Medical Chemistry Chemical Safety Lec. 2 and 3 PDF

First Class MEDICAL CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL SAFETY Lec. 2 and 3 By: Assist. Prof. Dr.Tamathir Abbas 1/12/2024 Introduction Wide range of chemicals is used in research laborat...

First Class MEDICAL CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL SAFETY Lec. 2 and 3 By: Assist. Prof. Dr.Tamathir Abbas 1/12/2024 Introduction Wide range of chemicals is used in research laboratories of the Institute, each with its own inherent hazards. An understanding of the potential hazards and precautions required in handling of chemicals is of outmost importance in preventing exposure to chemicals and mishaps. Do you have a personal experience of someone being injured by a chemical? “On the subject of disasters, it is very common…to say ‘this won’t happen’. I have sympathy with this. What they really mean is, it’s highly improbable. And they’re right: it is highly improbable…This creates a kind of vacuum in terms of what to focus on so it’s easier to say, either out loud or in your private thoughts, ‘this won’t happen’. The way to avoid this trap is to say, yes, it will happen. It will happen to somebody, somewhere, at some point in time. That’s all but guaranteed. Now, what are we going to do to make sure it doesn’t happen to us? It’s a subtle but profound shift in thinking.” Kevin Lacy Why Are Chemical Safety and Security Important for Your Institution? Over the past century, chemistry has increased our understanding of the physical and biological world as well as our ability to manipulate it. The work carried out in chemistry laboratories around the globe continues to enable important advances in science and engineering. The chemical laboratory has become the center for acquiring knowledge and developing new materials for future use, as well as for monitoring and controlling those chemicals currently used routinely in thousands of commercial processes. Most of the chemicals produced and used today are beneficial, but some also have the potential to damage Page 1 of 16 First Class MEDICAL CHEMISTRY human health, the environment, and public attitudes toward chemical enterprises. Institutions must be aware of the potential for the accidental misuse of chemicals, as well as their intentional misuse for activities such as terrorism or illicit drug trafficking. Laboratories face a number of threats, including the theft of sensitive information, high-value equipment, or dual-use chemicals that may be employed for weapons. Chemical safety and security can mitigate these risks. A new culture of safety and security consciousness, accountability, organization, and education has developed around the world in the laboratories of the chemical industry, government, and academe. Chemical laboratories have developed special procedures and equipment for handling and managing and security” results in laboratories that are safe and healthy environments in which to teach, learn, and work. Security Risk Terms Hazard ) ‫( الخطورة‬: is a source that has a potential to cause harm.. ‫ مصدر من المحتمل أن يسبب ضررا‬: ‫الخطورة‬ Risk ) ‫ ( الخطر‬: is the likelihood an unwanted event involving a hazard or a threat will occur and the consequences of that event. ‫ هو احتمالية وقوع حادث غير مرغوب فيه ينطوي على خطورة أو تهديد والعواقب‬: ‫ الخطر‬.‫المترتبة عن ذلك الحادث‬ Perception of risk is critical Risk depends on exposure Threat: a person or group of persons with the motivation and capability to cause harm to an institution either through theft, diversion, and/or sabotage of an asset. Asset : an item of value from the perspective of either the company/person or a potential threat. Chemical safety: The prevention of an accidental release of hazardous materials or energy. Page 2 of 16 First Class MEDICAL CHEMISTRY Chemical security : The prevention of the unauthorized access, loss, theft, misuse, diversion , or intentional release of hazardous materials or energy, or the acquisition of dual-use equipment or information that could be used to manufacture chemical weapons. Figure 1. Chemical safety aims to protect people from chemicals while chemical security aims to protect chemicals from people. Dual-use Chemicals, equipment, knowledge, or software that can be used for legitimate research purposes or misapplied to manufacture illicit drugs, explosives, or chemical weapons that pose a threat to public health and safety, agricultural crops, the environment, or national security. This includes sabotage and assassination attempts. Note: the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons uses the term “multi-use” to express the same concept (https://www.opcw.org/multiple-uses-chemistry) Hazard A hazard is a source that has the potential to do harm. In a laboratory setting, hazards are typically intrinsic properties of chemicals or biological materials. Hazards can also be conditions or activities (see Table 1), which if left uncontrolled, may cause injury, loss of life, or damage to property or the environment. Page 3 of 16 First Class MEDICAL CHEMISTRY Table 1. Examples of laboratory hazards. Risk Risk accounts for the likelihood a hazard will lead to a negative outcome, and the severity of that consequence, should it occur. In terms of security, risk is discussed as the likelihood an adversary will intentionally cause harm and the consequence of that harm. Page 4 of 16 First Class MEDICAL CHEMISTRY Minimise EXPOSURE & reduce the RISK! How do toxic materials enter the body?  By mouth (contaminated fingers!)  By breathing in gases, aerosols or powder  By skin contact or damage  By absorption through intact skin  By splashes into the eyes The Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) The Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) is an internationally agreed-upon system to standardize chemical hazard classification and communication. The GHS arose from an international mandate during the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (1992), as a response to the ILO (International Labour Organization) Chemicals Convention, 1990 (No. 170) and the ILO Chemicals Recommendation, 1990 (No. 177); the adoption of these instruments necessitates a system for hazard classification and labelling. The GHS was developed over more than a decade and continues to evolve. The ILO, in close collaboration with its constituents, played a critical role, serving as the focal point for the technical work on hazard communication. The GHS includes: 1- Criteria for classifying substances and mixtures according to their physical, health and environmental hazards. 2- Requirements for communication of the hazards, through labels and safety data sheets (SDS). The GHS is described in a document known as the “purple book”. The first edition of the purple book was published in 2003 and it is updated every two years. The latest revision and previous revisions of the purple book are available in the official UN languages on the UNECE Website. Page 5 of 16 First Class MEDICAL CHEMISTRY What are the additional hazards from chemical materials?  Toxic substances  Solvents  Corrosives  Flammables  Irritants  Carcinogens  Teratogens  Mutagens  Explosives  Radiation and many, many more Page 6 of 16 First Class MEDICAL CHEMISTRY Hazardous Substances Physico-chemical Hazards include flammable, explosive and oxidising Toxicological Hazards include toxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic, harmful, irritant, corrosive and sensitising Environmental Hazards ♠♠♠♠♠♠♠♠ Chemicals are a hazard Corrosives Corrosive substances cause destructive burns on the tissue by chemical action at the site of contact. Corrosive effect can also occur in the respiratory tract in case of inhalation and in the gastrointestinal tract in case of ingestion. Typical examples are sulfuric acid, nitric acid, potassium hydroxide (caustic potash), sodium hydroxide (caustic soda), bromine and phenol. Oxidisers Typical examples include hydrogen peroxide, nitric acid, perchloric acid , sulphuric acid, chlorates, chromates, nitrates, peroxides,permanganates and picrates. Oxidisers are chemicals which decompose readily under certain conditions to yield oxygen. They can cause a fire to burn violently. Oxidisers must not be stored with flammables. Page 7 of 16 First Class MEDICAL CHEMISTRY Flammables Flammable substances are those that readily catch fire and burn in air. The vapors released from a flammable liquid are a common fire hazard in a laboratory. The degree of hazard associated with a flammable liquid depends on its flash point, flammability limit and ignition temperature. Flash-Point --The flammability of Liquids defined by its flash-point The lowest temperature at which a fuel-air mixture present above the surface of a liquid will ignite if an ignition source is introduced 21-55 0C ~ Flammable