Liver Diseases PDF

Liver Diseases The liver is the largest organ in the human body and consists of four lobes, with a weight of 1.5 kg. The liver is located in the upper right side of the abdomen.  Liver functions 1- Distribution of amino acids to the cells of the body for use in the production of ce...

Liver Diseases The liver is the largest organ in the human body and consists of four lobes, with a weight of 1.5 kg. The liver is located in the upper right side of the abdomen.  Liver functions 1- Distribution of amino acids to the cells of the body for use in the production of cell proteins (prothrombin - albumin - globulin - fibrinogen) 2- Converting glucose, fructose, galactose into glycogen. Glucose is formed from glycogen (Glycogenolysis), converts excess glucose into fat and transporting them to tissues and storing 3- Converting fats to lipoproteins then in the form of TG, synthesis of cholesterol, synthesis of ketone bodies. 4- Iron storage in the form of ferritin copper storage (included in the formation of hemoglobin, which forms RBC) stores zinc and magnesium (the formation of enzymes for metabolism 5- Stores vitamin A, D, E, K. Stores part of vitamin B (involves in the formation of enzymes 6- Synthesis of bile salt, then it is pushed through the bile ducts and stored in the gallbladder 7- Converting toxic substances into non-toxic substances (deactivation of excess drugs by stopping their activity)  ‫‪Liver diseases‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬ترسيب دهون علي الكبد ‪fatty liver‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬التهاب خاليا الكبد ‪hepatitis‬‬ ‫‪ -3‬تليف الكبد ‪cirrhosis‬‬  What is fatty liver disease? Fatty liver disease (steatosis) is a common condition caused by having too much fat build up in your liver. A healthy liver contains a small amount of fat. It becomes a problem when fat reaches 5% to 10% of your liver’s weight. It occurs as a result of increased formation of fatty acids in the liver, a defect in the processes of lipid oxidation, a decrease in the synthesis of protein that carries fats outside the liver.  What are the symptoms of fatty liver disease? People with fatty liver disease often have no symptoms until the disease progresses to cirrhosis of the liver. If you do have symptoms, they may include: ❑ Abdominal pain or a feeling of fullness in the upper right side of the abdomen. ❑ Nausea, loss of appetite or weight loss. ❑ Yellowish skin and whites of the eyes (jaundice). ❑ Swollen abdomen and legs (edema). ❑ Extreme fatigue or mental confusion. ❑ Weakness.  Why is fatty liver disease bad? from 7% to 30% of people with the fatty liver disease gets worse over time. It progresses through three stages: 1. Your liver becomes inflamed (swollen)‫متورم‬, which damages its tissue. This stage is called steatohepatitis. 2. Scar tissue forms where your liver is damaged. This process is called fibrosis. ‫نتيجة االلتهاب المستمر للكبد‬ 3. Extensive scar tissue replaces healthy tissue. At this point, you have cirrhosis, is irreversible ‫ال رجعه فيه‬.  What are the forms of fatty liver disease? There are two main forms of fatty liver disease: Alcohol-induced fatty liver disease Alcohol-induced fatty liver disease is caused by heavy drinking. About 5% of people in the U.S. have this form of liver disease. Non-alcohol related fatty liver disease Non-alcohol related fatty liver disease (NAFLD) occurs in people who aren’t heavy drinkers. Several factors, such as obesity, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia , insulin resistance, diabetes, can increase your risk.  Diagnosis ❑ serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) — two enzymes that are abnormally high in people with fatty liver disease. ❑ Ultrasound scan) to get a picture of the liver. ❑ Liver biopsy (tissue sample) to determine how far advanced liver disease has progressed. ❑ FibroScan, a specialized ultrasound sometimes used instead of a liver biopsy to find out the amount of fat and scar tissue in the liver.  In general, the Diet for fatty liver disease includes: 1- 800 mg of garlic powder per day for 15 weeks saw reductions in liver fat and improved enzyme levels. 2- for unsaturated fat sources (avocados, olive oil, nut butter, and fatty fish) may be helpful 3- Sunflower seeds are particularly high in vitamin E, an antioxidant often used 4- High doses of curcumin — the active ingredient in turmeric — might reduce markers of liver damage 5- A diet rich in nuts is associated with reduced inflammation, insulin resistance, and oxidative stress,  In general, the diet for fatty liver disease includes: 6- nutritious diet rich in high fiber foods like oats is effective for those with NAFLD and may help reduce triglyceride levels. 7- Fatty fish such as salmon,sardines, and tuna, are high in omega-3 fatty acids. Supplementing with omega-3s reducing liver fat, boosting protective HDL cholesterol, and lowering triglyceride levels. 8- leafy greens may help fight fatty liver disease. 9- Your daily cup of coffee could help protect the liver 2- Hepatitis (Acute & Chronic)  2- Hepatitis (Acute & Chronic) Symptoms: - Loss of appetite, dizziness, nausea - Yellowing of the eyes and the rest of the body (jaundice). - - Urine color is dark brown. (licorice) - Abdominal pain - General weakness and constant wasting, fatigue from the least effort. - Frequent bleeding from the nose and gums. - Vomiting blood or passing stools with dark-colored - high temperature Some patients does not show any symptoms except in advanced cases  Causes - There are several causes of hepatitis, and they are not limited to viruses hepatitis (A, B, C, D, E) - Medications (cortizone), heroin, drugs, allergy to sulfa compounds or penicillin, schistosomiasis, pesticides that can cause liver infections as well as immune infections. When the infection continued for more than six months, we refer to this type as chronic hepatitis. acute hepatitis, chronic, cirrhosis, ascites, esophageal varices bleeding, and liver cancer  Hepatitis A is an inflammation of the liver that can cause mild to severe illness. The hepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through ingestion of contaminated food and water or through direct contact with an infectious person, inadequate sanitation, poor personal hygiene. Hepatitis C is a virus that spreads through contaminated blood and can lead to liver inflammation and damage.  RDA Total calories: 35- 40 cal/ KG BW Proteins:1- 1.5 gram/kg BW (12-15%) Fats: 20% total calories (plant sources) Carb. 55- 60% Take vitamin supplements, especially B-complex vitamins because it is involved in the metabolism of protein, fat and carbohydrates + prevents the deposition of fat in hepatocytes  Dietary restrictions - animal fats, fried and spicy foods are forbidden - foods that contain gases, - reduce the amount of salt in case of edema.