Literature Review.pdf

2.10.2024 LITERATURE REVIEW Melike Yavuz MD, Assoc.Prof. Public Health Department [email protected] 1 Learning objectives At the end of this lecture, students will be able to; explain the reasons for a literature revi...

2.10.2024 LITERATURE REVIEW Melike Yavuz MD, Assoc.Prof. Public Health Department [email protected] 1 Learning objectives At the end of this lecture, students will be able to; explain the reasons for a literature review being an essential part of every project define the purpose of a literature review explain the differences between primary and secondary sources explain the steps of the review process explain how to locate appropriate references for the research topic use the guidelines for writing a literature review establish a framework for evaluating a literature review. 2 1  2.10.2024 Source Fundamentals of Research Methodology for Health Care Professionals Hilla Brink revised by Christa van der Walt Gisela van Rensburg 3 Once the researcher has identified the topic and the purpose of the study, he/she must conduct a systematic search of the literature to find out precisely what is known about the topic. 4 2  2.10.2024 5 Literature The 'literature' refers to the sources that effectively provide the in-depth knowledge the researcher needs to study the selected problem. 6 3  2.10.2024 Literature review...is a process of reviewing the work of others within your field and using that as a basis for your data collection. 7 A thorough examination of publications on the topic is essential to develop an understanding of a given area, to limit the scope of the study to convey the importance of studying the topic. 8 4  2.10.2024 According to Burns and Grove, a literature review is an organized written presentation of what has been published on a topic by scholars. The purpose of the review is to convey to the reader what is currently known regarding the topic of interest. Burns, N & Grove, SK. 2005. The Practice of Nursing Research, 5 ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier. 9 Purpose of the literature review 10 5  2.10.2024 1. To conduct a critical analytical appraisal of the recent scholarly work on the topic. The 2. To identify the research problem and refine researcher the research questions. conducts the literature 3. To place the study in the context of the general body of knowledge minimizes the review for possibility of unintentional duplication and various increases the probability that the new reasons: research makes a valuable contribution. 4. To obtain clues to the methodology and instruments. 11 5. To refine certain study parts, specifically the The problem statement, hypothesis, conceptual framework, design, and data analysis process. researcher conducts the 6. To compare the findings of existing studies literature with those of the study at hand. review for various 7. To inform or support a qualitative study, reasons: especially in conjunction with the collection and analysis of data. 12 6  2.10.2024 Types of information and sources 13 Types of information and sources Facts, statistics Theories or Methods and Opinions, beliefs Anecdotes, and research interpretations. procedures. or points of view. clinical findings. impressions or narrations of incidents and situations. 14 7  2.10.2024 Facts, statistics and research findings Research findings can suggest topics for investigation and can help the researcher in conceptualizing and designing new research. A good literature review should include current literature as well as material of historical interest. 15 Theories or interpretations This category deals with broader, more conceptual issues of relevance. Descriptions of theories are useful in providing a conceptual context for a research problem. 16 8  2.10.2024 Methods and procedures In this category, the researcher deals with information concerning the methods of conducting a study; that is, in reviewing the literature, the researcher should pay attention to what has been found and how it was found. 17 The researcher needs to pose these questions: What approaches have other researchers used? How have they operationalized and measured their variables? How have they controlled the research situation to enhance interpretation? What statistical methods have they used to analyze the data? 18 9  2.10.2024 Opinions, beliefs, or points of view Articles focusing on authors' opinions or attitudes are inherently subjective and present the suggestions and points of view of one or several individuals. If the study focuses on controversial or emerging issues in the health care sciences, 'opinion articles' may be a valuable source of ideas. 19 Anecdotes, clinical impressions, or narrations of incidents and situations This category may broaden the researcher’s understanding of the problem, mainly if he/she is unfamiliar with the underlying issues. Such sources may also illustrate a point or demonstrate a need for rigorous research. 20 10  2.10.2024 Primary and Secondary Sources 21 Primary sources Primary sources are those in which the data are reported and written by the person or group that gathered the information or conducted the investigation. There are two broad types of primary data sources; Research studies Statistical reports. 22 11  2.10.2024 Secondary sources Secondary sources are those in which the reporter of the information is not the person or group that actually obtained the data; therefore, the information can be regarded as second-hand. Secondary sources summarise or quote content from primary sources, which means that authors of secondary sources paraphrase the work of researchers and theorists. 23 Format of the available literature Common formats used to convey information include journals books reports theses and dissertations conference proceedings government circulars computer databases. 24 12  2.10.2024 The review process In the process of reviewing the literature, the researcher should; use the library identify sources locate sources critically read sources write the review report evaluate the review report 25 26 13  2.10.2024 The review process In the process of reviewing the literature, the researcher should; use the library identify sources locate sources critically read sources write the review report evaluate the review report 27 Identify sources In conducting an in-depth search of the 'Relevance' refers to how closely literature, the researcher must first clarify the the information relates to the research topic and then identify all relevant topic. publications in the area of interest. 28 14  2.10.2024 For example, a researcher who is interested in studying the relationship between obesity research that examines the same question and dietary patterns in teenagers would try to find research that examines related questions, for example the eating patterns of successful dieters, factors influencing obesity, diets in obesity, the general eating patterns of teenagers information relating to the concepts of obesity, teenagers and dietary patterns information relating to the characteristics of obese teenagers. 29 The review process In the process of reviewing the literature, the researcher should; use the library identify sources locate sources critically read sources write the review report evaluate the review report 30 15  2.10.2024 In order to locate Organise Organise the list of identified sources. the sources, the researcher must follow these steps: Search Search the library for those sources. Record Systematically record the references. Determine additional ways to locate Determine sources. 31 Systematically record the references It is necessary that the researcher establishes a systematic method for recording pertinent information. Use cards Computer programs 32 16  2.10.2024 Each entry author(s) date of name(s) publication should include the title of the name of the article, report journal or or book publisher volume and place of number of publication, the journal if it is a book page numbers on which the material appears initial notes you have made about it. 33 The notes that the researcher makes on the articles should contain the problem statement definition of concepts hypotheses, if any theories or assumptions used method of research, instruments used, if applicable data analysis, if applicable findings and summaries researcher's evaluation of each aspect. 34 17  2.10.2024 The review process In the process of reviewing the literature, the researcher should; use the library identify sources locate sources critically read sources write the review report evaluate the review report 35 Critical reading involves a preliminary phase and a critical review. Critically In the preliminary phase the researcher reads the abstract and scans the article, read chapter or report in order to determine sources whether it is suitable for the purpose of the review. Then he/she critically reviews the relevant pieces. 36 18  2.10.2024 The review process In the process of reviewing the literature, the researcher should; use the library identify sources locate sources critically read sources write the review report evaluate the review report 37 The researcher must pay particular attention to the following: The literature review should represent a thoughtful analysis and synthesis of the literature, and not just a collection of quotations and conclusions. The literature review should start with an introduction. The introduction should refer to the sources consulted and give an indication of the amount of work that is in existence. In addition, the introduction should briefly describe the structure and purpose of the review, so as to guide the reader and contextualise all the elements. 38 19  2.10.2024 The researcher must pay particular attention to the following: The main body of the review should consist of the critique of existing work, as well as the theoretical dimension. The researcher should begin by describing the scholarly literature on the independent variable and should then discuss the dependent variable(s) and their relationships. The content of the sources should be paraphrased or summarized in the researcher's own words and should reveal the current state of knowledge on the selected subject. 39 The researcher must pay particular attention to the following: Direct quotes may be used to emphasise central issues. If used, they should be kept as short as possible. Full credit must be given to authors for all statements taken from their work, be it directly or indirectly. If this is not done, the researcher is guilty of plagiarism, and is liable for prosecution. The review should be as objective as possible. The review should include the most up-to-date information. 40 20  2.10.2024 The researcher must pay particular attention to the following: The review should be balanced, identifying the strengths and weaknesses of each of the references, and should compare differences and similarities among them. In other words, the review must reflect all sides of the issue. The review should conclude with a summary of the synthesised findings of the existing work, which should clearly describe the extent of the current knowledge base. The summary should also point out gaps in the literature, or areas of 'research inactivity'. 41 Evaluate the research review Is the review comprehensive? Is it relevant to the problem at hand? Is it up to date? Are all sides of the issue presented? Is there enough sound research-based evidence? Is the use of secondary sources excessive? Does it critically appraise the contribution of key studies? Is it logically organized? Does it attempt to be sufficiently objective? 42 21  2.10.2024 43 22