LU2 Problem Solving in Computing PDF

PRL1013 PROBLEM SOLVING IN COMPUTING LU2: Ana lyzing the Proble m Michelle Anak George Eaqerzilla Phang Dr Sinarwati Binti Mohamad Suhaili I: EP D:SMS Age nda SUB-TOPICS COVER IN LEARNING UNIT Understand Your Problem Bre...

PRL1013 PROBLEM SOLVING IN COMPUTING LU2: Ana lyzing the Proble m Michelle Anak George Eaqerzilla Phang Dr Sinarwati Binti Mohamad Suhaili I: EP D:SMS Age nda SUB-TOPICS COVER IN LEARNING UNIT Understand Your Problem Breaking Problem to Small Part Define problem domain Measuring end goals I: EP D: SMS Le a rning Outcome s At the end of this learning unit, students will be able to:  Understand the importance of problem analysis and how it helps in creating effective solutions in computing.  Identify and clearly define problems, knowing the difference between symptoms and the real issues.  Break down big problems into smaller, manageable parts using easy-to- follow steps.  Use problem-solving tools such as the 5 Whys and root cause analysis to analyze issues.  Consider different perspectives to ensure the solutions are relevant and I: EP comprehensive. D: SMS Flowcha rt for Proble m Ana lys is Proce s s 1) Importance & 7) Stakeholder 6) Gathering Objectives of Analysis & Information Problem Analysis Mapping 5) Tools for 8) Crafting the 2) Understanding Understanding Problem the Problem Problems Statement 3) Identifying the 4) Contextual Core Problem Analysis I: EP D: SMS  1 ) I MP ORTANCE AND OBJ ECTI VES OF P ROBLEM ANALYS I S Critica l Skill : Proble m a na lys is is a founda tiona l s kill in computing, crucia l for de s igning a ccura te , e fficie nt s olutions. This s lide e mpha s ize s its importa nce in a voiding pitfa lls a nd e ns uring s ucce s s ful outcome s. Obje ctive s : The obje ctive s of proble m a na lys is include de ve loping a compre he ns ive unde rs ta nding of the proble m, ide ntifying core is s ue s , a nd guiding the de ve lopme nt of e ffe ctive s olutions. Unde rs ta nding the s e obje ctive s s e ts the s ta ge for the re s t of the I: EP D: SMS pre s e nta tion. 2) UNDERSTANDING YOUR PROBLEM I: EP D: SMS  WHAT DOES I T MEAN TO UNDERS TAND A P ROBLEM? Core Ele me nts : Unde rs ta nding a proble m involve s gra s ping its e s s e ntia l compone nts , ca us e s , a nd pote ntia l impa cts. It re quire s looking be yond the s urfa ce to uncove r the root ca us e s a nd implica tions of the is s ue. Effe ctive Addre s s ing: This de e pe r unde rs ta nding is crucia l for de ve loping ta rge te d s olutions tha t a ddre s s the true na ture of the proble m, ra the r tha n jus t tre a ting s ymptoms. I: EP D:SMS  S TEP S TO UNDERS TANDI NG A P ROBLEM Ide ntify Proble m : The firs t s te p in proble m a na lys is is to cle a rly ide ntify the proble m. This involve s dis tinguis hing the a ctua l proble m from its s ymptoms a nd e ns uring it is prope rly de fine d. Ga the r Informa tion: Once the proble m is ide ntifie d, ga the ring a ll re le va nt informa tion is crucia l. This include s da ta , conte xt, a nd s ta ke holde r pe rs pe ctive s , which a re e s s e ntia l for a thorough unde rs ta nding I: EP D: SMS  3 ) I DENTI FYI NG THE CORE P ROBLEM True Is s ue : Ofte n, wha t a ppe a rs to be the proble m is jus t a s ymptom. This s lide e mpha s ize s the importa nce of digging de e pe r to ide ntify the core is s ue tha t ne e ds to be a ddre s s e d. Proble m Focus : By focus ing on the true proble m, e fforts a nd re s ource s a re dire cte d towa rd s olving the right cha lle nge , which is e s s e ntia l for s ucce s s ful outcome s. I: EP D: SMS 3 ) S TEP S I DENTI FYI NG THE CORE P ROBLEM Identify Gather Analyze Symptoms Information Context Focus on Identify Root Core Problem Causes I: EP D: SMS EXAMP LE OF CORE P ROBLEM I DENTI FI CATI ON Ca s e Study : This s lide pre s e nts a re a l-world e xa mple whe re ide ntifying the core proble m wa s critica l to a chie ving a s ucce s s ful outcome. It illus tra te s how prope r ide ntifica tion ca n le a d to more e ffe ctive s olutions. Outcome Improve me nt : The e xa mple s hows how corre ct proble m ide ntifica tion ca n s ignifica ntly improve the re s ults , re inforcing the importa nce of this s ta ge in proble m a na lys is. I: EP D: SMS  Un d e r s t a n d in g t h e Co r e P r o b le m : A S im p le Ex a m p le Sce na rio: Proble m: A compa ny’s s a le s a re dropping. Initia l Gue s s : The compa ny thinks it is be ca us e of poor ma rke ting. Finding the Re a l Proble m: 1. Gathe r Data :  Che ck cus tome r fe e dba ck a nd s a le s data.  Look at how the product is price d a nd the qua lity of cus tome r s e rvice. 2. Ana lyze :  Dis cove r that price s a re too high a nd cus tome r s e rvice is s low. 3. Core Proble m:  The re a l is s ue is high price s a nd s low s e rvice , not ma rke ting. What Ha ppe ns Ne xt? Action: The compa ny lowe rs price s a nd improve s cus tome r s e rvice. Re s ult: Sa le s go up be ca us e the re a l proble m wa s fixe d. Why This Matte rs : I: EP D: SMS Le s s on: Don’t jus t gue s s the proble m. Find the re a l is s ue to ge t the be st re s ults.  4 ) CONTEXTUAL ANALYS I S Proble m Environme nt : Unde rs ta nding the conte xt in which the proble m e xis ts is crucia l, a s the e nvironme nt ofte n influe nce s the na ture of the proble m a nd the fe a s ibility of pote ntia l s olutions. Solution Re le va nce : By a na lyzing the conte xt, you ca n e ns ure tha t the s olutions you de ve lop a re re le va nt a nd a ppropria te to the proble m’s s pe cific circums ta nce s. I: EP D: SMS  4 ) CONTEXTUAL ANALYS I S How to analyze the context in which a problem exists: Understand Problem Environment Analyze External Factors Assess Internal Constraints Align Solutions with Context I: EP D: SMS  5 ) TOOLS FOR UNDERS TANDI NG P ROBLEMS Ana lytica l Tools : Va rious tools a nd 5 Whys me thods us e d, s uch a s the 5 Whys , root ca us e a na lys is , a nd fis hbone dia gra ms , ca n be us e d to s ys te ma tica lly a na lyze Root Cause a nd unde rs ta nd a proble m. Analysis Tools for Problem Analysis Proble m Cla rity: The s e tools he lp in Fishbone bre a king down the proble m into its Diagram funda me nta l pa rts , providing cla rity a nd a s tructure d a pproa ch to unde rs ta nding Stakeholder comple x is s ue s. Mapping I: EP D:SMS  6 ) GATHERI NG I NFORMATI ON Da ta Colle ction : Empha s ize s the importa nce of ga the ring compre he ns ive a nd a ccura te informa tion re la te d to the proble m. This da ta forms the ba s is for a ll furthe r a na lys is a nd de cis ion-ma king. Inform De cis ion : The da ta colle cte d is crucia l for ma king informe d de cis ions , e ns uring tha t the s olutions a re ba s e d on a s olid unde rs ta nding of the proble m. I: EP D: SMS  7 ) S TAKEHOLDER ANALYS I S : CONCEP T VI S UALI ZATI ON Identify Needs Understanding stakeholder needs. Gather Views Collecting opinions from stakeholders. Stakeholder Mapping Visual representation of stakeholder influence and interest. Focus Efforts I: EP D: SMS Prioritizing efforts based on stakeholder impact.  7 ) S TAKEHOLDER ANALYS I S Ide ntify Ne e ds : Unde rs ta nding the ne e ds a nd pe rs pe ctive s of a ll s ta ke holde rs involve d is e s s e ntia l. The ir input is vita l for a holis tic unde rs ta nding of the proble m. Incorpora te Vie ws : By incorpora ting s ta ke holde r vie ws , the a na lys is be come s more robus t, a nd the s olutions de ve lope d a re more like ly to me e t the ne e ds of a ll pa rtie s involve d. I: EP D: SMS  S TAKEHOLDER MAP P I NG Vis ua l Re pre s e nta tion : Sta ke holde r ma pping is a vis ua l tool tha t he lps in ide ntifying a nd ca te gorizing s ta ke holde rs ba s e d on the ir influe nce , inte re s t, a nd impa ct on the proble m. Focus Efforts : This ma pping a llows you to focus your proble m-s olving e fforts on a ddre s s ing the ne e ds a nd conce rns of the mos t critica l s ta ke holde rs , e ns uring the ir buy-in a nd s upport. I: EP D: SMS  P ROBLEM S TATEMENT Cra fting Sta te me nts : A we ll-cra fte d proble m s ta te me nt cle a rly de fine s the proble m in a concis e a nd s pe cific ma nne r. It s e rve s a s a guide for a ll furthe r a na lys is a nd s olution de ve lopme nt. Guiding Solutions : The proble m s ta te me nt s hould be de ta ile d e nough to guide the s olution proce s s but fle xible e nough to a ccommoda te ne w ins ights a s the y e me rge. I: EP D: SMS  EXAMP LE OF A GOOD P ROBLEM S TATEMENT Re a l-World Exa mple : Show a we ll-cra fte d proble m s ta te me nt tha t cle a rly a nd concis e ly de fine s the proble m. This e xa mple de mons tra te s how cla rity in proble m de finition ca n guide the e ntire proble m-s olving proce s s. Cla rity a nd Spe cificity : Empha s ize the importa nce of be ing concis e a nd cle a r in your proble m s ta te me nt, a s it s e rve s a s the founda tion for de ve loping e ffe ctive s olutions. I: EP D:SMS  CAS E S TUDY EXAMP LE: UNDERS TANDI NG YOUR P ROBLEM Sce na rio: De clining Aca de mic Pe rforma nce Ba ckground: A high s chool notice s a de cline in a ca de mic pe rforma nce a mong its s tude nts ove r the pa s t s e me s te r. Te a che rs re port tha t ma ny s tude nts a re s truggling with the ir cours e work, le a ding to lowe r gra de s a nd incre a s e d cla s s room dis ruptions. The s chool a dminis tra tion is conce rne d a nd wa nts to ide ntify the unde rlying ca us e s. I: EP D: SMS  CAS E S TUDY EXAMP LE: UNDERS TANDI NG YOUR P ROBLEM Ste p 1 : Ide ntifying the Proble m Initia l Obs e rva tion : Aca de mic pe rforma nce a cros s multiple s ubje cts is dropping. Te a che rs a nd s tude nts a re noticing a de cre a s e in e nga ge me nt a nd a chie ve me nt. Core Is s ue : Stude nts ' gra de s a re de clining, a nd the re is an incre a s e in cla s s room dis ruptions a nd dis e nga ge me nt. I: EP D: SMS  CAS E S TUDY EXAMP LE: UNDERS TANDI NG YOUR P ROBLEM Ste p 2: Ga the ring Informa tion Da ta Colle ction : The s chool colle cts da ta on s tude nts ' gra de s , a tte nda nce re cords , cla s s room be ha vior re ports , a nd fe e dba ck from te a che rs a nd pa re nts. Stude nt Surve ys : Surve ys a nd inte rvie ws with s tude nts re ve a l tha t the y a re e xpe rie ncing highe r le ve ls of s tre s s a nd difficulty ba la ncing the ir workloa d, pa rticula rly in light of re ce nt cha nge s in the s chool curriculum a nd I: EP te a ching me thods. D: SMS  CAS E S TUDY EXAMP LE: UNDERS TANDI NG YOUR P ROBLEM Ste p 3: Conte xtua l Ana lys is Re ce nt Cha nge s : The s chool re ce ntly imple me nte d a ne w curriculum a nd introduce d more rigorous te s ting s ta nda rds. Additiona lly, the re ha s be e n a n incre a s e in home work a s s ignme nts a nd e xtra curricula r a ctivitie s. Stude nt Fe e dba ck: Stude nts indica te tha t the ne w curriculum is more cha lle nging a nd tha t the y fe e l ove rwhe lme d by the incre a s e d workloa d. Te a che rs a ls o re port tha t the ne w te a ching me thods ma y not be I: EP D: SMS a ligning we ll with s tude nts ' le a rning s tyle s.  CAS E S TUDY EXAMP LE: UNDERS TANDI NG YOUR P ROBLEM Ste p 4 : Cra fting your Proble m Sta te me nt The high s chool ha s obs e rve d a s ignifica nt de cline in a ca de mic pe rforma nce a mong its s tude nts ove r the pa s t s e me s te r, a s e vide nce d by lowe r gra de s , incre a s e d cla s s room dis ruptions , a nd diminis he d s tude nt e nga ge me nt. Re ce nt cha nge s , including the introduction of a more cha lle nging curriculum a nd a n incre a s e in a ca de mic workloa d, a ppe a r to be contributing fa ctors. The s chool a dminis tra tion ne e ds to ide ntify the root ca us e s of the s e is s ue s in orde r to imple me nt e ffe ctive inte rve ntions a nd I: EP D: SMS improve ove ra ll s tude nt pe rforma nce a nd we ll-be ing.  CAS E S TUDY EXAMP LE: UNDERS TANDI NG YOUR P ROBLEM Ste p 5: Ide ntifying the Core Proble m Root Ca us e Ana lys is : By a na lyzing the colle cte d da ta , the s chool ide ntifie s tha t the de cline in a ca de mic pe rforma nce is clos e ly re la te d to the re ce nt curriculum cha nge s a nd incre a s e d workloa d. The ne w curriculum is pe rce ive d a s too cha lle nging, a nd s tude nts a re s truggling to ke e p up with the de ma nds. Core Proble m: The is s ue is not jus t a ge ne ra l de cline in pe rforma nce but s pe cifica lly re la te d to the difficulty of the I: EP ne w curriculum a nd the incre a s e d s tre s s pla ce d on D: SMS s tude nts.  CAS E S TUDY EXAMP LE: UNDERS TANDI NG YOUR P ROBLEM Outcome The s chool a dminis tra tion de cide s to re vie w a nd a djus t the ne w curriculum to be tte r a lign with s tude nts ' ne e ds a nd le a rning s tyle s. Additiona l s upport is provide d, s uch a s tutoring s e s s ions a nd couns e ling s e rvice s to he lp s tude nts ma na ge s tre s s a nd improve the ir a ca de mic pe rforma nce. I: EP D: SMS BREAKING PROBLEM TO SMALL PART I: EP D: SMS  OVERVI EW: P ROBLEM DECOMP OS I TI ON Breaking Down Problems Why Decomposition Structured Matters Approach Introduction to Decomposition Top-Down Approach Modularization Bottom-Up Breaks the problem from Approach a broad perspective to Dividing the problem Builds up the solution by starting into independent, I: EP detailed components. D: SMS with smaller, detailed parts. manageable modules I MP ORTANCE OF BREAKI NG DOWN A P ROBLEM Why De compos ition Ma tte rs : Bre a king down comple x proble ms into s ma lle r, more ma na ge a ble pa rts s implifie s the proble m-s olving proce s s. It a llows for a more s ys te ma tic a pproa ch a nd he lps in ide ntifying the root ca us e of is s ue s. Structure d Approa ch: De compos ition he lps in orga nizing the proble m-s olving proce s s , e ns uring tha t e a ch pa rt of the proble m is a ddre s s e d e ffe ctive ly, le a ding to a compre he ns ive s olution. I: EP D: SMS  I NTRODUCTI ON TO P ROBLEM DECOMP OS I TI ON Wha t is De compos ition : De compos ition involve s bre a king down a proble m into s ma lle r, s olva ble pa rts. This s lide e xpla ins the conce pt a nd its importa nce in proble m-s olving. Adva nta ge s : The ma in a dva nta ge of de compos ition is tha t it ma ke s comple x proble ms e a s ie r to unde rs ta nd a nd s olve. It a llows for focus e d a tte ntion on individua l a s pe cts of the proble m, le a ding to more e ffe ctive s olutions. I: EP D: SMS TECHNI QUES FOR P ROBLEM DECOMP OS I TI ON Top-Down Approa ch : This a pproa ch s ta rts with the ove ra ll proble m a nd bre a ks it down into s ma lle r compone nts. It is us e ful for unde rs ta nding the big picture be fore diving into de ta ils. Bottom-Up Approa ch : The bottom-up a pproa ch s ta rts with s ma lle r de ta ils a nd builds up to the ove ra ll s olution. This te chnique is ofte n us e d whe n the s ma lle r compone nts a re we ll-unde rs tood but ne e d to be inte gra te d into a la rge r s ys te m. I: EP D: SMS  EXAMP LE OF TOP - DOWN AP P ROACH: ORGANI ZI NG A S MALL OFFI CE BI RTHDAY PARTY Goa l: Pla n a s ucce s s ful office birthda y pa rty. Bre a k Down: Ma jor compone nts include ve nue , food a nd drinks , a nd e nte rta inme nt. De ta il Re quire me nts : For the ve nue , re s e rve a s pa ce a nd de cora te ; for food, a rra nge ca te ring or potluck; for e nte rta inme nt, pre pa re a pla ylis t a nd pla n s imple ga me s. Exe cute : Se t up the ve nue , a rra nge food a nd drinks , I: EP D: SMS a nd s ta rt the e nte rta inme nt a ctivitie s a s pla nne d.  EXAMP LE OF BOTTOM- UP AP P ROACH: ORGANI ZI NG A S MALL OFFI CE BI RTHDAY PARTY Ta s ks a nd De ta ils : Sta rt by ha ndling individua l ta s ks like buying de cora tions , orde ring food, a nd cre a ting a mus ic pla ylis t. Combine Compone nts : Once e a ch ta s k is comple te d, a s s e mble the compone nts : put up de cora tions , s e t up the food a nd drinks , a nd pre pa re the e nte rta inme nt. As s e mble the Eve nt : Combine the comple te d compone nts into a cohe s ive pla n for the pa rty, e ns uring e ve rything is in pla ce a nd re a dy. Re vie w a nd Adjus t : Re vie w the s e tup to e ns ure e ve rything works toge the r s moothly a nd ma ke a ny ne ce s s a ry a djus tme nts for a I: EP s ucce s s ful e ve nt. D:SMS  MODULARI ZATI ON Bre a king into Module s : Modula riza tion involve s dividing the proble m into inde pe nde nt, ma na ge a ble module s or compone nts. Ea ch module ca n be de ve lope d a nd te s te d s e pa ra te ly, ma king the proce s s more e fficie nt. Be ne fits : Modula riza tion fa cilita te s e a s ie r te s ting, de bugging, a nd ma inte na nce. It a ls o a llows for pa ra lle l de ve lopme nt, whe re diffe re nt te a m me mbe rs ca n work on diffe re nt module s s imulta ne ous ly. I: EP D: SMS  BENEFI TS OF MODULARI ZATI ON Ea s ie r Te s ting : Is ola te d module s ca n be te s te d individua lly, e ns uring tha t e a ch pa rt of the s ys te m functions corre ctly be fore inte gra tion. Ma inte na nce : Modula r s ys te ms a re e a s ie r to ma inta in be ca us e cha nge s ca n be ma de to individua l module s without a ffe cting the e ntire s ys te m. This le a ds to more fle xible a nd s ca la ble s olutions. I: EP D: SMS  CAS E S TUDY ON MODULAZATI ON: S I MP LE CALCULATOR De fine Arithme tic Module s : Se pa ra te the ca lcula tor into dis tinct module s for e a ch a rithme tic ope ra tion: a ddition, s ubtra ction, multiplica tion, a nd divis ion. De ve lop Ea ch Module : Imple me nt e a ch a rithme tic ope ra tion a s a n individua l function or module , focus ing on a ccura te computa tion for its s pe cific ta s k. Inte gra te Module s : Combine the a rithme tic module s into th e ma in ca lcula tor progra m, e na bling it to ca ll the a ppropria te function ba s e d on the s e le cte d ope ra tion. Simplify Ma inte na nce : This modula r a pproa ch a llows for e a s y upda te s or e nha nce me nts to s pe cific ope ra tions without a ffe cting I: EP the e ntire ca lcula tor progra m. D: SMS  DECOMP OS I TI ON De finition: Bre a king a comple x s ys te m into s ma lle r, ma na ge a ble module s. Purpos e : Simplifie s de ve lopme nt a nd e nha nce s ma inta ina bility. Exa mple : A ca lcula tor a pp with s e pa ra te module s for UI, a rithme tic, input ha ndling, a nd dis pla y. Be ne fits : Ea s ie r de ve lopme nt, te s ting, a nd upda te s. I: EP D: SMS  MODULARI ZATI ON VS. DECOMP OS I TI ON De compos ition: ⚬ Bre a ks down comple x proble ms into s ma lle r pa rts.  Focus : Simplifie s proble m-s olving. Modula riza tion: ⚬ Orga nize s pa rts into dis tinct, re us a ble module s.  Focus : Enha nce s s ys te m de s ign a nd ma inta ina bility. Ke y Diffe re nce : ⚬ De compos ition s implifie s comple xity ⚬ Modula riza tion improve s s tructure a nd re us a bility. I: EP D: SMS  CAS E S TUDY ON DECOMP OS I TI ON: De compos e the SysS teImMP LE CALCULATOR The ca lculator a pplication is divide d into module s for us e r inte rfa ce (UI), a rithme tic ope rations , input ha ndling, a nd re s ult dis pla y. De ve lop Module s Ea ch module is de ve lope d s e pa rate ly, focus ing on s pe cific ta s ks like proce s s ing us e r input, pe rforming ca lculations , a nd updating the dis pla y. Inte gra te Compone nts The module s a re the n inte grate d to form a comple te a pplication, with the UI inte ra cting with input ha ndling, which us e s a rithme tic functions a nd dis pla ys re s ults. Be ne fits I: EP This de compos ition a pproa ch s implifie s de ve lopme nt a nd te sting, e nha nce s D: SMS ma inta ina bility, a nd a llows for e a s y update s or a dditions of ne w fe ature s.  CHALLENGES I N P ROBLEM DECOMP OS I TI ON Common Is s ue s : Dis cus s pote ntia l difficultie s in bre a king down proble ms , s uch a s ide ntifying the corre ct le ve l of de ta il or ma na ging de pe nde ncie s be twe e n pa rts. Ove rcoming Cha lle nge s : Offe r s tra te gie s for s ucce s s ful de compos ition, s uch as ite ra tive re fine me nt, colla bora tion, a nd the us e of de compos ition tools. I: EP D: SMS  TOOLS FOR DECOMP OS I TI ON Vis ua liza tion Tools : Introduce tools like flowcha rts , dia gra ms , a nd mind ma ps tha t he lp vis ua lize the de compos ition proce s s a nd the re la tions hips be twe e n diffe re nt pa rts of the proble m. Applica tion : Expla in how the s e tools a id in cle a r a nd e ffe ctive de compos ition, ma king it e a s ie r to unde rs ta nd a nd s olve comple x proble ms. I: EP D: SMS  P RACTI CE EXERCI S E ON DECOMP OS I TI ON In a group of 5 s tude nt, de compos e the functiona lity of a libra ry ma na ge me nt s ys te m into s ma lle r, ma na ge a ble module s s uch a s Ca ta log Ma na ge me nt, Borrowing Sys te m, e tc. De fine the re s pons ibilitie s of e a ch module a nd illus tra te how the y inte ra ct with e a ch othe r to form a cohe s ive s ys te m. I: EP D: SMS THANK YOU I: EP D: SMS