Marijuana (Cannabis) Lecture Notes PDF

Faculty of Pharmacy 1 12/14/2024 Marijuana(Cannabis)  3 Marijuana (Cannabis)  Cannabis, which some people call marijuana, refers to the dried leav...

Faculty of Pharmacy 1 12/14/2024 Marijuana(Cannabis)  3 Marijuana (Cannabis)  Cannabis, which some people call marijuana, refers to the dried leaves, flowers, stems, and seeds of the Cannabis sativa L plant. The plant contains at least 125 different cannabinoids, including delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). the major psychoactive ingredient  It has intoxicating effects, meaning it can temporarily alter a person’s mood, thoughts, and perceptions. Cannabis in the  Hashish is the resin exuded by the leaves to protect them from the sun’s drying phase rays. Faculty of Pharmacy 12/14/2024  4 What is the difference between cannabis, weed, hemp and hash?  Cannabis, or hemp, is the name of the plant. Weed, marijuana and hash (hashish) refer to various products that are made from the plant. These terms are often used interchangeably. The Opium Act uses the terms ‘hemp’ and ‘cannabis’.  Weed/marijuana Weed, or marijuana, is made from the dried buds and leaves of the cannabis plant. THC(25-30%)  Hash/hashish Hashish (often shortened to ‘hash’) is made from the resin of the buds of the cannabis plant, which is then compressed into a sticky brown substance. THC(20-60%) More stronger than Marijuana Faculty of Pharmacy 12/14/2024  5 Faculty of Pharmacy 12/14/2024  Trichomes compressed to Hashish 6 Trichomes (Hair like structure) Faculty of Pharmacy 12/14/2024 Mary Jane Blaze Dank Marijuana Kief 420 Doobie Bud Sinsemilla Brocc oli Haze Cannabis ? Pot Blunt Hashish Weed Reefer Mota Ganja Kush  Marijuana contains ~100 8 cannabinoids plus other chemicals in varying concentrations Faculty of Pharmacy 12/14/2024 The Science THC Tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta-8 THC) CBD cannabidiol  10 Components  The Cannabis sativa L plant also contains non-intoxicating cannabinoid compounds like cannabidiol (CBD).  CBD products are marketed for a variety of uses. Cannabis sativa L plants containing very small, non-intoxicating amounts of delta-9 THC, which are also called hemp, are mainly used for textile fiber and for their edible seed oils. Faculty of Pharmacy 12/14/2024  11 What is CBD?  Cannabidiol (CBD) is a compound found in the cannabis plant. CBD is marketed as an ingredient in many consumer products, including supplements, foods, oils, and lotions. CBD is not intoxicating like THC. However, it may have side effects including drowsiness, decreased appetite, vomiting and diarrhea. Faculty of Pharmacy 12/14/2024  12 What is Delta-8 THC  Delta-8 THC is intoxicating cannabinoid found in the cannabis plant. Delta-8 THC products have not been FDA-approved for safe use. Eating large amounts of products containing delta-8-THC has led to medical emergencies, including breathing problems Faculty of Pharmacy 12/14/2024  13  Marinol® is a Schedule III controlled substance that has the active chemical CBD* and comes in pill form. Marinol is obtained through a prescription.. *Cannabidiol – The second main ingredient in cannabis used widely for medical purposes.  To treat loss of appetite that causes weight loss in people with AIDS. Marinol is also used to treat severe nausea and vomiting caused by cancer chemotherapy Faculty of Pharmacy 12/14/2024  14 How it taken Smoking Vaporization Oral (oils/capsules, Edible, Tinctures and losengez) Topical and Suppositories for medication Use Faculty of Pharmacy 12/14/2024  15  New Trends -Vaporizers Teens have discovered the “G-Pen” which is used for medical marijuana. Gives the appearance of a pen or electronic cigarette. Does not produce smoke or any odor. Faculty of Pharmacy 12/14/2024  16 Marijuana, the Brain, and Impairment  THC affects the (cannabinoid receptors) parts of the brain that influence pleasure, memory, thinking, sensory, time perception, coordinated movement and concentration.  A “high” is produced when these parts of the brain are overstimulated.  The effects of being high creates: Memory problems Problems with processing information Poor sensory & time perception Poor concentration & coordination Faculty of Pharmacy 12/14/2024  17 Marijuana, the Brain, and Impairment  Lasting impairment after use can result in difficulty with: Complex tasks Learning new skills Alertness and attention Ability to recall information Decision making Faculty of Pharmacy 12/14/2024  18 THC M.O.A  There are two known cannabinoid receptors, (CB1, CB2)  CB1 is distributed throughout neuron system.  CB2 is found in the immune system.  THC is an agonist of CB1 receptor  CB1 receptor in the hippocampus and cortex may be involved in perceptual and cognitive effect  CB1 receptor in basal Ganglia and cerebellum may be involved in sedation and effects on movement.  CB1 receptors in the spinal cord and brainstem may be involved in analgesic effect. Faculty of Pharmacy 12/14/2024  19 CBD M.O.A  CBD has negative allosteric modulator at CB1 receptor prevent THC from binding to it. Faculty of Pharmacy 12/14/2024  20 What are Synthetic cannabinoids?  Synthetic cannabinoids, which are lab-made substances that are chemically similar to compounds found in the cannabis plant, can produce serious negative health effects.10 These products, which are also known as Spice or K2, may have a much higher concentration of THC and can be much more powerful. Use of synthetic cannabinoids is associated with severe, potentially life-threatening health effects. Faculty of Pharmacy 12/14/2024  21 What are the short term effect ?  Intoxication: Many people use cannabis to feel intoxicated or “high”.17 Cannabis can make people feel more happy or relaxed. Cannabis can cause altered time perception, and impaired thinking, memory, and body movement. It can also make people feel more irritable or restless.  Anxiety, Fear, Distrust, Panic, or Hallucinations: These effects are more common when a person takes a large amount, the cannabis product is strong (has a high level of THC), or the person has little experience with using cannabis.  Physical Side Effects: increased appetite, Research shows that cannabis use may help manage symptoms of nausea or vomiting, common side effects of chemotherapy. However, other side effects may include an elevated heart rate and respiratory problems. Faculty of Pharmacy 12/14/2024  Short-Term Effects Memory loss Red eyes Dry mouth Skin sensation Increased appetite Pleasure/bliss Paranoia Impaired motor Altered perception coordination Muscle relaxation Increased Heart Rate Delayed response  23 What are the long term health risk  Harms to Lung Health : Long-term cannabis smoking is associated with respiratory issues such as large airway inflammation, increased airway resistance, lung hyperinflation, and chronic bronchitis  Cardiovascular Effects: increased risk of stroke, heart attack, and arrythmias but need more research to determine the exact factor.  Gastrointestinal Problems: These include cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS), which is when a person has nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain after long-term, heavy cannabis use. Other potential gastrointestinal issues include acid reflux, pancreatitis, and peptic ulcer disease.  Increased Cancer Risk: increased likelihood of developing head, neck, or throat cancer. Faculty of Pharmacy 12/14/2024  24 Which drugs cause similar effects?  Hashish and hashish oil are drugs made from the cannabis plant that are like marijuana, only stronger. Hashish (hash) consists of the THC-rich resinous material of the cannabis plant, which is collected, dried, and then compressed into a variety of forms, such as balls, cakes, or cookie like sheets. Pieces are then broken off, placed in pipes or mixed with tobacco and placed in pipes or cigarettes, and smoked.  The main sources of hashish are the Middle East, North Africa, Pakistan, and Afghanistan. Faculty of Pharmacy 12/14/2024  25  Hashish’ (or ‘hash’) is the pure resin separated and collected from the flowering tops of the cannabis plant.  Hashish oil (hash oil, liquid hash, cannabis oil) is produced by extracting the cannabinoids from the plant material with a solvent. The color and odor of the extract will vary, depending on the solvent used. A drop or two of this liquid on a cigarette is equal to a single marijuana joint. Like marijuana, hashish and hashish oil are both Schedule I drugs. Faculty of Pharmacy 12/14/2024