MANIFESTING-MAIPASAKSKASKSK (1).docx

**STS** **NATURE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY** Science -- Systematic and natural approach to the natural world. - Empirical -- Evidences are gathered from observation. - Objective -- Unbiased in interpretation. - Testable -- Must be proven right or wrong. **THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD** I. Obs...

**STS** **NATURE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY** Science -- Systematic and natural approach to the natural world. - Empirical -- Evidences are gathered from observation. - Objective -- Unbiased in interpretation. - Testable -- Must be proven right or wrong. **THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD** I. Observation -- Identifying a problem II. Hypothesis -- Formulating an assumption III. Experimentation - Conducting an experiment IV. Analysis -- Analyzing the gathered data V. Conclusion -- The result, whether supported or refuted. **SCIENCE PROCESS SKILLS** - Classifying -- Breaking down things and classifying them based on a scheme. - Infering -- What are the assumptions? - Predicting -- What's going to happen? - Measuring -- Measuring properties/ comparing and contrasting a data. **TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS** Technology -- it refers to the application of the scientific knowledge. - Automation -- Automated many tasks to improve productivity. - Communication -- Revolutionized communication. - Medicine -- Led to advancements of medications. - Transportation -- Transformed the way of travel. Make it faster, efficient, and accessible. **INTERPLAY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY** Science -- provides fundamental/scientific knowledge Technology -- Application of scientific principles/knowledge Interplay -- advances in one field often drive progress in the other. **IMPACT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ON SOCIETY** I. Economic Growth II. Social Change III. Environmental Impact IV. Ethical Dilemmas **ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY** - Privacy -- Data collection and surveillance raise concerns about privacy. - Equity -- It should be accessible to all people. - Safety -- Ensuring its safety and avoiding consequences. - Environment -- Minimizing the environmental impact of technological advancements. **LIMITATIONS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY** - Scientific Uncertainties -- Science is a process of ongoing discovery and uncertainties are inevitable. - Human Limitations -- Cognitive abilities are limited by our understanding of the universe. - Ethical Dilemmas -- It raised ethical challenges that needs consideration. - Global Challenges -- Addressing global issues. **THE FUTURE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY** Virtual Reality -- Transforming entertainment, education, healthcare, etc. Robotics -- Automating tasks and improving efficiency. Artificial Intelligence **DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURE- ANCIENT TIME TO PRESENT** Ancient Times - Domestication of Plants and Animals - Irrigation Systems Medieval Period - Three-Field System - Plough Development Renaissance (14^th^ -- 17^th^ Century) - Agricultural Treatises - Selective Breeding 18^th^ Century - Agricultural Revolution in Britain 19^th^ Century - Mechanization - Chemical Fertilizers Early 20^th^ Century - Mendelian Genetics - Pesticides and Herbicides Mid 20^th^ Century - Green Revolution - Irrigation Expansion Late 20^th^ Century - Biotechnology - Precision Agriculture 21^st^ Century - Vertical Farming and Urban Agriculture - Sustainable Agriculture - Smart Farming and AI - Climate-Resilient Crops - Blockchain in Agriculture **DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURE- PHILIPPINE CONTEXT** Pre-Colonial Period - Rice Terraces of the Cordilleras - Swidden (Kaingin) Farming Spanish-Colonial Period (1565-1898) - Introduction of New Crops - Encomienda System American Colonial Period (1898-1946) - Introduction of Modern Agricultural Education - Irrigation Projects Post-War Period (1946-1960's) - Land Reform Initiatives - Introduction of High-Yield Varieties Green Revolution (1960'S-1980's) - Adoption of High-Yielding Varieties (HYVs) - Expansion of Irrigation Infrastructure 1980's-1990's - Development of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) - Introduction of Agroforestry 21^st^ Century - Organic Farming Movement - Biotechnology - Climate-Resilient Agriculture - Digital Agriculture - Urban and Vertical Farming **THE REMARKABLE JOURNEY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURE** **ANCIENT ROOTS: THE DAWN OF AGRICULTURAL INNOVATIONS** - Domestication -- The told of agriculture began with the domestication of plants and animals. From hunter and gatherer to a more complex community of agriculture. - Early Tools -- The primitive farmers developed the early tools: plows, hoes, irrigation system, etc. - Crop Rotation -- With the use of rotating crops, the farmers could utilize the soil's nutrients, resulting a healthier crop and higher yields. **THE GREEN REVOLUTION: TRANSFORMING GLOBAL FOOD PRODUCTION** - High-Yield Varieties -- With a period of rapid agricultural innovations caused by the development of high-yield crop varieties, this breakthrough enabled countries to produce more food for their growing population. - Synthetic Fertilizers -- This revolutionized agriculture by providing essential nutrients to crops, leading to increased yields. - Improved Irrigation -- The Green Revolution led to the advancements in irrigation methods. - Pesticides -- Helped to control pests and diseases, preventing crop losses and further increasing yields. - Sensors and Data -- This is used to optimize agricultural practices. Sensors monitor soil moisture, nutrients, etc. - Geographic Information System (GIS) and Mapping -- By mapping fields, farmer can identify areas with different soil types, patterns, etc. - Automation and Robotics -- Autonomous tractors, drones for crop monitoring, and robotic harvesting systems contributes in efficiency and productivity. - Genetic Engineering -- This enabled the Scientists to modify the genetic make up for crops to enhance their resilience and yield. - Biofertilizers -- Are made from microorganisms that enhance nutrient uptake by plants. - Biopesticides -- Derived from natural sources like fungi. They are alternative for synthetic pesticides, reducing environmental pollution and health risk. **SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE: BALANCING PRODUCTIVITY AND ECOLOGY** - Conservation Agriculture -- Focuses on minimizing soil disturbance, maintaining permanent soil cover, etc. - Organic Farming -- Prohibits in the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. It relies on natural inputs and ecological principles. - Agroforestry -- Combines trees and crops in a single system, providing multiple benefits. - Integrated Pest Management (IPM) -- A holistic approach to pest control that emphasizes preventions and utilizes a combination of methods. **AQUAPONICS: INTEGRATING FISH AND PLANT SYSTEMS** - Fish Waste as Fertilizer -- Rich in nutrients, is broken down by bacteria, provides essential nutrients to the plants. - Plants Purify Water -- Plants in the system filter the water from the fish tanks, removing excess nutrients and purifying the water. - Water Conservation -- This requires less water. The systems circulate the water, minimizing water waste. - Sustainable Food Production -- Aquaponics offers a sustainable alternative food production. It reduces relying on synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. **ROBOTICS AND AUTOMATION: INREASING EFFICIENCY IN THE FIELD** - Autonomous Tractors -- Equipped with sensors and GPS to navigate the fields without human intervention. - Drone for Crop Monitoring -- With cameras and sensors. It can help to monitor crops, identify pests and diseases, and assess water stress. - Robotic Harvesting Systems -- Can pick fruits, vegetables, and other crops with effiiciency and productivity. **THE EVOLUTION OF HEALTH AND MEDICINE** Ancient Times - Herbal Medicine and Natural Remedies - Surgical Techniques - Hippocratic Corpus (460-370 BC) -- Father of Medicine The Middle Ages - The Black Death -- Bubonic plague, swept through Europe in the 14^th^ century, killing millions. - Arab Contributions -- Islamic scholars made significant contributions to medicine. Avicenna, a renowned physician and philosopher, authored the ''Cannon of Medicine'', a comprehensive medical encyclopedia. - Medieval Hospitals -- These institutions provides for the sick and injured, contributed to the growth of medical knowledge. - The Rise of Universities -- In Europe, the establishments of universities paved the way for systematic medical education. - Islamic Golden Age Contributions - Humoral Theory The Renaissance: Groundbreaking Discoveries - Anatomy -- Vesalius's ''De Humani Corporis Fabrica'', a detailed anatomical atlas, revolutionized the understanding of human structure. - Physiology -- William Harvey's work on blood circulation revolutionized the understanding of physiology. - Microscopy -- The invention of microscope (1590's) by Zacharias Janssen later on improved by Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, led to the discovery of bacteria and other micro-organisms, paving the way for advancements in microbiology and infectious disease research. The Scientific Revolution: Transforming Medical Understanding - Newtonian Physics -- Newton emphasizes empirical observation, experimentation, and mathematical analysis. This revolutionized the medical understanding, studying the human body and approach. - Chemistry and Pharmacology -- led to the development of drugs and treatment in 18^th^ century. The understanding of chemical reaction and properties of substances paved the way for a more scientific approach to medicine. - Vaccination -- Edward Jenner's pioneering work on vaccination in the late 18^th^ century revolutionized the fight against infectious diseases. 17^TH^ -- 18^TH^ Century - Germ Theory Beginnings -- Louis Pasteur revolutionized the understanding of infectious disease. He demonstrated that microorganisms cause diseases which led to the development of hygiene; handwashing and sterilization. - Vaccination -- Jenner's smallpox vaccine (1796) 19^th^ Century - Antiseptic Surgery -- Joseph Lister's use of carbolic acid to sterilize wounds. - Public Health Reforms 20^th^ Century - Discovery of Penicillin --Alexander Fleming's discovery of first antibiotic (1928). - X-rays and Medical imaging --Wilhelm Roentgen's discovery of x-ray (1895) Mid 20^th^ Century - Development of Vaccines -- Polio, mumps, etc. - Molecular Biology and Genetics -- Discovery of DNA's structure by Watson and Crick (1953) - Organ Transplantation -- First ever successful kidney transplant (1954) Late 20^th^ Century - Human Genome Project -- Sequencing the entire human genome (1990-2003) - Advances in Imaging Technology -- Introduction of CT Scan, MCI, etc. - Development of Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) for HIV/ AIDS. The 21^st^ Century: Genomics, Personalized Medicine, and Emerging Technologies. - Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Therapy - Telemedicine and Digital Health -- use of digital platforms for consultation. - CRISPR and Gene Editing -- Development of gene-editing technologies for precision medicine. - Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning --AI applications in diagnostics - COVID-19 Vaccine and mRNA Technology (2020 - present)