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Automatic Process : speed and lack of conscious effort; occur without deliberate thought and often involve well-learned tasks or stimuli LESSON 4: Attention and Consciousness...

Automatic Process : speed and lack of conscious effort; occur without deliberate thought and often involve well-learned tasks or stimuli LESSON 4: Attention and Consciousness Controlled Processes : Require deliberate effort Attention and consciousness plays crucial roles in and conscious attention; slower and involve tasks how we perceive, process, and interact with the that are novel or require significant cognitive world around us– fundamental concepts in resources cognitive psychology ★ Attention : cognitive mechanism that NATURE OF CONSCIOUSNESS allows us to selectively focus on certain Allows us to reflect on our experiences, make stimuli while ignoring others. Enabling us decisions, and engage in complex to concentrate on what is relevant and problem-solving important ★ plan and execute actions based on our ★ Consciousness : Our awareness of awareness and understanding of our ourselves and our surroundings. Allowing mental states us to reflect on our experiences and make informed decisions ; provides Levels of Consciousness insights into various psychological Awareness of our internal states and external phenomena environment. ★ Conscious : Immediate awareness of NATURE OF ATTENTION thoughts, sensations, and perceptions. Involves selectively concentrating on one aspect ★ Preconscious : Information that is not of information while ignoring other stimuli. currently in our awareness but can be ★ acts as a filter that prioritizes relevant easily brought to consciousness information and task ★ Unconscious : Mental processes that are not accessible to our direct awareness, Types of Attention such as repressed memories or ★ Selective Attention : focus on a specific automatic responses. stimulus or task while excluding other irrelevant stimuli. Consciousness of Mental Processes ★ Divided Attention : “multitasking” ★ Awareness of Mental States : Awareness managing multiple tasks or stimuli of their cognitive processes, such as simultaneously; allows us to perform thinking, problem-solving, and emotional several tasks at once but leads to responses. Enabling self reflection and reduced performance in each task due to ability to adjust based on internal states. cognitive load ★ Meta-Cognition : Evaluating one’s thought ★ Sustained Attention : maintain focus over processes, understanding how one learns a prolonged period. best, and making adjustments to improve solving strategies. Hindrances to Attention ★ Cognitive Load : High cognitive load can impair attention by overwhelming working memory. Too much information LESSON 5: Memory diminishes focus on relevant tasks Memory is a fundamental cognitive process that ★ Distractions and Interruptions : External involves encoding, storing, and retrieving stimuli such as noise, visual distractions, information; It allows us to retain past or interruptions can divert attention away experiences, use learned information, and plan from the primary task. ★ Multitasking : Often leads to decreased for the future. performance due to the divided ★ A complex system– different types and allocation of cognitive resources. Result processes in lower accuracy and slower task ★ Provides valuable insights into the completion times mechanisms of memory and the factors that influence its effectiveness. AUTOMATIC VS. CONTROLLED PROCESSES OF ATTENTION TASKS USED FOR MEASURING MEMORY Memory measurement tasks assess various aspects of memory; helps to understand how memory functions and identify areas of strength and weakness in individuals Common Memory Measurement Tasks ★ Recall Tasks : Retrieve information without cues. This can be free recall, where they list as many items as possible from memory, or cued recall, where prompts aid in retrieval. ○ Used to gauge the ability to retrieve learned information ★ Recognition Tasks : Identify previously encountered items from a list that includes distractors. For recognition memory ○ Central Executive : Oversees ○ Used to evaluate witness attentional control and task memory and in marketing to test management brand recognition. ○ Phonological Loop : Processes ★ Working Memory Tasks : Hold and verbal and auditory information. manipulate information temporarily. To ○ Long-Term Memory (LTM): identify the need for interventions for Stores information indefinitely. working memory deficits. ★ Levels of Processing Model (Craik and ★ Implicit Memory Tasks : Assess Lockhart, 1972) : memory retention is unconscious memory processes. Use to influenced by the depth of processing measure imprint and behavior without conscious awareness, Models of Memory ★ Multi-Store Model (Atkinson and Shiffrin, 1968) : memory consists of three stores: ○ Shallow Processing : Focuses on surface characteristics ○ Deep Processing : Involve semantic analysis 1. Sensory Memory : Holds sensory ENCODING, TRANSFER, AND RETRIEVAL information briefly ★ Encoding : the process of 2. Short-term Memory (STM) : Holds transforming sensory input into a information temporarily for analysis and form that can be stored in transfer to LTM memory. 3. Long-term Memory (LTM) : Stores ○ Visual Encoding: information indefinitely. Involves converting ★ Working Memory Model (Baddeley and images into memory. Hitch, 1974) : emphasizing the role of STM ○ Acoustic Encoding: in active information processing. Involves processing auditory information. ○ Semantic Encoding: Involves understanding  the meaning of ★ Misinformation Effect: Incorporating information misleading information into memory ★ Transfer : the movement of information ★ False Memories: Recollection of events from one memory store to another, such that never occurred. as from STM to LTM. ★ Source Amnesia: Forgetting the origin of a ○ Rehearsal: Repeating information memory. helps transfer content from STM to LTM. LESSON 6: The Landscape of Memory ○ Elaboration: Creating associations or mental The Landscape of Memory is a unique and connections between new captivating topic that explores the complex and information and existing multifaceted nature of human memory. knowledge enhances transfer Mental images: Visual representations ★ Retrieval : accessing stored information created by our brains to store memories, for use which can range from vivid and detailed to vague and fuzzy. Maps: Cognitive frameworks used by the brain to organize and structure memories. Proportions: Help us understand relationships between different memories and events. ○ Recall: Retrieving information ENCODING, STORAGE, AND RETRIEVAL without cues. Memory processes consist of three stages: ○ Recognition: Identifying previously encountered 1. Encoding: Transforming sensory input information. into a representation for memory. ○ Semantic Encoding: Involves 2. Storage: Retaining encoded information. understanding the meaning 3. Retrieval: Accessing stored information. information These processes are interdependent and FORGETTING AND MEMORY DISTORTION interactive. Forgetting occurs when information cannot be retrieved from memory. It can result from several Encoding and Transfer of Information factors. Before storage, information must first be ★ Decay Theory: Memory traces fade over encoded. Encoding enables the transfer of facts time if not accessed. and events from short-term to long-term ★ Interference Theory: Other memories memory. interfere with retrieval. ★ Proactive Interference: Old information Short-Term Storage hinders new information recall. Conrad’s Experiment (1964): ★ Retroactive Interference: New information affects the recall of old ○ Participants confused visually information. presented letters (e.g., confusing ★ Retrieval Failure: Inability to access F for S or B for V) based on stored information. acoustic similarity rather than visual appearance. Memory Distortion occurs when memories are altered or influenced by external factors.  ○ Indicates that acoustic encoding Sleep and Memory Consolidation is predominant in short-term memory. REM sleep: Essential for consolidating memory and improving recall. Baddeley’s Research (1966): Hippocampal activity during sleep enhances performance in spatial memory ○ Short-term memory relies tasks. primarily on acoustic encoding. ○ Recall of acoustically similar Organization of Stored Information words (e.g., map, cab, mad) was worse than acoustically distinct Mnemonic Devices: Techniques that add words. meaning to otherwise arbitrary items to ○ Semantic encoding plays a minor aid memory. role in short-term memory. Free Recall: Grouping remembered items by category, even if the presentation Forms of Encoding order is random. Long-Term Storage: Retrieval from Short-Term Memory ○ Information is primarily encoded semantically. Sternberg’s Study: Participants identified ○ fMRI studies: Encoding and whether test digits matched a memorized retrieval involve overlapping and set, demonstrating processes in memory distinct brain regions (e.g., scanning and retrieval. fusiform face area). ○ Long-term storage is flexible and incorporates semantic, visual, and acoustic information. Transfer from STM to LTM Interference: Competing information hinders memory storage. Decay: Forgetting due to passage of time. Consolidation: Integrates new information into existing schemas. Meta-Memory Techniques Rehearsal: Repeating information to strengthen memory. ○ Elaborative Rehearsal: Links new information meaningfully to existing knowledge. ○ Maintenance Rehearsal: Repetition without deeper integration.