Matter and Its Properties PDF

________ _______ ___________. Around 400 B.C.E., a Greek philosopher named Democritus introduced the idea that everything is made of tiny indivisible objects called “atomos”. According to Democritus, we can continuously divide a stone into two,...

________ _______ ___________. Around 400 B.C.E., a Greek philosopher named Democritus introduced the idea that everything is made of tiny indivisible objects called “atomos”. According to Democritus, we can continuously divide a stone into two, until at some point we end up with a piece too small to divide further. Matter can be classified according to: ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ Matter has 4 fundamental states or “phases” Have their Has no No definite Ionized gas own definite definite shape & Is so hot that the electrons are ripped shape & shape but volume away from the atom. volume. has volume. It is possible to transform matter from one phase into another. It is possible to transform matter from one phase into another. Matter can also be categorized according to the following scheme: A type of matter which A type of matter has a fixed composition which consists of two (it is only made of one or more substances kind of particle). combined physically. A substance that cannot be broken down Aka Solutions, is a mixture which has to a simpler substance uniform composition and appearance using chemical means. (components cannot be told apart). Composed of two or more elements A mixture where individual chemically combined in fixed ratios. components can be observed or (ex. CO2, O2, C12H22O11) whose composition is nonuniform. A substance that cannot be broken down to a simpler substance using chemical means. Composed of two or more elements chemically combined in fixed ratios. (ex. CO2, O2, C12H22O11) ___________________ ___________________ A characteristic matter that can A characteristic of matter that be observed or measured without can only be observed when it changing its identity. undergoes a chemical change. Density Melting Point Flammability Color Hardness Capability to form rust Temperature Mass Reactivity Length/ Size Volume Acidity Boiling point Basicity Freezing Point Enthalpy of Combustion  A type of change where the A type of change where the physical properties of matter chemical properties of matter changes. changes, Some of a substance’s properties The identity/composition of change but not its identity. substance changes. Ex. Ex. Melting of Ice Digestion Boiling of water Rusting Shredding wood Combustion To better understand the difference between physical and chemical change, let us consider the water molecule. When water freezes, its molecules are arranged in a fixed (crystalline) position. When water melts, its molecules become mobile, but the structure of water (H2O) remain the same. When liquid water is further heated, it enters the gaseous state. Nevertheless, water’s structure is the same as before (still H2O). This process is a physical change because our substance (H2O) has retained its structure. However, when an electric current is passed through water (electrolysis)… The water molecules come apart and form new substances: hydrogen gas (H2), and oxygen gas, (O2) This process is a chemical change because water (containing H2O molecules) has changed into different substances: hydrogen gas (H2) and oxygen gas (O2). However, it is impossible for us to see these changes in a microscopic level. Fortunately, there are signs that we can watch out for to determine whether a chemical change has indeed occurred. Chemical change is often accompanied by the following signs: Color Change Formation of Precipitate Formation of Gas Odor Change Evolution of heat Production of light Property of matter that DOES Property of matter that NOT DEPEND on the amount of DEPENDS ON the amount of matter present. matter present. Temperature Mass Density Volume Hardness Length Color Internal energy Concentration Enthalpy Viscosity Entropy Coconut palm or Cocos nucifera, is a large tree of the family Arecaceae cultivated in tropical areas for its edible fruit. Coconut trees are very abundant in the Philippines. Around 3.6 million hectares of land are planted with coconuts, which totals to approximately 347 million coconut trees (the coconut company, 2021). With its abundance, wide varieties of products are made using various parts of the tree, As its name suggests, coconut oil is oil derived from the meat, and milk of the coconut tree fruit. Coconut oil is commonly used as food oil and ingredients for cosmetic products (ie. Cleansers, moisturizers, etc.). Did you know that you can extract coconut oil right within your home? First, you place the coconut meat on a food processor, crank it on, and after a few minutes, you end up with a smooth and silky coconut cream. Afterwards, you leave the coconut cream to ferment for a few days in a covered container. After 1-2 days of waiting time, the components of the cream (oil, curds, & water) would have separated, resulting in a heterogenous mixture of said components. Since we’re only interested with the oil, how can we separate the oil from the rest of the mixture? The methods that you’ve suggested are what we refer to as separation processes: methods which convert a mixture or a solution of chemical substances into two or more distinct mixtures. The end goal is to raise the purity of one (or both) components in a mixture. Separates dissolved solid components from a liquid component in a homogenous mixture. Heat is applied to the mixture to evaporate the liquid, leaving the solids behind. Evaporation is commonly used in salt production. Sea salt is made by placing seawater into mad-made saltwater pools. The saltwater will eventually be evaporated by the sun, leaving behind sea salt crystals. Separates components of a mixture on the basis of particle size. Involves the use of a mesh or a semi- permeable membrane. Separates components of a mixture of two or more liquids on the basis of boiling point. The liquid component with the lower boiling vaporizes first, which passes through a tube where it condenses and flows into a separate container. Distillation is used in separating crude oil into its component hydrocarbons. Pumpjacks are used to pump oil Crude oil appears in the form of out of the ground thick tar-like substance Distillation columns Used when separating mixtures consisting of colored substances such as dyes and inks. The mixture is dissolved in a solvent (usually water or alcohol), and the components separate out when they travel up a paper.