Infectious Disease PDF

Controlling Risk for Infectious Diseases 1 Lecture outline Introduction to infectious diseases Common types of bacterial infections Common types of viral infections Introduction Pathogens are found almost everywhere Most deaths from infecti...

Controlling Risk for Infectious Diseases 1 Lecture outline Introduction to infectious diseases Common types of bacterial infections Common types of viral infections Introduction Pathogens are found almost everywhere Most deaths from infectious diseases are caused by a small number of diseases Our immune system helps to protect us Epidemics = disease outbreaks that affect many people in a community or region at the same time Endogenous microorganisms = normally found in the human body, usually harmless Exogenous microorganisms = not normally found in the human body, can produce infection/illness 3 Types of pathogens Bacteria Viruses Single-celled organisms Cannot exist outside of another Visible under a light microscope cell Only 100 cause diseases in Visible under an electron humans microscope Some produce toxins +150 cause diseases in humans Treatment with antibiotics Treatment is difficult 4 Common pathogens Bacteria Viruses Staphylococcal infections The common cold Streptococcal infections The flu Pneumonia Mononucleosis Tuberculosis Measles Mumps Chicken pox COVID-19 5  Staphylococcal infections Cause: Staphylococcus bacteria normally found on the skin (endogenous) Transmission: cut or break in the skin Symptoms: acne, boils, styes, infected cuts Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS) = high fever, headache, vomiting, diarrhea, chills, stomach pain, rapid pulse Treatment: antibiotics* 6 Image source: This media comes from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Public Health Image Library (PHIL), with identification number #6486  Streptococcal infections Cause: Streptococcus bacteria Transmission: direct & indirect contact, airborne Symptoms: strep throat Scarlet fever : acute fever, sore throat, rash Rheumatic fever : inflammation of the joints, heart, nervous system Treatment: antibiotics 7 Image source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pos_strep.JPG Pneumonia Cause: Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria Transmission: indirect contact, airborne Can develop during a hospital stay or in long-term care homes Symptoms: chronic cough, chest pain, chills, high fever, fluid accumulation in lungs Treatment: antibiotics 8  Tuberculosis Top cause of death from infectious disease More common in developing countries (india, china, pakistan, philippines, first nations) Cause: mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria Transmission: airborne Symptoms: persistent coughing, weight loss, fever, coughing up blood Often contagious without symptoms Treatment: antibiotics* 9 Image source: This media comes from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Public Health Image Library (PHIL), with identification number #8438 The common cold Cause: many Rhinoviruses Transmission: direct & indirect contact, airborne Symptoms: sneezing, stuffy/runny nose, sore throat Treatment: bed rest, drink lots of fluids, pain reliever, OTC drugs for symptom relief 10 The flu Cause: Influenza A or B viruses Transmission: direct & indirect contact, airborne Symptoms: fever, aches and pains, nausea, diarrhea Treatment: bed rest, drink lots of fluids Prevention: flu vaccine 11 Is it the cold or the flu? 12 Mononucleosis Cause: Epstein-Barr virus Transmission: direct & indirect contact, airborne Less contagious than many other infectious diseases Symptoms: sore throat, fever, headache, swollen lymph nodes/tonsils, weakness, fatigue Treatment: bed rest, drink lots of fluids 13  Measles A leading cause of death among children globally Cause: measles virus Rubella = milder form Transmission: indirect, airborne Most contagious disease known to humans Symptoms: itchy rash, fever, dry cough, sore throat Appear after 2 weeks Treatment: drinks lots of fluids, OTC pain reliever Prevention: vaccine (2 doses) 14 Source: This media comes from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Public Health Image Library (PHIL), with identification number #3168 Mumps decreased substantially since the 1950s Cause: mumps virus Transmission: direct & indirect contact, airborne Highly contagious Symptoms: swelling of salivary glands, pain while chewing or swallowing, fever, headache, weakness, fatigue May cause sterility in men Appear after 2-3 weeks Treatment: rest, OTC pain reliever Prevention: vaccine (2 doses) 15 Chicken pox Cause: varicella-zoster virus Transmission: direct contact, airborne More serious in adults Symptoms: skin eruptions that itch, blister, produce clear fluid Fever, tiredness Appear after 2 weeks Shingles = reactivated virus Treatment: stay at home Prevention: vaccine 16  COVID-19 Cause: human coronavirus Transmission: direct & indirect contact, airborne Symptoms: new or worse cough, shortness of breath, fever, chills, fatigue, new loss of smell or taste, headache Appear after 2 weeks Often contagious without symptoms Treatment: quarantine at home May require hospitalization Prevention: vaccine maintain physical Find out more here distancing (2 meters) wear a non-medical mask 17 Image source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Novel_Coronavirus_SARS-CoV-2_(cropped).jpg Summary Pathogens are found almost everywhere Bacteria and viruses are 2 common classes of pathogens