the American war of in- dependence began. The Philadelphia Conference appointed George Washington as its commander. George Washington : George Washington was a gardener in Virginia. He played a major role as a military officer in the 7 year war against France and gained popularity. He encouraged the illiterate and unorganized colonized army with courage and enthusiasm. He made them fight against the British army bravely. On the 4th of ED July 1776, the Philadelphia National Conference H adopted the famous Declaration of Independence. George Washington IS This declaration mentioned that all the 13 British BL EP S colonies have cut off their political relations with the motherland R TB and have become free. U BE @K War : The war between England and the colonies lasted for 5 years. Initially the colonies had to suffer setbacks. George Washington had to face a lot of problems. But in the battle of ‘Saratoga’, the British army lost. With the help of the French army, George Washington TO defeated the British army in battle of Yorktown. British commander, Lord Cornwallis surrendered with his army. In the year 1783, as T per the Paris agreement, Britain accepted that the 13 colonies were O independent. Since the declaration of independence was made on 4th N of July, it became a day of great significance to the Americans. Even now, July 4th is celebrated as Independence Day in America. In the year 1787, the representatives of all the 13 independent colonies met at Philadelphia and chose George Washington as the President of the United States of America. They created a constitution, which is the first written constitution in the world. Consequences of the American War of Independence : The war acted as an inspiration for the French Revolution. Many of the French who fought assisting the colonial army became leaders of the French revolution. Many of the Spanish and Portuguese colonies in 42 America got inspired to become free and hence, revolted against their motherland. The new nation called the United States of America was born. THE FRENCH REVOLUTION Putting an end to the dictatorial rule of their Know this kings and establishing a socio-political In the opinion of the system based on equality and democracy Historian,the Europian was the main purpose of French revolution. History merged in, one nation, one event and in This tremendously affected the political a man. revolts in various other nations of the The nation is French, event is French revolution, world. The following were the reasons for a man is Nepolian. the French revolution: ED Social reasons : In the French society, inequality prevailed in all H spheres. It was unbearable and inhuman. The pain of this inequality IS turned into a burning rage in the hearts of the citizens and led to the BL EP S French revolution. Before the revolution, there were three classes in R TB U the French society. The first class consisted of the clergy, the second BE @K was that of aristocrats and the third consisted of the ordinary citizens. The first two classes enjoyed all the facilities and were few in number. Exempted from paying any taxes, they led a luxurious life. The third class was deprived of all facilities. Intellectuals, TO agriculturists, labourers and professionals were there in this class. T Their income was less but taxes were more. Their life was in a bad O state. These people did not command respect in society. They had no N political rights and had to tolerate insults. They did not have either religious or political rights or freedom. These were the people who were the unhappiest of all in France. They were waiting for an opportunity to overthrow the old system. Economic reasons : France was an agriculture-dominated nation. In spite of advances in agricultural practices, the yield from land was very low. The farmers were the most affected. Famines were frequent. As a result, there used to be revolts and riots for food. Industries were under the control of trade unions. Due to internal strife and 43 interference from authorities, the development of these unions was sluggish. Hence the industrial productivity was low. Political reasons: France was ruled by the Bourbon dynasty. Louis XVI became the king. He was an inexperienced king. He lived in the grand palace at Versailles with members of the royal family and courtiers. He led a life of luxury and wasteful expenditure. He was not bothered about the routine administrative work. He had a queen named Marie Antoinette who was the princess of Austria. She was squandering money for her personal indulgences and festivals. She had no concern for the problems of the people. She was interfering in the administration of the nation. People hated her since she was a foreigner and had no love for the French people. The king could not ED control her. Eventually the situation went beyond control and led to revolution. H IS Influence of the French thinkers : Famous philosophers and BL EP S intellectuals Montesque, Rousseau and Voltaire encouraged the rebels R TB by their revolutionary writings. U BE @K Montesque : Montesque, in his book ‘Spirit of Laws’ condemned the Divine Right of kings and declared support for a constitutional government. Rousseau : Rousseau in his work ‘Social Contract’ observed, “Man is TO independent at birth, but is found chained everywhere.” T Voltaire: Voltaire condemned the traditions of French society, O monotheism and blind beliefs. He also questioned the Roman Catholic N church. Montesque Rousseau Voltaire 44 Effects of American War of Independence : The American war of independence influenced the French tremendously. Many of the French who fought against the British in America returned to their motherland. They encouraged the rebels by giving them all support and played a pivotal role in the revolution. Due to all these events, the French king had to call a session of ‘States Generals’, a legislators’ assembly that had not been called in the previous 175 years. The members of the third class declared themselves as the National Assembly. They invited the members of the other two classes to join them. On the 14th of July 1789, they attacked the state prison at Bastille ED and released all the prisoners, thereby putting an end to the dictatorial H rule. Gradually the revolution spread to other parts of the country. IS The king had only a nominal presence. The National Assembly made BL