LING 1001 Midterm Review PDF

# LING 1001 - MIDTERM REVIEW ## WHAT IS LINGUISTICS? * The scientific study of the nature and use of language. * **Linguistic Competence**: a speaker's subconscious/knowledge about things. * **Linguistic Performance**: the way one produces and comprehends language. * **Language Syntax**: how words...

# LING 1001 - MIDTERM REVIEW ## WHAT IS LINGUISTICS? * The scientific study of the nature and use of language. * **Linguistic Competence**: a speaker's subconscious/knowledge about things. * **Linguistic Performance**: the way one produces and comprehends language. * **Language Syntax**: how words combine to form phrases and sentences. * **Semantics**: when you interpret meaning. * **Lexicon**: consists of a collection of all the words you know, what functions they serve, what they refer to, how they are pronounced, and how they are related to other words. **Three Distinct Things Called "Grammar":** 1. Linguists try to understand mental grammar. 2. **Descriptive Grammar**: the description of the rules of a language. 3. **Prescriptive Grammar** is the notion of "correct" way to use language. ## WHAT IS PHONETICS? * The study of the minimal units that make up language. * These minimal units are called phones and speech sounds. **Coarticulation**: when two words are articulated together. * Ex. the "n" in "lean bacon" **The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA):** is the most widely used and accepted phonetic alphabet among linguists. * **Voice Sounds**: speech sounds made with the vocal folds vibrating. * **Voiceless Sounds**: speech sounds without the vocal folds. * **Articulation**: the motion or positioning of some part of the vocal tract with respect to some other surface of the vocal tract in the production of a speech sound. **3 Part Articulatory Descriptions of Constants:** 1. **Voicing**: is the sound voiced or voiceless. 2. **Place of Articulation**: where is the airstream constricted? 3. **Manner of Articulation**: how is the airstream constricted? ## Place of Articulation * **Bilabial**: [p], [b], [m], [w], [w (with the circle underneath the 'w')] * **Labiodental**: [f], [v] * **Interdental**: [θ], [ð] * **Alveolar**: [t], [d], [s], [z], [n], [l], [ɹ] * **Post-alveolar**: LOOK AT NOTES (BLUE STICKY NOTE) * **Palatal**: [j] * **Velar**: [k], [g], [ŋ] * **Glottal**: [h], [ʔ] ## Manner of Articulation * **Stops**: [p], [b], [t], [d], [k], [g], [ʔ] * **Fricatives**: [f], [v], [θ], [ð], [s], [z], [ʃ], [ʒ], [h] * **Affricative**: [tʃ], [dʒ] * **Nasal**: [m], [n], [ŋ] * **Liquids (two types)** * **Lateral Liquid**: [l] * **Retroflex Liquid**: [ɹ] * **Glides**: [w], [w (circle on the bottom0], [j] * **Flap (tap):** [ɾ] ## Vowel Articulation * **high**: [i] * **mid**: [ε] * **low**: [æ] ## Tongue Advancement * **front**: [i] * **back**: [u] ## Lip Rounding * **rounded**: [u] * **unrounded**: [i] ## Tenseness * **TENSE Vowel**: [i] [u] * **LAX Vowel**: [ɪ] [ʊ] ## Diphthongs vs. Monophthongs * **Diphthongs**: a complex, two part vowel, consisting of a transition from one vowel to the other in the same syllable. ## WHAT IS PHONOLOGY? * The study of how sounds are organized within a language and how they interact with each other. * **Aspiration**: a puff of air that follows the release of a constant when there is a delay in the onset of voicing, symbolized by a superscript "h". * **Phoneme**: a class of speech sounds that are perceived as variants of the same sound, phonemes are written between slashes (ex. /a/). * **Allophone**: a member of a particular phoneme class, written between square brackets (ex. [a]). * **Phonetic Environment**: ex. [pel] turns to #_el * the `_` represents the position in which the critical phone occurs. * the # mark indicates a word boundary. ## CONTRASTIVE DISTRIBUTION = ALLOPHONES OF SEPARATE PHONEMES. ## NATURAL CLASS * A natural class is a group of sounds in a language that share one or more articulatory or auditory properties, to the exclusion of all other sounds in that language. * [p, b]: are the natural class of bilabial stop consonants. * [m, n, ŋ]: are the natural class of nasal consonants. * [j]: is the natural class of palatal consonants. * [i, ɪ]: are the natural class of high front vowel. * [aɪ, aʊ, ɔɪ, oʊ, eɪ]: are the natural class of diphthongs. ## SIBILANTS * Are sounds that have a high pitched, hissing sound quality. * ↳ [s, z, ʃ, tʃ, dʒ] are the natural class of sibilants in English. ## LABIALS * Are sounds produced with the lips, includes both bilabial and labiodental sounds. * ↳ [p, b, f, v, m, w, w (with the circle on the bottom)] are the natural class of the labials in English. ## OBSTRUENTS * Are sounds produced with an obstruction of the airflow in the oral cavity while the nasal cavity is closed off; includes stops, fricative, and affricatives. * ↳ [p, b, t, d, k, g, glottal stop, f, v, θ, s, z, h, ʃ, tʃ, dʒ] are the natural class of obstruents in English. ## SONORANTS * Are sounds (usually voiced sounds) produced with a relatively open passage of airflow; nasal, liquids, glides, and vowels are all sonorants. ## CONTRASTIVE DISTRIBUTION * When swapping the phones result in the change in meaning. ## COMPLEMENTARY DISTRIBUTION * When two or more sounds occur in non-overlapping, mutual exclusive environments. **CONTRASTIVE DISTRIBUTION = ALLOPHONES OF SEPARATE PHONEMES.** **COMPLEMENTARY DISTRIBUTION = ALLOPHONES OF THE SAME PHONEME.** ## FREE VARIATION * When they occur in the same phonetic environment and make no distinction in the meaning of their respective words. * Free variation are allophones of the same phoneme. ## THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET (revised to 2015) | | Bilabial | Labiodental | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Uuvular | Pharyngeal | Glottal | |--------------------|---------|-------------|--------|----------|---------------|----------|---------|-------|---------|------------|--------| | **Plosive** | p b | t d | t d | k g | k g | ɡ | c | k g | q | G | ʔ | | **Nasal** | m | m | n | n | ŋ | ŋ | ɲ | ŋ | N | | | | **Trill** | β | | | r | | r | | | | | | | **Tap or Flap** | | | | ɾ | | | | | | | | | **Fricative** | φ β | f v | θ ð | s z | ʃ ʒ | ʂ ʐ | ç j | x χ | χ ʁ | ħ ʕ | h h | | **Lateral Fricative**| | | | ɬ | | | | | | | | | **Approximant** | | v | | l | 1 | l | j | w | | | | | **Lateral Approximant**| | | | l | | | | | | | | : Symbols to the right in a cell are voiced, to the left are voiceless. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.