MAN, Health, Illness, Wellness PDF - Nursing Concepts

NCM FNP (PRELIM) o Example: patient with headache – nurse must find what part is affected. Module 1 Lesson 1: Concepts of Man, Health &...

NCM FNP (PRELIM) o Example: patient with headache – nurse must find what part is affected. Module 1 Lesson 1: Concepts of Man, Health & May offer massage or food Illness b. Super ordinate System The Concept of Man and His Basic Needs o Found outside Man  Society  Forms the first foundational component of  Wider Nursing  Web of social  To provide an individualized, holistic, and relationships quality nursing care, it is primary consideration  Community to understand MAN  Consist of  Includes the MIND, BODY, & SOUL groups of MAN individuals o Example: Quarrel with someone –  An individual human nurse must ask what happened and  Homo sapiens “the wise human” listen  Characterized by: 2. Man normally respond as a unified whole o Bipedalism - walking upright by two rather than a set of integrated parts (Rogers) legs 3. Man is a unified whole composed of part which o Exceptional cognitive skills due to a are interdependent and interrelated with each large and complex brain – advance other (Rogers) thinker because of large & complex  Example: Toothache – pain affects the brain face, head, body, and the person becomes irritated 4 Major Attributes of Human Being 4. Man is composed of parts which are greater 1. The capacity to think or conceptualize on the than and different from the sum of all his part abstract level (Rogers) 2. Establish a Family 5. Man is an open system in constant interaction  By instinct with changing environment (Roy)  By Hormone 6. Man is a unity who can be viewed as 3. Establish a Territory functioning biologically, symbolically, and 4. The ability to use verbal symbols as language socially and who initiates and perform self-care activities on own behalf in maintaining life, 2 Approaches in Studying MAN health, and well-being (Orem) 1. The Anatomistic Approach 7. Man is like all man, Man is like some man, and  Viewing man as an organism only Man is no other man  Need to know the structure of human  Man is like all man – same anatomical body structure, whole complete, and  Ex: taking BP of patient independent being who   Has 14 fundamental Needs 2. The Holistic Approach (Henderson)  View man as an organism with  Man is like some man – interests, interrelated and interdependent parts hobbies, beliefs, religion, culture, functioning as: gender, race o Acceptable  Man is no other man – each of us has o Unacceptable different traits and personalities that  Ex: Nursing interaction w/ the patient make us unique individual (no two people are alike even our 5 fingers) Nursing Concept of Man 8. Man is a Biophysical and Spiritual Being who is in constant contact with the environment 1. Man as a biological being is composed of 2 (Roy) parts: a. Biopsychosocial Being a. Subordinate system b. Spiritual Being o Found inside Man 9. Man is an individual with vital reparative  Family process to deal with disease and desirous of  Loved ones health but passive in terms of influencing the  Neighbors environment or nurse (Nightingale) Concept on Health & Illness Disease Illness  An abnormal condition that affects the structure or function of part or all of the body  A highly subjective feeling of being sick or and is usually associated with specific signs ill and symptoms 2 Types of Illness Concept of Illness 1. Acute  Illness without a disease is possible  abrupt onset and usually a short  Disease without illness is possible course (most of the time but not  Illness may or may not be related to a disease always)  One can have the disease without necessarily  of short duration (less than 6 feeling ill months), progressive and in need of  Example urgent care. o chronic pain – often occur without having diagnosed disease o cardiac disease – has been called the silent killer because a person can have it without knowing it. Deviance  Any behavior that goes against the social norms  Shortens life span o Impact of deviance on lifespan:  Increase risk of violence 2. Chronic  Stress and mental health  prolonged, do not resolve  Health behaviors spontaneously, and are rarely cured  Social Isolation completely o Factors influencing lifespan:  A disease or disorder developing slowly and persisting for a long period  Socioeconomic status of time, often for the remainder of the  Social support lifetime of the individual  Results to disrupted family and community  Deviant behavior can be considered a disease because it also shortens lifespan like a disease  Activities considered by Americans as Deviant: o Alcoholism o Excessive gambling o Nude in public places o Stealing o Lying o Purchasing the services of a prostitute o Cross dressing Types of Chronic Illness  Person who engages in deviant behavior are referred to as Deviants 1. Exacerbation  Period characterized by active signs Wellness and symptoms of the illness  a dynamic, multidimensional concept that  Worsen involves a variety of factors, including physical, 2. Remission mental, social, environmental, and spiritual  Period where no signs and symptoms health are present  more than just the absence of disease, and it's  Cure but inactive a proactive process of making choices to improve your life Basic aspects of WELLNESS 7. Occupational/Vocational o ability to achieve a balance between  Self-responsibility work and leisure time  An ultimate goal o beliefs about education, employment  A dynamic, growing process and home influence personal  Daily decision-making in areas related to satisfaction and relationships with health others  Whole being of the individual 8. Financial Factors and Issues Affecting Health and Illness o ability to achieve a balance between work and leisure time 1. Physical Dimension o beliefs about education, employment o ability to carry out daily tasks. and home influence personal o achieve fitness satisfaction and relationships with o maintain nutrition and proper body fat others o avoid abusing drugs, alcohol, or using o being aware that everyone’s financial tobacco products values, needs, and circumstances are o generally to practice positive life-style unique habits 2. Emotional Dimension Health o ability to manage stress and express  a state of complete physical, mental, and emotions appropriately social well-being, and not just the absence of o ability to recognize, accept, and disease or infirmity express feelings  High level wellness o ability to accept one's limitations 3. Intellectual Dimension Claude Barnard o ability to learn and use information  the ability of an organism to maintain a effectively for personal, family, and constant internal environment, or milieu career development intérieur, which he believed was essential for o striving for continued growth and learning to deal with new challenges life effectively Walter Cannon 4. Environmental Dimension o ability to promote health measures  a state of homeostasis, or a steady internal that promote the standard of living and environment that the body strives to maintain quality of life in the community  believed that the body and mind are o influences include: inseparable as an organismic unit  food Florence Nightingale  water  air  the ability to use one's powers to the fullest 5. Socio-cultural Dimension extent while maintaining well-being o ability to interact successfully with  Being well people and within the environment of  Can be maintained by manipulating the which each person is a part environment o develop and maintain intimacy with Virginia Henderson significant others o develop respect and tolerance for  the ability of an individual to meet their own those with different opinions and needs beliefs  believed that people have (14) basic health 6. Spiritual Dimension needs and need assistance to achieve health o belief in some force (nature, science, and independence religion, or a "higher power") that serves to unite human beings and Martha Rogers provide meaning and purpose to life  an expression of the life process, and a state o includes a person's morals, values, of wellness that is more than just the absence and ethics of disease   views health as a result of the harmonious Dunn's High-Level Wellness Grid Quadrants interaction between a person and their The grid uses two axes: environment  one representing the level of health (wellness Sister Callista Roy to illness) and  A state and process of being and becoming an  the other representing the environment integrated person (favorable to unfavorable). Dorothea Orem This creates four quadrants:  state where a person has the ability to meet 1. High-Level Wellness in a Favorable their changing self-care needs Environment: This represents the ideal state of health where an individual experiences Imogene King optimal well-being in a supportive  the interaction between a person and their environment. They have good health habits, environment and is achieved through a access to resources, and a positive social dynamic process of interaction between a support system. patient and their internal and external 2. Emergent High-Level Wellness in an environments Unfavorable Environment: This quadrant describes individuals who maintain a high level Betty Neuman of wellness despite facing challenging environmental factors (e.g., poverty, lack of  a continuum of wellness and illness, and is a access to healthcare). Their resilience and measure of a person's system stability coping mechanisms allow them to thrive even Dorothy Johnson in difficult circumstances. 3. Protected Poor Health in a Favorable  a state of regularity and constancy in behavior, Environment: This describes individuals with and the ability to adapt to internal and external health problems but who have access to stimuli to maintain stability and comfort resources and support that prevent their health Models of Health and Illness from deteriorating further. They might have chronic illnesses but receive adequate medical  Health-Illness Continuum: Dunn’s High-Level care and social support. Wellness and Grid Model 4. Poor Health in an Unfavorable  Health belief Mode Environment: This represents the most  4 levels of Health by Smith challenging situation, where individuals  Agent-Host-Environment Model by Leavell and experience poor health and lack access to Clark resources and support. This quadrant highlights the significant impact of Dunn’s high-level wellness and grid environmental factors on health outcomes. 1. High level in a favorable environment Health Belief model by Rosenstock 2. Emergent high level wellness in an unfavorable environment  Based on a motivational theory 3. Protected poor health in favorable environment  It assumed that good health is an objective 4. Poor health in an unfavorable environment common to all people  Consider perceptions (influences individuals motivation toward results) o Perceived susceptibility o Perceived seriousness o Perceived threat  Likelihood of Action influenced by: o Perceived benefit out of the action o Perceived barriers  explains why people take (or don't take) health actions. It's based on the idea that people are motivated to act if they believe they're susceptible to a health problem, the problem is serious, taking action will reduce the threat, and the benefits outweigh the barriers.   HBM helps us understand why patients follow maintain equilibrium is key. It's not just (or don't follow) medical advice. It boils down the absence of disease, but also the to their perceptions of risk, severity, benefits, ability to adapt and function. and obstacles. A patient is more likely to 4. Eudaemonistic Model change their behavior if they believe they are  This is the BROADEST concept of at risk, the consequences are serious, the health recommended action will help, and it's not too  Because health is viewed in terms of difficult or inconvenient to do. Actualization  This is the broadest view. Health is Perceived Susceptibility defined by a sense of well-being, self-  Subjective belief that a person may acquire a actualization, and fulfillment. It disease or enter a harmful state as a result of encompasses physical, mental, and a particular disease. social aspects, emphasizing a person's overall sense of purpose and meaning Perceived Barriers in life.  Concern that the new behavior will take too A contented state of being happy, health and much time. prosperous  Their belief could be actual or imagined. Not a state of mind but relates to the activity of living Perceived Seriousness Not subjective but objective  Trigger factors such as alarming symptoms, advise from family or friends, messages from Not easily changed but relates to a life as a whole social media, disruption of work or play Agent, Host, Environment model Leavell and Clark Four Level of Health by Smith  Also known as the Ecologic Model 1. Clinical Model  Expands to the MULTI-CAUSATION of a  Man is viewed as a Physiologic Being DISEASE  If there are no signs and symptoms of a  Definitions of a disease as to its cause is disease, then you are healthy expanded to a multi-causation of a disease  Against WHO definition of health (i.e. cancer is a multi-factorial disease)  This is the NARROWEST concept of  Triad is composed of the agent, host and health environment  This is the narrowest view. Health is o Agent: The causative factor of the simply the absence of disease or injury. disease (e.g., bacteria, virus, toxin, If you have no signs or symptoms, genetic defect). you're considered healthy, regardless of o Host: The human who is susceptible to other factors. It's a purely physiological the disease. This includes factors like perspective. age, genetics, immune status, and 2. Role Performance Model lifestyle.  As long as you are able to perform o Environment: The external factors that SOCIETAL functions and ROLES you influence the interaction between the are healthy agent and the host (e.g., sanitation,  Health is defined by your ability to climate, access to healthcare, social perform your social roles (e.g., work, conditions). family, community). Even if you have o The model emphasizes that disease is some health issues, you're considered rarely caused by a single factor, but healthy if you can still fulfill your roles rather a complex interplay of these effectively. three components. Understanding this 3. Adaptive Model interplay is crucial for effective  Health is viewed in terms of capacity to prevention and control of diseases. It ADAPT. moves beyond a simple cause-and-  Therefore, goal of treatment is to effect relationship to a more holistic restore capacity to adapt. understanding of disease etiology.  Failure to adapt is disease  Based on the interplay of three components of  Health is about adapting and adjusting the model to internal and external stressors. The ability to cope with challenges and Health Care Delivery System  Totality of services offered by all health disciplines (Kozier, 2026)  A mechanism for providing services that meet the health related needs of individuals Types of Health Care Services 1. Primary Prevention  Based on notion of maintaining an optimum level of wellness  Staying healthy and avoiding illness  Address areas such as: o Adequate and proper nutrition o Weight control and exercise o Stress reduction 2. Secondary Prevention  Diagnosis & Treatment o Early detection of disease o Routine screening of the population at risk for developing certain conditions 3. Tertiary Prevention  Rehabilitation, health restoration and palliative care  Goal is to help people move to their previous level of health  Emphasizes the importance of assisting client to function adequately in the physical, mental, social, economic and vocational areas  Palliative – end of life care  Providers of health care o Nurse o Dentist o Occupational therapist o Paramedical technologist o Pharmacist o Physical therapist o Physician o Podiatrist {feet and ankles} o Respiratory therapist o Social worker