History Of Graphic Design Reviewer W1-W3 PDF

HISTORY OF GRAPHIC DESIGN REVIEWER W1 – W3 MADE BY AURORA* GOOD LUCK! :3  WEEK - 1 Graphic Design - Is the arrangement of typography and/or image that communicate a message. - Also known as Communication Design...

HISTORY OF GRAPHIC DESIGN REVIEWER W1 – W3 MADE BY AURORA* GOOD LUCK! :3  WEEK - 1 Graphic Design - Is the arrangement of typography and/or image that communicate a message. - Also known as Communication Design GRAPHIC DESIGN - “Graphikos” - Arrangement (Greek) - Drawing - “Drawing” or /Plan/Model “Painting” - Pattern - Visual - Function elements committed to a surface (wall, canvas, computer screen, etc.) - Visual Representation (Artworks, Drawings, or Design including Typography William Addison DWIGGINS - American type designer, calligrapher, and book designer - Coined “Graphic Designer” in 1992 “In the matter of layout, forget art and use horse-sense. The printer- designer’s whole duty is to make a clear presentation of the message… This calls for an exercise of common sense and faculty of analysis rather than for art.” Sean ADAMS - American educator, designer & writer - Executive Director, ArtCenter – Graduate Graphic Design “Graphic design is combining forms, ideas, and images to make a new concept. It helps companies and other individuals succeed. And makes it easier to sell products or communicate ideas (branding exercises, a poster, information graphics, interactive design, etc.)” FORM + IMAGES + IDEAS = NEW CONCEPT  Prehistoric Comms. Jim JARMUSCH - 100,000 years ago, humans - American film director and have communicated using screenwriter symbols and pictures. These symbols and pictures were Nothing is original. Steal from made to record events and tell anywhere that resonates with stories about food and shelter. inspiration or fuels your imagination. Devour old films, new films, music, books, Paleolithic Neolithic paintings, photographs, poems, - Greek; - Greek; dreams, random conversations, Palios (old) Neos architecture, bridges, street + (new) + signs, trees, clouds, bodies of Lithos Lithos water, light and shadows. (stone) (stone) - Hunter- - Farmers Select only things to steal from Gatherers that speak directly to your soul. If - Flaked - Polished you do this, your work (and theft) will be authentic. Authenticity is invaluable; originality is non- Petroglyphs Pictographs existent. - Carved - Painted And don’t bother concealing your thievery - celebrate it if you feel like it. In any case, always remember what Jean-Luc Godard said: “It’s not where you take things from - it’s where you take them to.” NOTHING IS ORIGINAL. BE AUTHENTIC. GOOD DESIGN MAKES LIFE EASIER.  WEEK - 2 Mesopotamias Babylonians - Meso (“Middle of”) - Led by King Hammurabi in the - Potamos (“River”) 18th century BCE - Made Marduk, the god of Sumerians fertility and the original god of - Southern Mesopotamia thunderstorms, the chief deity of around 4000 BCE Babylon - Polytheistic; - By establishing a new deity, Anthropomorphic deities Hammurabi was also able to representing cosmic and issue a set of laws in which we terrestrial forces in their claimed to come from the divine world. word of Marduk himself - Worshipped An (Sky), Enlil (Atmosphere), Ninhursag Code of Hammurabi (Mother), and Enki (Water) (Babylonians) - Built the first cities Ur and - One of the earliest and most Uruk complete written legal codes - Ziggurats; Constructed as a - A collection of 282 rules sign of worship to their - Akkadian written in Cuneiform gods Cuneiform Akkadians - Developed by the Sumerians - 2334 BCE around 3400 BCE - Sargon the Great; Built one - One of the earliest systems of of the first major empires in writing history - Use wedge-shaped marks - They centralized the power pressed into clay tablets with a and spread culture in the reed stylus region, leaving a lasting - Initially created for record- impact with their keeping and administrative innovations in purposes; It evolved to administration, military represent sounds and ideas, strategy, and language allowing for the recording of literature; laws, and complex texts across various Assyrians Mesopotamians cultures - Known for their military prowess and advanced statecraft - They built an extensive empire through conquests - Developed one of the earliest libraries in Nineveh - Left a legacy of impressive architectural and artistic achievements Proto-Cuneiform (c. 3400-300 BCE) - Early writing in Mesopotamia began with pictograms; symbols that have a visual resemblance to the tangible object that it represents) Early Cuneiform (c. 3000-2500 BCE) - This script became more abstract, moving from pictograms to logograms (symbols representing words or sounds) Summerian & Akkadian Cuneiform (C. 2500-1600 BCE) - It included both logographic and syllabic elements, allowing for more complex expressions and the recording of literature, laws, and administrative details. Later Developments (c. 1600- 500 BCE) - Cuneiform writing became more standardized and widespread, thought it remained a complex script requiring extensive training. Mesopotamian Cylinder The Rosetta Stone - Made from semiprecious stones - A stele composed of granodiorite or metals inscribed with three versions of - Usually worn with leather, string, decree issued in Memphis, Egypt, or pinned to a garment in 196 BC during the Ptolemaic - Made through Intaglio; Incising Dynasty on behalf of King Ptolemy into the printing plate V Epiphanes - Authenticating or legitimating a - Hieroglyphics, Demotic, and transaction Ancient Greek - Preventing/Restricting access to - The key to deciphering the containers, rooms or houses Egyptian scripts - Amuletic - Sign of personal identity or Papyrus professional affiliation - A grasslike aquatic plant that has woody, bluntly triangular stems Pharaoh - Cultivated in the Nile delta region - “Great House” - Used to make sails, cloth, mats, - A godlike being, closely identified cords, and, above all, paper with the all-powerful god Horus - Egyptians were able to produce literature and also legal documents Hieroglyphics - An Ideogram/Logogram is a “sense sign” that conveys a The Book of the Dead certain message clearly through a - “The Chapters of Going Forth by recognizable symbol Day” - “Hieroglyphics” is actually a Greek - Its 200 chapters about the afterlife word - To ease the passage of the - Medu-netjer; “The God’s Words” deceased through the underworld - Egyptians believe that the great god Thoth gave them writing Hierarchical Scaling - Thoth gave human beings this - A technique in which the artist knowledge freely, but it was a uses unnatural proportion or scale responsibility he expected them to to depict the relative importance of take seriously the figures in the artwork - Words could hurt, heal, elevate, destroy, condemn, and even raise Aspective View someone from death to life - Showing the most identifiable parts of the subject which provide Egyptian Cartouche the viewer the maximum amount - Shaped like an oval with a of information from different horizontal bar at the base of the angles oval and a king’s name written inside of the oval - Written on tombs and coffins to Conceptual Approach mark who was inside - The arrangement of images relay - Napoleon’s soldier named it a concept. “cartouche” since it resembles the cartridges used in their guns - Sheni; “to encircle” - It evokes the concept of eternity  WEEK - 3 The Alphabet Ancient Greek - A set of visual symbols or - Poleis; City-States characters used to represent - Government and Politics differed the elementary sounds of from each city-state spoken language - Emphasized education, philosophy, and the arts Minoan Civilization - Greek society valued public debate, - Bronze civilization of Crete athletic competition (Olympic (Greece) Games), and theatrical - 3000 – 1100 BCE performances - King Minos – Son of Zeus and - Polytheistic Europa - Matriarchal Society Greek Alphabet - Consists of 24 letters, including Cretan Pictographs vowels (α, ε, η, ι, ο, υ, ω) and - 96 Syllabograms & 23 consonants. Logograms (Numerals + - Written from left to right Punctuation) - Played a crucial role in preserving - Found on seals & documents and disseminating Greek culture on clay - The Phaistos Disc Ancient Romans - The Emperor held supreme Ancient Syria authority, with notable figures like - Ruled by the Akkadians (2300 Augustus and Nero BCE), Assyrians (2400 – 600 - Divided into distinct classes, BCE), Persians (550 BCE), including Patrician (Aristocracy), Greek (330 BCE), Romans (64 Plebeians (Commoners), and BCE) Slaves - Divided into city-states - Roman culture was heavily (Damascus, Aleppo, Homs) influenced by Greek Art and - Phoenicians (Phoenicia); Literature skilled traders and mariners - Aramaeans (Aram); General Latin Alphabet term for people who migrated - Originally consisted of 21 letters; to new land later 5 additional letters (J, U, W, Y ,Z) were added to form the modern Phoenician Alphabet 26-letter Latin Alphabet - Around 1050 BCE - The standard script of the Roman - Comprises 22 consonantal Empire letters - Influenced the English, French, - Written from right to left Spanish, and German Alphabet - Widespread use in trade and colonization ALPHABET = TYPOGRAPHY = CLARITY Chinese Invention of Chinese Calligraphy Paper - Is the art of writing Chinese characters - It combines visual art and literary - Cai Lun; Credited to the meaning Invention of Paper - The brush was mostly made of animal - Soaked and then pressed hair plant fibres which were dried - The ink was made of dried essence of in sheets on wooden frames or an animal or vegetable mixed with screens minerals and glue against a wet stone - Writing and Wrapping - Calligraphers were expected to use (Padding for precious items) varying thicknesses of brushstroke - Toilet Paper, Tea, Paper Cups, Money, etc. - Rattan, Rice, Wheat, Straw, Chinese Relief Printing Sadalwood, Bark, Hibiscus - Mass production printing Stalks, and even Seaweed - Etchings onto different materials - Jade, Ivory, Gold, Wood Evolution of Chinese Writing Wooden Moveable Type - Shang Dynasty (1600-1046 Printing BCE) - One block per letter - Some scholars believe that - Bi Sheng (990 – 1051); made of clay Ban Po Village pottery can be - Wang Zhen; cast metal considered as early evidence of Chinese writing - Full sentences were discovered on oracle bones - Oracle Bones; used for divination - The diviner would carve the person’s question into the bone and then heat it with a hot poker or place it near a fire Jiaguwen (Pictographic) Dazhuan (Refined Pictographs) Xiaozhuan (Logographic) Lishu (Bureaucratic) Kaishu (Standard Script) Xingshu (Running Script) Caoshu (Grass Script) - Chinese script was adopted by Japan, Korea, Vietnam, Mongolia, etc.