Final Exam - Historical Study of Human Sexuality - School of Nursing SN 1015 PDF

3/3/24 Final Exam April 16 (Tuesday) 9 am – 12 noon School of Nursing SN 1015 1 Historical Study of Human Sexuality 2 1 3/3/24 Overview Greek Influence Judaism Christianity Islam Native American Traditional Chinese (Confucianism & Daoism) Buddhism Hinduism 3 Review of Abrahamic Religions St. Paul: S...

3/3/24 Final Exam April 16 (Tuesday) 9 am – 12 noon School of Nursing SN 1015 1 Historical Study of Human Sexuality 2 1 3/3/24 Overview Greek Influence Judaism Christianity Islam Native American Traditional Chinese (Confucianism & Daoism) Buddhism Hinduism 3 Review of Abrahamic Religions St. Paul: Sex isn’t bad but removes focus from God 4 2 3/3/24 Review of Abrahamic Religions Gnostics Closer to Greeks (Plato) All matter is impure (e.g., anything with the flesh) We are born good/evil Manachians St. Augustine Evil comes from the body and our weakness/desires lead us astray Strive to abstain from sex … because it is good, proper and moral Sex is for procreation Women cursed with Original sin Women are subservient 5 Review of Abrahamic Religions Thomas Aquinas Sex wasn’t bad as long as it led to children and was not an ‘act against nature’ Martin Luther & Wife Reformation Value on family life Removed celibacy from priesthood 6 3 3/3/24 Hinduism (circa 2,500 BCE) Principle Four major goals Sensory gratification Material well-being Religious behaviour Rebirth/Salvation Pleasure desirable 7 Hinduism (circa 2,500 BCE) Sexuality in General sex a religious obligation Erotic picture books instruct on techniques Specifics of Sexuality Love is important and couples truly in love have more pleasure 8 4 3/3/24 Kama Sutra A guide to the art of living well the nature of love, finding a life partner, maintaining one's love life, and other aspects pertaining to pleasureoriented faculties of human life 9 Buddhism (circa 560 BCE) Principle Buddhahood is pursued through enlightenment and release from worldly concerns Sexuality in General Rejecting sensual worldly pleasures promotes spiritual enlightenment Specifics of Sexuality avoid extreme indulgence of sexual behaviour 10 5 3/3/24 Buddhism Tantric Buddhism passion can be exhausted by passion E.g., sexual desire can be overcome while engaging in intercourse 11 The Psychological Effects of Religion Sexual Partners Catholics < Protestants Catholics = Fundamentalist Protestants No difference between Jews and Christians Non-Religious individuals report more sexual experience and more frequent masturbation than Protestants, Catholics and Jews. 12 6 3/3/24 The Psychological Effects of Religion Religious adolescents are less likely to engage in risky sexual behaviour (Rostosky et al. 2004) Early sexual debut is associated with higher # of sexual partners, increased risk for STDs and unplanned pregnancy (Niccolai et al. 2004) 13 The Psychological Effects of Religion 1.Intrinsic Religiosity (Allport, 1950) commitment, how infused is religion into your daily life Associated with (Rowatt & Schmidtt, 2003): less willingness to engage in casual sex fewer desired sexual partners decreased likelihood of engaging in a sexual relationship in the past year 14 7 3/3/24 The Psychological Effects of Religion 2.Spirituality (Hymen & Handal, 2006) internalized, subjective experience of belief in a superordinate being Positively correlated with: general level of comfort with the body, intimacy and sexual expression Increased sexual activity and higher frequency of varied sexual experiences 15 The Psychological Effects of Religion 3.Fundamentalism rigid belief in an absolute religious authority more conservative attitudes toward homosexuality and gender roles Virtually no differences though amongst other religions regarding sexual behaviours 16 8 3/3/24 The Psychological Effects of Religion 4.Paranormal Beliefs (Bainbridge, 2004) belief in the fantastic and improbable adherents to traditional religions more likely to endorse these views women more likely than men to endorse these beliefs associated with greater motivation to seek out short-term sexual experiences 17 Contraception 18 9 3/3/24 Birth Control Ancient Barrier Method: Pessary (inserted into vagina) Acacia tree Lemon wedges Honey Olive oil peppermint oil sea sponges plugs soaked in brandy 19 Birth Control 1800s: Birth Control and Abortion not Illegal 1892: Canada passed a Law 1914: Influenced by Margaret Sanger Canadians launched a Birth Control League 1932: Canada established first birth control clinic 1960: Toronto pharmacist jailed for selling condoms Begun in 1967 it was legalized in 1969 20 10 3/3/24 Oral Contraceptives Over 50 years on the market 82% of adult women have used pill at one time ~100 million women worldwide use OCs (Hather et al, 2007) 21 Sex Hormones: Females 22 11 3/3/24 Pathways to Preventing Pregnancy Increase estrogen to reduce FSH Increase Progesterone 23 Normal LH FSH Pill User Progestin only Progesterone Estrogen 24 12 3/3/24 The Pill How it works *Traditionally, pills are on a 28 day cycle with 7 ‘dummy pills’ Combination pill: estrogen and progestin By artificially increasing estrogen it tells the body not to start the process of stimulating the pituitary to stimulate FSH. Consequently, it decreases FSH so ovulation is blocked 25 The Pill How it works Oral contraceptives prevent GnRH secretion from the hypothalamus blocking a signal to the pituitary gland to produce FSH (which stimulates ovaries to grow egg follicles) and LH (triggers ovulation) 26 13 3/3/24 The Pill How it works Progestin Only Pills High Progestin keeps cervical mucus very thick making sperm passage difficult and changes uterus lining 27 The Pill (Oral Contraceptives) Advantages 100% effective* reduced menstrual flow, cramping Clears up acne Protective effect against PID (pelvic inflammatory disease) and ovarian and endometrial cancer 28 14 3/3/24 The Pill (Oral Contraceptives) Side Effects Circulatory system Increased Vaginal Discharge Psychological effects (progesterone related) Depression (20% report this) Sexual Desire 29 The Pill (Oral Contraceptives) Drug Interactions Approx. 30 drugs that interact with the pill Antibiotics reduces effectiveness May increase metabolism of some drugs, (antianxiety drugs, corticosteroids and some asthma drugs) making them more potent 30 15 3/3/24 The Pill (Oral Contraceptives) Different Combination Pills 1/3rd amount of estrogen (Ortho) Low estrogen, low progestin (Yasmin) Triphasic Pill (Triphasil) Progestin-Only Pill Works by changing cervical mucus inhibiting sperm passage 31 Emergency Contraceptives Plan B contains levonorgestrel (a progestin) Taken between 12hrs - 5 days (max) Action is to prevent pregnancy not cause abortion Highly effective (75 – 89%) Does it encourage irresponsibility? 32 16 3/3/24 Psychological Aspects of Oral Contraceptives Attractiveness Preferences Cognitive Changes Mood Jealousy 33 Attractiveness Preferences masculine faces related to high testosterone and an indicator of genetic quality Normally cycling women preferred less masculine faces in the long-term context 34 17 3/3/24 Does the Pill change how women watch porn? 35 Attractiveness Ratings No Pill females spent more time looking at the genitals in the photo Pill users focused on contextual details such as clothing and background 36 18 3/3/24 Cognitive Changes: Estrogen Increased Estrogen (typical of the follicular phase) associated with recognition of emotions (in particular: disgust) (Kamboj et al., 2015). Sexually dimorphic cognitive tasks that favour women are performed best during periods of high estrogen levels and vice-versa (Sanders, 2002). 37 Cognitive Changes: Estrogen More recognition errors in follicular phase than luteal phase (when progestins dominate) Perhaps estrogen is inhibitory while progesterone increases neural response … especially in the presence of negative emotions. Evidence: injecting progesterone increases amygdala responsiveness to displays of anger and fear 38 19 3/3/24 Cognitive Changes: Progesterone Increased progesterone: Observed when an organism prepares for pregnancy (Conway, et al., 2007) Associated with improved recognition of fear and disgust faces and response bias for angry expressions. Linked to greater sensitivity (hypervigilence) to threatening and contagious faces. 39 Cognitive Changes: Progesterone OC users make more errors in recognizing facial expressions: sadness anger disgust 40 20 3/3/24 Why are Pill Users Different? 83% of OC users take a pill containing progestins made from a male hormone very close to testosterone Androgenic progestins lead to developing male characteristics Pills having a ‘masculinizing’ effect lower verbal fluency better spatial awareness not good at recognizing emotions 41 Why are Pill Users Different? Newer Pill Users (those with anti-androgenic progestins) had two areas of the brain engorged (the longer they were on the pill the more engorged they were): Fusiform face area: processes facial Pills having a information (cartoons - friends) ‘feminizing’ Parahippocampal place area: helps in effect recognizing places (e.g., cityscapes) 42 21 3/3/24 Fewer errors recognition but only antiandrogenic progestins As Grey Matter volume increases facial recognition improves 43 Mood Changes Inconsistent findings (Oinonen & Mazmanian, 2002) Depression one of the most common reasons for discontinuing OCs decreased depression (Deijen et al., 1992) may even prevent against depression (Toffol et al., 2002) no differences (Vessay et al., 1985) 44 22 3/3/24 Mood Changes Reduced variability of Affect across entire menstrual cycle Due to suppressed cyclical changes in ovarian hormones (Kornstein & Clayton, 2002) May prevent negative affect during menstruation (Oinonen & Mazmanian, 2002) OC users show blunted response in positive affect when exposed to emotional stimuli (Jarva & Oinonen, 2007) 45 Jealousy Jealousy is adaptive in that it monitors for potential threats to her monopolization of paternal resources 46 23 3/3/24 Jealousy Single OC users scored inbetween fertile/non-fertile women on jealousy Partnered women using OCs reported higher jealousy than naturally cycling women 47 Art, Media & Pornography 48 24 3/3/24 Rhesus Macaque Pay-Per View: Adaptive Valuation Why are many humans drawn to gossip magazines, reality tv, and keeping tabs on sexy, powerful people? Deaner, Khera and Platt (2005) study on Rhesus Macaques may offer a clue. 49 Rhesus Macaque Pay-Per View: Adaptive Valuation 50 25 3/3/24 Rhesus Macaque Pay-Per View: Adaptive Valuation Monkeys would take a juice cut to look at powerful males' faces or the perineum of a female To persuade the monkeys to stare at subordinate males, the researchers had to bribe them with larger drinks. 51 Rhesus Macaque Pay-Per View: Adaptive Valuation Urge to keep tabs on sexy, powerful people may stem from our evolved past where it benefitted us to keep an eye on those that could influence our lives/ Animal studies might help us understand how/why we value certain social interactions and understand those who don’t naturally do this 52 26 3/3/24 Historical Foundations of Erotic Art Fertility symbols with magical and religious significance Penis-shaped monuments and adornments in ancient cultures Ward off evil spirits Improve harvest of crops 53 35,000 B.C.E 54 27 3/3/24 Ancient art Pre-historic representations reflected fertility symbols or religious symbolism 55 Testing Limits of moral values / tolerance Pre-columbian pottery from Mexico The artistic intent was to test amuse 56 28 3/3/24 incidental sexual content Male athletes in Greek olympics were often in the nude Nudity as Decorative representations common in Rome, Greece 57 Humorous or homoerotic themes represented symbolically 58 29 3/3/24 ~79 A.D. Naples Symbols of Luck or Success 59 Phallus as symbol of Fertility Kanamara Matsuri … annual Japanese fertility festival 60 30 3/3/24 Phallus as symbol of Fertility Kanamara Matsuri … annual Japanese fertility festival 61 Japan: 1600-1800 A.D. Art as Education Japanese erotic art had an educational function Tradition of bride scrolls and position pictures (called shunga) 62 31 3/3/24 Renaissance 1400-1500s Abrahamic religions (Judaism, Christians, Islam) held negative views of sexuality and pleasure outside of marriage Renaissance art often portrayed nudity in a nonsexual manner circa 1508 63 Catholic Church: Council of Trent 1550-1560s Protestant reformation encouraged restraint, less opulent expression Catholic church banned nude portrayals of the body in art leading to centuries of successive papal suppression 64 32 3/3/24 History of Erotica 16th century saw the emergence of commercially explicit material 65 Birth of Western Pornography Pietro Aretino 1527 publication of I Modi (The Ways) 66 33 3/3/24 History of Erotica 18th century considered nudity acceptable though genitalia were hidden Embedded sexual media versus obscenity 67 Nudity Today Ron Mueck, Wild Man (2005) 68 34 3/3/24 Sexually Explicit Material (SEM) Despite 54- 58% of Canadians stating SEM is morally wrong … SEM industry generates 55 Billion in revenue annually Magazines Soft core – e.g. Playboy and Penthouse Hard core – e.g. Hustler Films, videos, DVDs Live sex shows Telephone sex Electronic porn 69 Types of Pornography Porn Industry alone has net worth of $97 billion Porn sites get more visitor each month than Netflix, Amazon, and Twitter combined 70 35 3/3/24 Who is the typical porn user? How often do they access it? 71 Why are people accessing porn? 72 36 3/3/24 Personality & Porn Does gender play a role in how much pornography is accessed? 73 Personality & Porn Men are generally more responsive to the sex of the actor and prefer scenes where the actors can be objectified (i.e., people are objects, with no regard for psychosocial circumstances or other aspects that would evoke familiarity) 74 37 3/3/24 Self-Perceived Effects 70 - 90% of both men and women experience measurable physiological arousal in response to sexual material Consistently, men react with more positive emotions and women with more negative emotions 75 Self-Perceived Effects Gillath et al. (2007) subliminally flashed nude pictures Both men and women subsequently accessed sex-related thoughts more readily Women experienced more aversive reactions afterward to material 76 38 3/3/24 Self-Perceived Effects Sheen et al. (2009) found that women’s perspective played major role Suggestion: allow yourself to become more absorbed in the film and imagine that you are in it Women afterward reacted more positively and reported greater sexual arousal 77 Personality & Porn Are people who demonstrate more antisocial personality characteristics more likely to access online pornography and be aroused? 78 39 3/3/24 Personality & Porn Both men and women with antisocial PD characteristics consistently accessed porn more frequently and were more aroused than non-PD group 79 Feminist Objections to Pornography Objections are: hard-core porn shows sex mixed with violence and humiliation Objectifies woman Glamorizes the unequal power relationships depicted in the films (unlike erotica) The sex industry perpetuates traditional gender roles which dehumanizes women 80 40 3/3/24 Effects of Consuming SEM: adults Some say it is negative … Manning (2006) Internet SEM: distorts perceptions of sexuality devalues marriage and monogamy increases aggression decreases sexual satisfaction 81 Effects of Consuming SEM: adults Diamond (2009) notes no empirical studies have statistically demonstrated consumption of SEM causes social or moral harm to women 82 41 3/3/24 Effects of Consuming SEM: adults Perhaps not SEM itself but individuals’ interpretation Individuals predisposed toward sexual assault are most likely to show a negative effect from watching porn (Seto et al., 2001) 83 Effects of Consuming SEM: adults Erotica seems to have positive impact: Higher users of erotica correlated with less sexist attitudes SEM is valued by college women as a safe venue for exploring sexuality (Goodson et al,. 2001) Women who viewed erotica had improved mood; whereas if they watch porn they maintained a negative mood (Senn & Desmarais, 2004) 84 42 3/3/24 Effects of Consuming SEM: Children Developmentally appropriate ~14yrs (Ybarra & Michell, 2005) Data from 1501 (aged 10-17) 87% reported SEM online/magazine 14+ 85 Effects of Consuming SEM: Children Children exposed before mentally/emotionally ready may experience troubling consequences (Ybarra et al., 2011): 10-15yr followed longitudinally intentional use of violent/aggressive porn sixfold increase in odds of selfreported sexually aggressive behaviour 86 43 3/3/24 Effects of Consuming SEM: Children SEM may affect young boys differently than girls (Peter & Valkenburg, 2006) Male adolescents had more recreational attitudes toward sex Males perceived SEM as more realistic SEM exposure may contribute to earlier sexual debut (Kraus & Russell, 2008) 87 The Effects of Violent Pornography In laboratory conditions men exposed to violent porn and provocation (such as insults by women) showed more aggression toward women —> *This was in 1995 … more recently.. Men who are already predisposed toward sexual aggression against women are more likely to be affected (Flanders & Hatfield, 2012)* Researchers found that women who are exposed to violent pornography have reported negative effects 88 44 3/3/24 Effects on Attitudes Does watching too much porn change your attitude toward sex? Some say no (Ciclitira, 2004) Information Processing Central route: careful thoughtful processing Peripheral route: more automatic and involves minimal effort 89 Does Pornography Harm Relationships? Dane back et al. (2009) heightened male erectile functioning 3% females/ 5% males said they used porn to enhance relationship Morgen (2011) - explicit material views linked to less relationship satisfaction Unpublished data University of Sydney (2012) 20% of porn users preferred porn to sex 30% experienced work related problems 90 45 3/3/24 Psychological Profile of Porn Stars People believe porn stars come from dysfunctional families and abuse drugs (likely addicts) (Evans-DeCicco & Cowan, 2001) Griffith, Mitchell et al., 2013 117 women who appeared in porn matched to women not in adult film 91 Griffith, et al. 2013 Porn Actress M (SD) Matched sample Age of first sexual intercourse # of sex partners (lifetime) Concern about getting an STI 15 17 75 (159) 5 (5) 8 5 Sexual Satisfaction 14 13.5 Positive Emotions 15 14 Body Image 13 13 92 46 3/3/24 Sex for Sale: The Sexual Marketplace 93 Commercial Sex Work According to Eleanor MatickaTyndale: any occupation that provides a ‘service that satisfies a sexual fantasy’ should be defined as commercial sex work Sex workers: prostitutes pornographic models and actors escorts phone-sex operators 94 47 3/3/24 Male interest in Strip Clubs (Frank, 2003) Male reasons for regular attendance escape from work and home relative degree of safety and excitement personal and sexual acceptance sexual encounter without pressure of sexual performance 95 Strippers/Dancers Dancers may be exploited (Chapkis, 2000) violations of personal boundaries (uninvited touching, kissing, etc...) insults rejection accumulated experiences can “deflate one’s self-esteem and result in job burnout” (p. 216) 96 48 3/3/24 Strippers/Dancers Many dancers find the work exciting, validating, and lucrative( Frank, 2002) daily compliments, tips, gifts from customers, genuine fondness for regulars Maximum economic exploitation (Deshotels & Forsyth, 2006) sense of satisfaction and power over men manipulating men’s fantasies in pursuit of money (i.e. strategic flirting) 97 Sex Tourism Purpose of travel is to procure sex Factors linked to growth of sex tourism Estimates say it is a $20 billion dollar industry The tourists – have the money to purchase sexual services with exotic and often very young sex workers from different ethnic background 98 49 3/3/24 prostitution *women who go abroad 99 Sex Tourism: Females “Beach boys” or “Sanky Panky” boys are often younger (17 - 25yrs old) dark complexion and in good shape targeting of older, wealthier women focus on ‘relationship’ 100 50 3/3/24 Prostitution: Pompeii circa 79AD Brothels common Not stigmatising for men Extremely poor conditions for female sex workers 101 Past Prostitution Laws Buying and selling sex in Canada in not illegal per se What was illegal: Communicating in public to sell sex (stopping cars or people to get a client) Keeping a common bawdy-house – a place where prostitution takes place Living off the avails of prostitution – pimping 102 51 3/3/24 Prostitution and Canadian Law 1983 - The Fraser Commission Illegal to stop a person in a public place to obtain sexual services of a prostitute Bill C-36 criminalize purchasing of sex criminalizing masturbation (i.e., massage parlour acts) anyone benefiting from the sale of sex no advertising of sexual service except yourself 103 Prostitution: Laws Canadian Attitudes 88% believe it is unacceptable to pay for sex Church attendance predictor of attitude (56% state that it is illegal) 26% of non-religious believe it is illegal 104 52 3/3/24 Prostitution: History 1910: approx. 1/50 Americans was a prostitute Women had annual salary of $6,500/yr (in modern currency) Women in a dollar brothel earned $76,000/yr 105 Prostitution: History Elite prostitutes in brothels made upwards of $430,000/yr Extra cost for ‘french style’ 106 53 3/3/24 Prostitution: History Why, presently, have prices and demand dropped? Social morals Demand (1960s & Free Love) Pre-marital sex Crack cocaine 107 What’s in a Word? Prostitute: associated with being demeaning, immoral and focuses on a sexual act which may only be part of what they do Sex Worker: has possibly a glamorized association so equally seems inappropriate Sex Trade Worker (STW): neutral term 108 54 3/3/24 Sex trade Workers Catergories Street Walker Massage Parlour Escort Call Girl Compensatory Daters (?) Gigolos / Hustlers Transgender 109 Prostitution: Streetwalker Streetwalker: 10 - 20% of Canadian Prostitutes * and yet nearly all (95%) of those arrested (Alexander, 1998) Lowest incomes and least desirable $20 for service salaries range: $18,000/year to $1,800/week Incur greatest risk of abuse from customers and pimps Greater exposure = risk of arrest 110 55 3/3/24 Stereotype vs Reality Media Reports Young (children/adolescents) International sex trade morally lost and most likely drug addicted source of stds forced into sex slavery Findings Avg age 32* born in Canada 25% caring for a child Majority reported voluntarily entering into occupation for economic reasons Similar was that many did come from unstable family backgrounds (Hallgrimsdottir et al., 2006; Jeffrey & MacDonald, 2006) 111 The Career of a Sex Worker Entry Apprenticeship period – learn skills of the profession Mid-career – may transition to managing other sex workers or move out of the bars and onto street Squaring up/leaving the life 112 56 3/3/24 Entry into Prostitution No single reason Majority of research on street prostitutes that takes a deviance perspective and ignores those voluntarily in the business (Shaver, 1996) 113 Early sexual initiation 114 57 3/3/24 Poverty Economic duress and enticement were two most common reasons (Benoit & Millar, 2002; Shaver, 2011) Many prostitutes come from families characterized by family discord and dysfunction or single-parent in poor urban or rural farming communities (Carter & Dalla, 2006) Canada and USA Teenage runaways are initiates 67% of boys and 82% of girls been away from home >1yr and offered money for sexual activity 115 Drug Addiction Runaways more likely to become drug and alcohol abusers (Seng, 1989) Females heavy into drug addiction more likely to become involved in prostitution (Weber et al., 2004) 116 58 3/3/24 Child Abuse 33% - 55%sexually assaulted prior to trade (Benoit & Miller, 2001; Gemme, 1998) Aboriginal women reported 82% sexually abused as child (Farley et al., 2005) In contrast, Weber et al. (2004) found child abuse had same proportion as other occupations 117 Additional Characteristic? One of the strongest predictors of female entry was having a female sex partner (especially if they worked in the sex trade) (Weber et al., 2004) 118 59 3/3/24 Sex Workers’ Well-Being According to a 1994 study in the Netherlands: 25% of 100 Netherlander sex workers reported doing well one year after entering the sex worker profession* 25% had many physical ailments, and depression** Depended on the risks she was exposed to – greater the risks (working the street or in the windows) greater the dissatisfaction 119 Netherlands Study Brothel workers reported avg. 9hr work day and 30% reported working 40/hr weeks and no holidays in the last 12 months Compared to other occupations they scored higher on burnout variable: depersonalization (working due to coercion, violence and lack of interaction with clients) (Vanswesenbeeck, 2005) 120 60 3/3/24 Sex Workers’ Well-Being Several countries report (Pines, 2005): 70% of females report being raped 65% assaulted by customers 66% assault by pimp Death rate for STWs is 40x higher than for general population (Farley et al., 2005) 121 Sex Workers’ Well-Being German study (Rossler et al., 2010) of 193 female STWs reported high rates of mental disorders related to sex work Miami study (Surratt et al., 2005) similarly found over 1/3 reported moderate to severe anxiety and over 50% reported moderate to severe depression 122 61 3/3/24 Massage Parlour Business Location massage parlour Prices Charged moderate Exploitation by third parties moderate Risk of victimization very low Public visibility Impact on community low little, if discreet 123 “Massage Parlours” Bawdy house / Brothel Toronto: $20 topless $40 nude massage $60 body slide “full service, local , manual release” reverse massage 124 62 3/3/24 Escort Characteristics Primary characteristic is economic Augmenting income (housewives, nurses, teachers, college and graduate students, secretaries, single mothers, women on welfare (West, 1998) flexibility and freedom (Alexander, 1998) enjoyment of variety and available options (Carter, 1998) 125 Escort Characteristics “I haven’t had a job in ten years except working for myself doing other things, and I went and got a job last year for two days as a waitress. I said, “Oh my God, this is so hard, it’s hideous!”... You go through all this trouble and you have $80 at the end of 8 hours.... I just think to myself, “You’re an idiot. You could have worked one night and been home studying, taking care of your kids or whatever” (Lucas, 2005, pg. 522) 126 63 3/3/24 Call Girls vs. Escorts Escorts middle class girls arrangements made in advance Call-Girls high end middle class, well educated 127 Call Girl Business Location Prices Charged Exploitation by third parties Independent operator, private premises/hotels High Low to none Risk of victimization Low Public visibility None Impact on community None 128 64 3/3/24 Another Category? Compensatory Dating 4% of Gr 11/12 Quebec students traded sexual services for money, drugs, or gifts (Lavoie et al., 2010) 7%of undergrad students indicate they’ve been involved in sex work (Betzer et al., 2015) 11-33% report they could imagine doing so under certain circumstances (Roberts et al., 2010) 129 The Norwegian Findings Pedersen & Helga, 2003 94% of all adolescent 14 - 17 year olds in Oslo surveyed (10,828 students) ~1.4% (~152 students) reported selling sexual favours for $ 50% had done so more than 10 times 3 times as many boys to girls * connected with early sexual debut, drug abuse, physical and sexual abuse 130 65 3/3/24 Another Category? Compensatory Dating Compensatory / Transactional Dating / Assisted Relationships / Subsidised Dating defined as a person who engages in a transaction wherein, they sell the illusion of dating and possible sexual services in exchange for gifts or social benefits without any control or coercion (Lee & Shek, 2013; Song & Morash, 2014). 131 Another Category? Compensatory Dating Gifts could be in the form of expensive dinners, money, the payment of bills or tuition, shelter, vacations, luxury goods such as clothing or jewellery, etc… Traditionally, the term was applied to very young women (aged 15-18 years) (Song & Morash, 2014). 132 66 3/3/24 Another Category? Compensatory Dating What makes it distinct from other sex workers? Absence of 3rd party More non-sexual contact than escorts Self-identification of not being a sex worker Motivation for entry 133 Another Category? Compensatory Dating Motivation Financial Strongest reported motivation 35% of post-secondary students are from uppermiddle or high income families (Daly, 2017) 134 67 3/3/24 Another Category? Compensatory Dating In Scull’s (2022a) qualitative interviews of American female sugar babies 40 (83%) participants reported that money was the main reason … but not out of necessity. “…they were simply looking for supplemental income, small monetary gifts, or just “a little extra” to pay nagging bills.” (p. 240). 135 Another Category? Compensatory Dating Motivation Financial Symbolic capital Middle-class status maintenance Mentorship/Advising (Scull, 2022) Sexual pleasure, curiosity, and the relief of boredom (Skull, 2022a; Swader & Vorobeva, 2015). 136 68 3/3/24 Male Sex Workers Gigolo - a male who provides companionship and sexual gratification on a continuing basis to a woman in exchange for money Hustler - a male sex workers who sells his services to men Full-time street and bar hustlers Full-time call boys Part-time hustlers 137 Prostitution Male Prostitution “Gigolos” (rare) Most are gay “hustlers” 50% self-report as gay 31% bisexual typically less than gr.11 education working class/low SES background Troubled family (abuse, alcohol) 138 69 3/3/24 Prostitution Male Prostitution: Hustlers 50% of female streetwalkers have pimp O% of men women saw avg. 28.5 clients week men see 14.5 Women more likely to experience assault 139 Transgender Sex Workers Genetic males who may live full-time as women Similar to female sex workers Similar to male sex workers re: few reported never enjoying sexual activities 140 70 3/3/24 Transgender community (MtF) at greatest risk for HIV infection (Operario et al., 2008) 141 STIs and Prostitution STIs and Prostitution 5% of women reported STI in the previous 6 months (Johnson, 2007) 30% in past two years 97% reported condom use for oral sex and always with penile/anal inconsistent condom use reported in 9% of cases (with financial incentive) 142 71 3/3/24 Johns Who are the customers? 143 The ‘Typical’ Customer 2003 Study of 500 arrested Men 18 - 92 yrs (avg. 38) >50% regular partner/married 2/3 satisfied or very happy Income, education, ethnic background proportional to national avg avg visit 19 times Availability, visibility and spontaneity 144 72 3/3/24 Customers and Motives “John Schools” study (2008) 1342 men arrested from San Francisco, Portland, Las Vegas 58% caucasian 72% had some college or finished degree 94% heterosexual 145 “John Schools” study (2008) “How often do you watch pornographic videos?” 37% never 34% less than once a month 19% once to a few times a month 146 73 3/3/24 “John Schools” study (2008) Age at first encounter: 9 - 17yrs -> 18% 18 - 21 -> 33% 22 - 25 -> 21% 26 - 35 -> 20% 147 “John Schools” study (2008) Circumstances of First Sexual Encounter Buddies set it up (24%) Prostitute approached them (32%) Privately approached a prostitute (29%) Family member set it up (5%) Visited a brothel (3%) Other (7%) 148 74 3/3/24 “John Schools” study (2008) How often do you visit a prostitute? Never (first time I got caught) (19%) Not within the last year (22%) Once a year (21%) Less than once a month (28%) more than once a month (10%) 149 “John Schools” study (2008) Frequent users (compared to single visit) Socially awkward: twice as likely to self-report shyness and difficulty meeting women Commodified approach to sexuality: an interest in variety, control, immediate satisfaction 150 75 3/3/24 “John Schools” study (2008) Non-College Grads more likely to want to be in control more likely report difficulty meeting women, awkwardness, and feeling physically unattractive College Grads prefer variety and excitement prefer sexual acts different from partner 151 Motives for Hiring Prostitutes 1.Sex without negotiation 2.Sex without emotional commitment 3.Sex for eroticism and variety 4.Social outlet 5.Sex away from home 6.Difficulty attracting a partner (Peplau, 2003) 152 76 3/3/24 Prostitution: Customers Occasional Johns majority of men women as novelty or sexual variety mostly traveling men (business, military) 153 Prostitution: Customers Habitual Johns prostitute is the major/exclusive sexual outlet avoidance of intimate committed relationships 154 77 3/3/24 Prostitution: Customers Compulsive Johns psychological sexual need “whore-madonna complex” 155 Prostitution Arguments For Economic advantages Preferable to ‘regular’ work Flexibility and freedom Enjoyment 57% reported they were happy with their work (Casey & Philips, 2008) 156 78 3/3/24 Prostitution Arguments Against Degrades women and fabric of family Buries abused women Is it really a ‘free choice’ for some women 157 79