Literature of Pharmacy PDF

Literature of Pharmacy Kwabena Ofori-Kwakye, Ph.D. Associate Professor, Vice-Dean & Head, Department of Pharmaceutics, FPPS, CHS, KNUST, Kumasi Tel: 03220 60374 (office), 0244838572 (cell) Email: [email protected]...

Literature of Pharmacy Kwabena Ofori-Kwakye, Ph.D. Associate Professor, Vice-Dean & Head, Department of Pharmaceutics, FPPS, CHS, KNUST, Kumasi Tel: 03220 60374 (office), 0244838572 (cell) Email: [email protected] 1  Objectives  To understand the attributes and differences between primary, secondary and tertiary information resources  To recognise that tertiary information resources may exist in hard copy, CD- ROM, on line and /or other format  To know the different types of pharmacopoeias available for use 2  Objectives  To understand the difference between a pharmacopoeia and a formulary  To know various pharmaceutical information resources of Ghanaian origin  To know other information resources available to pharmacy students and practicing pharmacists 3  Importance of information resources  Competency in the use of information sources is an essential part of pharmacy practice  Students are advised to know the different sources of pharmaceutical information 4  Types of information resources  Primary resources  Secondary resources  Tertiary resources 5  Primary resources  They are the research studies published in biomedical journals  It is the most current information about drugs  It contains original reports of scientific studies on which the knowledge of drugs and therapeutics is built 6  Secondary resources  They are indexes and abstracts for primary resources  They are valuable tools for quick and selective screening for primary resources  They provide the user with concise tools for gaining access to the primary literature 7  Tertiary resources  It is core knowledge established via primary literature or knowledge accepted as standard of practice within the pharmaceutical community  They represent the condensation of basic facts originally published in the primary literature  Tertiary resources include textbooks, monographs, compendia, handbook and published symposia 8  Advantages of tertiary resources  Most commonly used sources of information because they are easy to use, concise, and compact  Often provide a review of the literature by an expert in the field  As hard copies (textbooks) or computerised versions (CD-ROMs) they are convenient and fairly accessible 9  Advantages of tertiary resources  Drug information may be divided into specific subjects to make them easier to use  Usually the information contained in tertiary literature is well accepted in medical and pharmaceutical practice 10 Disadvantages of tertiary resources  Lag time……outmoded even in “new” editions  Space limitation with a text may prevent extensive discussion of a drug or topic  Authors may emphasize limited information about a drug or topic  An updated or new information cannot be inserted into the printed (hard copy) tertiary literature in a timely fashion 11  Pharmacopoeias  Pharmacopoeia literally means ‘drug- making’  Officially published lists of drugs with directions for uses and standards of purity  Descriptions of preparations are called Monographs  Usually published under governmental jurisdiction or a medical or pharmaceutical society 12  Formulary  A formulary is a list of drugs or collections of formulas for the compounding of medicinal preparations  Hospital formularies, list all drugs commonly stocked in a hospital pharmacy A pharmacopoeia provides a more comprehensive information on drugs than a formulary  Sometimes the term "pharmacopoeia" and "formulary" are used interchangeably 13  British Pharmacopoeia (BP)  Book of standards of purity and strength for medical substances, products, dressings, etc., together with ‘official’ assays and tests  Published by HMSO Books (London) on recommendation of Medicines Commission (Medicines Act, 1968)  It was first published in 1864  The only official source of British pharmaceutical standards and is used in over 100 countries 14  British Pharmaceutical Codex (BPC or Pharmaceutical Codex)  It is an encyclopaedia of drug information first published in 1907  Prepared by the Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain and published by the Pharmaceutical Press  It provides entries on disease conditions, aspects of pharmaceutics, surgical dressings, etc as well as formulae for medicines  BPC is now incorporated in the Pharmaceutical Codex (since 1979) 15  European Pharmacopoeia (Ph.Eur.)  Prepared under the auspices of the Council of Europe  Created to permit free circulation of drugs within the European Union  Its standards may take precedence over those of the BP 16  International Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Int.)  Published by the WHO to provide recommended pharmaceutical standards for international use  Ph.Int. helps in overall quality control and assurance of pharmaceuticals contributing to the safety and efficacy of medicines worldwide  First volume of Ph.Int. was published in 1951 17  United States Pharmacopoeia & National Formulary (USP-NF)  The official pharmaceutical reference standard of the USA  Published every 5 years with periodic supplements  Provides information on storage, packaging, labeling, reference standards and assays  USP: Drug substances and dosage forms  NF: Pharmaceutical ingredients 18  Martindale‘s The complete drug reference (Extra Pharmacopoeia)  Authoritative reference book on drugs and medicines in current use throughout the world  First produced by William Martindale in 1883 and is still known as Martindale by many of its users  Provides detailed information on nomenclature, physical and pharmaceutical properties, adverse effects, actions and uses, etc  Published by the Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain every 4 years 19  British National Formulary (BNF) A Joint publication of the Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain (RPSGB) and the British Medical Association (BMA)  The standard reference for prescribing and dispensing drugs in Britain  Intended as a pocket rapid reference book  Includes a formulary for ‘official’ extemporaneous preparations and information on drug interactions, cautionary and advisory labels, etc 20  British National Formulary (BNF)  Included are notes on the different drug groups to help in the choice of appropriate treatment  The BNF is updated twice yearly (March and September of each year)  Available on disk and CD-ROM as the Electronic British National Formulary and an electronic web-based format is also available 21  Merck Index  Provides information on chemical name, formula and structure  Gives physical data and therapeutic category of drugs  Published every 6 to 10 years 22  Remington’s the Science and Practice of Pharmacy  Helpful for extemporaneous preparations  Gives information on pharmaceutical calculations, chemistry, radioisotopes, etc  New edition comes out every 5 years 23  Standard Treatment Guidelines (STG)  Prepared by the Ministry of Health, Ghana  Current edition (6th edition) published in 2010  First 3 editions (1988, 1993, 1996) published as Essential Drugs List & National Formulary with Therapeutic Guidelines  Last 3 editions (2000, 2004, 2010) published as Standard Treatment Guidelines 24  Standard Treatment Guidelines (STG)  A tool to assist and guide prescribers, pharmacists, and other healthcare staff to provide quality care to patients  It lists the preferred treatments for common health problems experienced by people in the country 25  Standard Treatment Guidelines (STG)  Designed to be used as a guide to treatment choices and as a reference book in the overall management of patients, such as when to refer  The guidelines are meant for use at all levels within the health system, both public and private  It uses the Recommended International Non- proprietary Name (rINN) in line with WHO recommendations 26  Ghana National Drugs Policy  Prepared by the Ministry of Health, Ghana  First edition was published in 1999  Current edition (2nd edition) was published in 2004  It is a policy document to guide the pharmaceutical sector in Ghana  Developed following consultations with all relevant stakeholders in the pharmaceutical sector 27  The Goal of the National Drugs Policy  To make essential drugs available and accessible to the population; to ensure the safety, efficacy and the quality of drugs and their rational use by the prescribers, the dispensers and the consumers 28  Ghana National Drugs Policy - Elements examined under the policy  Legislation and regulatory control  Drug registration  Selection of essential drugs  Local manufacture of pharmaceuticals & traditional medicines  Herbal medicines  Drug procurement and supply management  Quality assurance  Co-ordination, monitoring and evaluation 29  Other pharmaceutical information resources  Pharmaceutical Journal (UK)  Ghana Pharmaceutical Journal  Ghana Herbal Pharmacopoeia  Index of New Products  Drug Tariff  New Prescription Products  Retail Chemists Trade Price List 30  Drug Information Resources - Some Local organizations  Pharmaceutical Society of Ghana (PSGh) (http://www. psgh.org)  Food and Drugs Board (http:// www.fdbghana.gov.gh)  Pharmacy Council (http:// www.pharmacycouncilghana.org)  Ministry of Health (http://www.moh-ghana.org)  Ghana Health Service (http:// www.ghanahealthservice.org)  Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association of Ghana (PMAG) (http://pmaghana.org) 31  Drug Information Resources - Some International organizations  World Health Organization (WHO) ( http://www.who.int)  West African Health Organization (WAHO) (http://wahooas.org)  International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP) (http://www.fip.org)  International Pharmaceutical Students Federation (IPSF) (http://www.ipsf.org) 32  THANK YOU 33