MED-108 Organic Chemistry Lecture 1

• MED-108 is the course code.
• The lecture is about organic chemistry, and this is lecture 1.

LOBs Covered:

• The main goals are to identify functional groups and categorize organic compounds into families.
• Naming the first ten straight-chain alkanes, identifying common alkyl groups by name and structure, and converting Lewis structures to skeletal form, and vice versa, are also important.

Families of Organic Compounds:

• There are 50 million known organic compounds.
• Organic compounds are organized into families based on common structural features to avoid chemical chaos.
• Chemical properties are determined by specific structural features.
• Functional groups are specific structural features shared by organic compounds ensuring similar chemical properties despite structural differences.

Example - Alcohols:

• Ethanol and cholesterol share similar behavior, due to the presence of an -OH Hydroxyl group.

Selected Functional Groups:

• Carbon-Carbon Double or Triple Bonds: Alkenes, Alkynes and Arenes (aromatic Alkenes).
• Carbon – single bond – electronegative atom: Alkyl halides.
• Carbon - single bond – hydroxyl group: Alcohols.
• OH is the Hydroxyl group

Ethers

• Carbon - single bond – electronegative atom (0)
• Examples inclue Diethyl ether, ethyl ether, ether, Methyl phenyl ether, anisole, 3-methoxyhexane, and Tetrahydrofuran

Phosphates

• Carbon - single bond - electronegative atom (phosphate group)
• A phosphate is present in the hydrophilic head

Amines

• Carbon - single bond – electronegative atom (N)
• Includes Ammonia, A 1º amine, A 2º amine and A 3º amine

Selected Functional Groups & Carbon single bonds

• Carbon - single bond – electronegative atom (S): Thiols, Sulfides and Disulfides
• Carbon-oxygen double bonded (Carbonyl group): Aldehyde, Ketone, Carboxylic acid Ester and Amide

Organic Nomenclature

• Alkanes form nomenclature basis
• Naming alkanes uses naming prefix + -ane

Alkanes

• Alkane family names form the basis of all organic nomenclature.
• Alkanes are fully saturated with hydrogen atoms and involve only single covalent bonds.
• General Chemical Formula = CnH2n+2

Alkane Nomenclature

• Methane: CH4
• Ethane: C2H6
• Propane: C3H8
• Butane: C4H10
• Pentane: C5H12
• Hexane: C6H14
• Heptane: C7H16
• Octane: C8H18
• Nonane: C9H20
• Decane: C10H22

Alkane Structures

• Alkanes can be represented through Lewis or Kekulé, condensed, or skeletal structures.

Branches on Alkanes

• Many alkanes have branches off the main chain

Branched Alkane Nomenclature Steps

• Step 1: find the longest continuous C chain in the molecule, this is the core of the naming
• Step 2: number the Cs on the longest chain
• Step 3: the branches should be on the lowest possible number

Branched Alkanes - Alkyl Groups

• Alkyl groups are alkanes missing a hydrogen.

Alkyl Group Examples:

• Methyl group: CH3-
• Ethyl group: CH3-CH2-
• Propyl group (or "n-propyl" group): CH3-CH2-CH2-
• Isopropyl group: CH3-CH- where the last carbon is connected to a methyl group above and below
• Butyl group (or "n-butyl group"): CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-
• Isobutyl group: CH3-CH-CH2- where the first carbon is connected to a methyl group above
• sec-butyl group: CH3-CH2-CH- where the last carbon is connected to a methyl group above
• tert-butyl group (or "t-butyl group"): CH3-C where the last carbon is connected to a methyl group above and below