Literature review updated(1).pdf

 Steps of the Quantitative Research Process  Definition ( literature, literature review, citations)  The purpose and Importance of Literature Review  Sources included in a Literature Review  Types of publications  Quality of sources  The Steps of a Literature Review  Critically appraising L...

 Steps of the Quantitative Research Process  Definition ( literature, literature review, citations)  The purpose and Importance of Literature Review  Sources included in a Literature Review  Types of publications  Quality of sources  The Steps of a Literature Review  Critically appraising Literature Review At the end of the lecture the student will:  Define key terms: literature, literature review, citations  Discuss the purpose of the literature review in quantitative research.  Identify the sources included in a literature review.  Differentiate a primary source from a secondary source.  Identify common data bases.  Conduct a computerized search of the literature.  Identify the steps in the literature review process.  Write a literature review to promote the use of evidence –based knowledge in nursing practice.  Critique the literature review section of a published study. 1. Research problem and purpose 2. Review of relevant literature 3. Research objectives, questions, or hypotheses, study variables 4. Study design 5. Population and sample 6. Measurement Methods 7. Data collection 8. Data analysis 9. Discussion of research outcomes A high-quality review of literature contains the current theoretical and scientific knowledge about a specific topic. The review identifies what is known and unknown about that topic. Nurses in clinical practice review the literature to synthesize the available evidence to find a solution to a problem in practice, or because they want to remain current in their practice.  Literature : Is a collection of all of the relevant written sources on a topic. it will include both theoretical and empirical works. Citation : Is the act of quoting a source, paraphrasing content from a source, using it as an example, or presenting it as support. What Is a Literature Review ? is the process of finding relevant research reports and theoretical sources, critically appraising these sources, synthesizing the results, and developing an accurate and complete reference list. As a foundation for this process, this chapter includes information on how to find references, select those that are relevant, organize what you find, and write a logical summary of the findings. Example: Literature review on the effect of COVID-19 on hospitalized patients with chronic health conditions in Saudi Arabia. The purpose of Literature Review ▶To develop and present a strong knowledge base for the conduct of the research project. ▶Provide the background for the problem studied and the review includes: 1. Describing the current knowledge of a practice problem. 2. Identifying the gaps in knowledge base. 3. Explaining how the study being reported contributed to building knowledge in this area. The purpose of Literature Review ▶ The scope of the literature review must be broad enough to allow the reader to be become familiar with the research problem and narrow enough to include only the most relevant sources. ▶ The purpose of literature review in quantitative research is conducted to direct the planning and execution of a study. ▶ The purpose of the literature review is similar for the different types of quantitative studies, descriptive, correlational, quasi- experimental, and experimental Importance of Literature Review Determines what is known and unknown about a subject, concept, or problem. Determines gaps, consistencies, and inconsistencies in the literature about a subject, concept, or problem. Discovers conceptual traditions used to examine problems. Importance of Literature Review Uncovers research findings that support evidence-based practice. Generates useful research questions and hypotheses for nursing. Determines an appropriate research design, methodology and analysis for answering the research question(s) or hypothesis(es). Determines the need for replication of a study or refinement of a study Sources included in a Literature Review ▶The literature is all written sources relevant to the topic selected including articles published in periodicals or journals, internet publications, monographs, encyclopedias, conference papers, theses, dissertations, clinical journals, textbooks, and other books. ▶ Websites and reports developed by government agencies and professional organizations are also included. ▶ Each source reviewed by the author and used to write the review is cited. ▶ citation is the act of quoting a source, paraphrasing content from a source, using it as an example, or presenting it as support for a position taken. ▶Each citation should have a corresponding reference in the reference list. Sources included in a Literature Review ▶The reference is documentation of the origin of the cited quote or paraphrased idea and provides enough information for the reader to locate the original material. ▶ This information is typically the original author’s name, year, and title of publication and when necessary, periodical or monograph title, volume, pages and other location information as required by standard style writing manuals. ▶The style developed by the American Psychological Association (APA, 2010)is commonly used in nursing programs and journals. Types of publications ▶Article. ▶ Periodical. ▶ Monograph. ▶Encyclopedia. ▶Conference proceedings. ▶Thesis. ▶Dissertation. ▶Clinical journals. ▶Textbooks. ▶Website. Types of publications ▶Article is a paper about a specific topic and may be published together with other articles on similar themes in journals (periodicals), encyclopedias, or edited books. As part of edited book, articles may be called chapters. ▶ Periodical such as a journal is published over time and is numbered sequentially for the years published. This sequential numbering is seen in the year, volume, issue, and page numbering of a journal (online or in print ▶Monograph such as a book on a specific subject, a record of conference proceedings or a pamphlet usually is a one-time publication(online or in print). ▶Encyclopedia is an authoritative compilation of information on alphabetized topics that may provide background information and lead to other sources but is rarely cited in academic papers and publications. ▶Some online encyclopedias are electronic publications that have undergone the same level of review as published encyclopedias. ▶ Other online encyclopedias such as Wikipedia, are in an open, editable format and as a result the credibility of the information is variable. Using Wikipedia as a professional source is controversial, instead it might provide ideas for other sources. ▶ Conference proceedings are selected and reviewed papers published in a conference of a major professional organizations. ▶Thesis is a report of a research project completed by a postgraduate student part of the requirements for a master’s degree. ▶Dissertation is a report of an extensive, sometimes original research project that is completed as the final requirement of a doctoral degree. Theses and dissertations can be cited in a literature review.  ▶Clinical journals are periodicals that include research and non research articles about practice problems and professional issues. ▶Textbooks are source of information for academic courses. Other books on theories, methods, and events may also be cited in a literature review. ▶Websites are electronic access to articles and books and are easy access sources of information. Not all websites are valid and appropriate for citation in literature review might ends with.com. In contrast, website prepared and sponsored by governmental agencies and professional organizations are considered appropriate references to cite (.org,.gov,.edu) Content of publications References cited in literature reviews contains two main types of content: ▶Theoretical literature includes concept analyses, theories, and models that support research problem and purpose. Can be found in books, periodicals, and monographs. ▶Empirical literature refers to data derived from research. The knowledge is based on data from research. Can be found in Data Base Literature such as published studies in journals, internet or books and unpublished studies in theses and dissertations.  Quality of sources Most references cited in quality literature review are primary sources that are peer reviewed. ▶ Primary source : is written by the person who generated or is responsible for generating the published ideas. ◦ In research, written by the person(s) who conducted the research ◦ In theory, written by the theorist(s) who developed the theory ▶ Secondary sources : summarizes or quotes content from primary sources. Authors of secondary sources paraphrase the works of researchers and theorists and present their interpretation of what was written by the primary author.  Secondary sources are used only if primary sources cannot be located or the secondary source provides creative ideas or organization not found in the primary source. Quality of sources ▶Peer reviewed: means that the author of research has submitted a manuscript to a journal editor who identified scholars familiars with the topic to review the manuscript. ▶Relevant studies: are those with direct bearing on the problem of concern. ▶Current/recent studies: are those published within 5 years before publication of the manuscript. Quality of sources ▶Seminal/classical studies: are the first studies on a particular topic. ▶Landmark studies: are significant research projects that have generated knowledge. ▶Replication studies: are reproductions or repetitions of a study that researchers conduct to determine whether the findings of the original study could be found consistently in different settings with different subjects. Reviewing the Literature A. Preparing to review the literature B. Conducting the Literature review C. Processing the literature D. Writing the review of the literature E. Checking the review and the reference list A. Preparing to review the literature 1. Clarify the purpose of the literature review (course assignments, research, strength of evidence) 2. Select electronic database and search terms (bibliographic data base [CINHAL, Medline and Science Direct for current and empirical or theoretical literature. Name of database Database content CINAHL Nursing and allied health journals including many full text articles MEDLINE Biomedical journals and includes abstracts with links to some full text sources PubMed Free access to MEDLINE available to patients and other consumers PsychARTICLES Journals published by the American PsychologicalAssociation (APA)and affiliated organizations Health Source: Journals published for physicians, nurses, and other health care professionals; Nursing/Academic Edition includes many full text articles and medication education materials for patients B. Conducting the literature review/search 1. Search the selected databases. 2. Use a table to document the results of your search. 3. Refine your search. 4. Review the abstracts to identify relevant articles. 5. Obtain full-text copies of relevant articles. 6. Ensure that information needed to cite the source is recorded. C. Processing the literature 9.Read the articles, focus on main points and highlight important contents or make notes. 10. Appraise, analyze, and synthesize the literature. Comprehending and critically appraising sources leads to an understanding of the current state of knowledge related to research problem. Highlight the content you consider important or make some notes in the margins. Analysis is required to determine the value of a reference. The synthesis of sources involves drawing conclusions about what is known. D. Writing the review of the literature 11.Develop an outline to organize information from the review. Depending on the purpose of the literature review, you will determine what the major sections of the paper will be Frequently, a comprehensive literature review has Four sections:  1. Introduction;  2. Discussion of theoretical literature;  3. Discussion of empirical literature; and  4. Summary/conclusion. 12.Write each section of the review Start each paragraph with a theme sentence that describes the main idea of the paragraph. Support the main idea with relevant studies. End each paragraph with a concluding sentence that transitions to the next claim.  Avoid using direct quotes from an author. Paraphrase the author ideas into other words (rewording).  At the end of review write a summary of the current knowledge. 13.Create a reference list.  Many journals and academic institutions use the format developed by APA (2010).  The sources included in the list of references are only those that were cited in the paper E. Check the review and the reference list.  After completing the review, re read the review aloud and ask a fellow student to review and provide constructive feedback.  Complete the sources cited in the paper to the reference list.  Be sure that the authors’ names and year of publication match. Critically appraising Literature Review ▶Inclusion of relevant literature. ▶Currency of sources. ▶Breadth of review. ▶Synthesis of strengths and weaknesses of available evidence.