MDC 3 Exam 1 Review PDF

1. Contraception ​ Key Points: Educate on methods including: ○​ Hormonal: Oral contraceptives (combined or progestin-only), patches, vaginal rings, injections (e.g., Depo-Provera), and implants (e.g., Nexplanon). ○​ Barrier: Male and female condoms, diaphragms,...

1. Contraception ​ Key Points: Educate on methods including: ○​ Hormonal: Oral contraceptives (combined or progestin-only), patches, vaginal rings, injections (e.g., Depo-Provera), and implants (e.g., Nexplanon). ○​ Barrier: Male and female condoms, diaphragms, cervical caps, and sponges. ○​ Intrauterine Devices (IUDs): Hormonal (e.g., Mirena, Kyleena) and non-hormonal (e.g., copper IUD like Paragard). ○​ Permanent: Sterilization methods such as tubal ligation (for females) and vasectomy (for males). ○​ Emergency Contraception: Plan B (levonorgestrel) and Ella (ulipristal acetate). ​ Diagnostic Testing: Pregnancy tests prior to initiating certain contraceptives. ​ Treatment/Education: Emphasize compliance with oral contraceptives and dual protection (condoms) for STI prevention. ​ Signs and Symptoms: Monitor for side effects like thromboembolism (hormonal methods). 2. Erectile Dysfunction (ED) and Medications ​ Types of ED causes: ○​ Vascular: Atherosclerosis, hypertension, and peripheral artery disease. ○​ Neurological: Diabetes, spinal injuries, and multiple sclerosis. ○​ Psychological: Stress, anxiety, depression, and relationship problems. ○​ Medications: Side effects of antihypertensives, antidepressants, or recreational drugs. ​ Diagnostic Testing: Testosterone levels, Doppler ultrasound, nocturnal penile tumescence testing, and psychological assessment. ​ Treatment: ○​ Pharmacologic: PDE5 inhibitors like sildenafil (Viagra), tadalafil (Cialis), and vardenafil (Levitra). ○​ Non-Pharmacologic: Counseling, lifestyle changes (e.g., weight loss, smoking cessation), and vacuum erection devices. ○​ Surgical: Penile implants or vascular reconstruction for refractory cases. ​ Signs and Symptoms: Persistent inability to maintain an erection, decreased libido. 3. Common Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) Bacterial: Chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis. Viral: HPV, HSV, HIV, and hepatitis B/C. Parasitic: Trichomoniasis, pubic lice. Fungal: Candidiasis (not always sexually transmitted). Signs and Symptoms: Vaginal or penile discharge, genital sores, pelvic pain, pruritus, and systemic symptoms (e.g., fever). Diagnostic Testing: ○​ PCR Tests: Detects Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, HSV, HPV, and other STIs. Normal: Negative. ○​ Cultures: Identifies Gonorrhea, Chlamydia, or other bacterial STIs. Normal: No growth or normal flora. ○​ RPR (Rapid Plasma Reagin): Screens for Syphilis. Normal: Non-reactive. ○​ ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay): Detects HIV antibodies/antigens. Normal: Negative. ○​ Wet Mount: Diagnosis for Trichomoniasis. May also indicate Bacterial Vaginosis (BV) or Yeast infections. Normal: No trichomonads observed. Treatment: ​ Bacterial: Antibiotics (Azithromycin for chlamydia, Ceftriaxone for gonorrhea). ​ Viral: Antivirals (Acyclovir for HSV, ART for HIV). ​ Parasitic: Metronidazole for trichomoniasis, permethrin for lice. 4. Infertility Causes and Care ​ Types of infertility: ○​ Female Causes: Ovulatory dysfunction (e.g., PCOS), tubal factors (e.g., scarring from PID), uterine abnormalities, and endometriosis. ○​ Male Causes: Low sperm count, motility issues, testicular abnormalities, and varicocele. Diagnostic Testing: ○​ Semen Analysis: Male fertility evaluation. Normal Values: Volume: 1.5-5 mL, Count: ≥15 million/mL, Motility: ≥40%, Morphology: ≥4% normal forms. ○​ Ovulation Tracking: Detect ovulation. Normal Values: Positive ○​ LH surge, Progesterone: >5 ng/mL (mid-luteal phase). ○​ Hysterosalpingography (HSG): Assess uterine and tube patency. Normal Findings: Patent tubes, normal uterine cavity. ○​ Transvaginal Ultrasound: Monitor follicles, endometrium, and abnormalities. Normal Values: Follicle size: 18-24 mm, Endometrial thickness: 7-14 mm.  ○​ Hormone Panels: Evaluate ovarian reserve and hormonal balance. Normal Values: FSH: 3-10 mIU/mL, LH: