Literature of Luzon PDF

# Literature of Luzon ## Background of Luzon * Luzon is the largest and most populous island in the Philippines. * It is ranked 15th largest in the world by land area. * It is located in the northern region of the archipelago. * It is the economic and political center of the nation, being home to...

# Literature of Luzon ## Background of Luzon * Luzon is the largest and most populous island in the Philippines. * It is ranked 15th largest in the world by land area. * It is located in the northern region of the archipelago. * It is the economic and political center of the nation, being home to the country's capital city, Manila, as well as Quezon City, the country's most populous city. ## The Literary Works and Authors of Each Region ### Region I: Ilocos Region **Map**: A map shows the Ilocos Region, comprising the provinces of Ilocos Sur, Ilocos Norte, La Union, and Pangasinan. **Ilokano Literature**: Ilokano literature is one of the most active tributaries to general Philippine literature, next to Tagalog (Filipino) and Philippine Literature in English. There are a large number of religious documents, poems, riddles, proverbs, epic stories, folk songs, and other literary work that belongs to this region. #### Authors and Works: - **Manuel Arguilla (La Union)** - _How My Brother Leon Brought Home a Wife_: Told from Baldo's viewpoint, Leon's younger brother, who is both curious and anxious about Maria's adjustment to rural life, coming from the city. However, Maria quickly wins over the villagers with her beauty, humility, and resourcefulness as she effortlessly assimilates into the rural environment. - _Morning in the Nagrebcan_: Set in a rural Filipino village and revolves around young Baldo and his brother Leon, who work together in the fields. Baldo reflects on their father's teachings during their labor, emphasizing the significance of hard work, patience, and the connection with nature. - **Carlos Bulosan (Pangasinan)** - _American in the Heart_: An autobiographical novel by Carlos Bulosan, chronicling the life of Allos, a Filipino immigrant in the early 20th century USA. Allos grapples with racism, discrimination, and economic hardships while striving for a better life for his family. - _My Father's Tragedy_: Tells the story of Juan, a boy in a rural Philippine village. His hardworking father struggles to provide for the family amid poverty and unfair treatment by wealthy landowners and government policies. Despite these challenges, Juan's father perseveres. Sadly, he dies from overwork and harsh conditions while selling crops. - **Amador T. Daguio (Ilocos Norte)** - _A Wedding Dance_: Set in a rural Philippine village and tells the story of Awiyao and Lumnay, a troubled couple. Awiyao seeks a son, contemplating marrying another woman, while Lumnay wrestles with her love for him and tribal traditions. Amidst another couple's wedding dance, the tale contrasts celebration with Lumnay's inner turmoil. - **Pedro Bucaneg (Ilocos Sur)** - _Biag ni Lam-ang_: It follows Lam-ang, a hero with extraordinary powers, as he searches for his missing father, Don Juan. Lam-ang's journey includes encounters with mythical creatures, like a giant fish and a man-eating serpent, which he overcomes with his exceptional strength. - **Francisco Sionil Jose (Pangasinan)** - _The God Stealer_: Is about two friends, Philip and Sam, who are journalists. They visit Baguio, Philippines, meet a guide named Kidlat, and plan to see the Ifugao tribe's ritual of stealing a sacred idol. Philip is drawn to Ifugao culture and is tempted to steal the idol, which raises questions about culture, tradition, and personal ethics. - _My Brother, My Executioner_: Is a novel about two Filipino brothers, Antonio and Victor, with contrasting roles—Antonio as an activist and Victor in the military. This leads to conflict amid themes of power, corruption, and justice in Philippine society. - **Norberto Bumanglag (Ilocos Sur)** - _Ti Agdamdamili_: "Norberto Bumanglag's "Ti Agdamdamili" (The Family)" is a novel by Filipino author Norberto Bumanglag. It narrates a family's journey and challenges, exploring complex family bonds that withstand difficulties. - **Noli Pambin (Ilocos Sur)** - _Ayatko Kenka_: The song is a sweet declaration of love and admiration for someone special. The singer compares their loved one to a source of happiness and sunshine in their life. They find comfort and belonging in their loved one's eyes and smile, emphasizing that their love is forever and they can tackle life's challenges together. - **Kameah Pearl (La Union)** - _Dj ng Aking Radyo_: A talented young DJ who adores music. She works at a local radio station, navigating the challenges of the industry. Kameah discovers how music can change lives and connect people as she evolves as a DJ - **Kenny Oblero (La Union)** - _Sulisog_: Praises the resilience and strength of La Union's people. The poem emphasizes that individuals can triumph over challenges and hardships. It highlights the enduring spirit of La Union's residents and their ability to overcome obstacles. Kenny Oblero beautifully depicts a community that remains steadfast in the face of life's trials, drawing inspiration from its heritage and traditions. ### Region II: Cagayan Valley **Map**: A map shows the Cagayan Valley region, comprising the provinces of Cagayan, Kalinga, Apayao, Isabela, Nueva Vizcaya, Quirino, Ifugao, and Batanes. **Ibanag Folk Poetry**: Ibanag folk poetry - purely sung which explains how it was handed down to the present - Narrative, Romantic and Ridiculing. #### Authors and Works: - **Fernando Maramag** - _The Rural Maid_: Beautifully depicts rural life's simplicity and the charm of a countryside girl. The poem highlights her purity and the beauty of her surroundings, evoking nostalgia for the tranquil countryside. - _The Presentation_: A thought-provoking poem that reflects on the complexities of life and existence. Maramag uses vivid and descriptive language to paint a picture of the world's wonders and challenges, leaving readers with a sense of awe and introspection. - _My Queen Tagala_: A heartfelt poem that celebrates love and admiration for a beloved woman. Through eloquent verses, Maramag expresses deep affection and reverence for the queen of his heart, highlighting the beauty and grace that captivate him. - _Jose Rizal_: Pays tribute to the great Filipino hero, Jose Rizal. Maramag's poem praises Rizal's intellect, bravery, and love for his homeland, portraying him as a symbol of inspiration and patriotism for the Filipino people. - **Leona Florentino** - _Emilia_: A touching poem about love and longing. It's written from Emilia's viewpoint, expressing her deep feelings and sadness due to her loved one's absence. The poem skillfully conveys complex emotions and the depth of romantic love. - **Isagani Cruz** - _Bigong Pag-asa_: A powerful piece of literature that delves into the theme of hopelessness. Through vivid imagery and poignant storytelling, Cruz explores the depths of despair and the human struggle to find meaning and purpose in a seemingly bleak world. - **Carolina Arceo** - _Frustrated Wish_: A poignant literary work that explores the theme of unfulfilled desires and dreams. Arceo's writing delves into the emotions of longing and the bittersweet reality of dreams that remain unrealized, inviting readers to reflect on the human experience of yearning for something beyond reach. ### Region III: Central Luzon **Map**: A map shows the Central Luzon region, comprising the provinces of Aurora, Nueva Ecija, Tarlac, Pampanga, Bulacan, Zambales, and Bataan. **Background**: A combination of towering mountains, extinct and active volcanoes, lush, verdant farmlands, and natural sea harbors. It is one of the leading growth regions in the Philippines, located at the heart of Asia. Their works is [had may] different of Themes. Nature or happening in the society. #### Authors and Works: - **Rommel N. Angara (Aurora)** - _Pa'no ang Pasko_: Through his writing, he delves into the traditions, emotions, and significance of the holiday season, providing readers with a deep reflection on what Christmas truly means. - **Levi Celerio (Bulacan)** - _Basta't Mahal Kita_: Presents a heartfelt declaration of love in "Basta't Mahal Kita." His verses beautifully capture the depth of affection and commitment between two people. - _Galawgaw_: Touches upon themes of freedom and expression, invoking a sense of liberation and empowerment. - _Umaga ng Neneng_: Portrays the morning of a woman named Neneng, providing readers with a glimpse into her life and daily experiences. - **Juan Crisostomo (Tarlac)** - _Anac ng Katipunan_: His work commemorates the bravery and sacrifices of those who fought for Philippine independence. - _Alang Dios_: Explores themes of spirituality and devotion, inviting readers to contemplate their faith and connection to the divine. ### Region IVA: CALABARZON **Map**: A map shows the CALABARZON region, comprising the provinces of Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Rizal, and Quezon. **Background**: Is one of the regions of the Philippines is [also] designated as region VI – A and [it] regional capital is Calamba City in Laguna. The region is composed of five provinces, namely: Cavite, Laguna, batangas, Rizal and, Quezon. The regions name is an acronym of the name of these provinces. The area is rich in history. It’s where the Philippines’ independence from Spain was first declared in 1898. It’s the birthplace of national heroes such as Jose Rizal (from Calamba, Laguna), Emilio Aguinaldo (from kawit, Cavite), Apolinario Mabini (from Tanauan, Batangas) and Miguel Malvar (from Sto. Tomas, Batangas). #### Authors and Works: - **Francisco Arcellana** - _The Mats_: Explores the intricacies of Filipino family life. - _The Flowers of May_: Depicts rural life. These stories delve into family dynamics and rural living, showcasing their beauty and challenges, all while evoking nostalgia and appreciation for traditions. - **Francisco Balagtas** - _Florante at Laura_: Philippine literary masterpiece, a compelling story of love, honor, and heroism amid challenges and political strife. - _Orosman at Zafira_: A tale of love and war with deep themes and lyrical verses. - **Lualhati Bautista** - _Dekada '70_: A gripping novel that immerses readers in the turbulent political landscape of 1970s Philippines through one family's experiences. - _Bata, Bata... Pa'no Ka Ginawa?:_ Explores contemporary Filipino society by delving into the life of a strong, independent woman who questions societal norms on womanhood and motherhood. - **Carlos Bulosan** - _America Is in the Heart_: A semi-autobiographical novel about a Filipino immigrant's experiences in the United States, addressing identity, racism, and the pursuit of the American Dream. - _The Laughter of My Father_: A collection of autobiographical essays where Bulosan reflects on his childhood, family connections, and immigrant challenges. - **Cecilia Manguerra Brainard** - _When the Rainbow Goddess Wept_: Offers a historical view of the Japanese occupation in World War II Philippines, showcasing Filipino resilience and courage. - _Magdalena_: Delves into identity, love, and cultural heritage through a Filipina woman's story. - **Linda Ty Casper** - _Woman with Horns and Other Stories_: A collection of short stories that explore different aspects of Filipino life and culture. - _The Hand You're Dealt_: Delves into the complex dynamics of family relationships, providing readers with a thought-provoking examination of familial bonds. - **Gilda Cordero-Fernando** - _The Butcher, The Baker, The Candlestick Maker: Profiles of Filipino Entrepreneurs_: Showcases stories of Filipino entrepreneurs, highlighting their achievements and struggles in the business world. - _Manila: Work in Progress_: A book that examines the changing urban landscape of Manila, giving readers a glimpse into the city's history, culture, and growth. - **Edmundo Farolan** - _Aurelia_: A novel that transports readers through a compelling story of history, love, and fate. - **Mars Ravelo** - _Darna_, _Dyesebel_, _Captain Barbell_, _Lastikman_, _Bondying_, _Varga_, _Wanted: Perfect Mother_, _Hiwaga_, _Maruja_, _Mariposa_, _Rita_, _Buhay Pilipino_, _Jack and Jill_, _Flash Bomba_, _Tiny Tony_, and _Dragonna_ ### Region IVB: MIMAROPA **Map**: A map shows the MIMAROPA region, comprising the provinces of Occidental Mindoro, Oriental Mindoro, Marinduque, Romblon, and Palawan. **Background**: One of the regions of the Philippines. It is one of two regions of the Philippines having no land borders with another region. The name is a portmanteau combining the names of its provinces which are Occidental Mindoro, Oriental Mindoro, Marinduque, Romblon and Palawan. #### Authors and Works: - **Malas Leviste Jacob** - _Glowing Embers_: Emphasizes hope and resilience in challenging times. - _The Sky Reader_: Explores the wonders of the cosmos. - _A Farm Boy_: Evokes nostalgia for rural life’s simplicity. - _Make Me a Meat_: Delves into desire and longing with vivid imagery. - _The Beauty Written_: The story delves into the various dimensions of beauty, prompting readers to ponder human perception. ### Region V: Bicol Region **Map**: A map shows the Bicol region, comprising the provinces of Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Albay, Sorsogon, Catanduanes, and Masbate. **Background**: The Bicol Region also known as Bicolandia, is composed of three provinces of the Bicol Peninsula (Albay, Camarines Norte and Camarines Sur), one southern end of Luzon Isaland (Sorsogon) and two island provinces adjacent to the peninsula (Catanduanes and Masbate). #### Authors and Works: - **Bienvenido N. Santos** - _Early Harvest_: A collection of short stories that provide insights into the experiences of Filipino immigrants in the United States. - **Potenciano Gregorio Sr.** - _Sarung Banggi_: A well-known Filipino folk song that praises the charm of a countryside night. - **Jose Obias** - _Our Lady of Peñafrancia_: A religious piece that honors the Virgin Mary, especially as Our Lady of Peñafrancia in the Philippines. - **Merito B. Espinas** - _Ibalon_: An epic poem that tells the stories, myths, and legends of the Bicol region in the Philippines. - **Teresita E. Erastain** - _The Legend of Mayon Volcano_: A literary piece that narrates the mythical tale behind the formation of Mayon Volcano. - **Mariel M. Dela Cruz** - _The House of a Gambler_: A story that examines the realm of gambling and how it affects people and their families. - **Remigio Laguno** - _The Caroles_: A literary piece possibly connected to Philippine caroling traditions. - **Carlos Ojeda Aureus** - _Cathedral - Landmarks in Bicol Fiction_: A book that highlights important elements of Bicol fiction. ### (CAR) Cordillera Administrative Region **Map**: A map shows the Cordillera Region, comprising the provinces of Abra, Apayao, Benguet, Ifugao, Kalinga, Mountain Province, and - The Cordillera region was organized as one administrative region called the Mountain Province, with an American governor at helm. - The post-colonial period saw the political reorganization of the Cordillera into separate provinces and the shifting provincial and regional boundaries - The region is home to numerous indigenous tribes collectively called the Igorot. - Has abundant mineral reserves. These include metallic ores such as gold, copper, silver, zinc and non-metallic minerals like sand, gravel and surfer. #### Cordillera Literature - Cordillera Literature is in the oral tradition and may be classified into ritualistic and non-ritualistic. - **Ritualistic Literature**: Consists of songs, chants, and narratives which can only be performed or recited in a religious context in the observance of certain rituals or ceremonies in divine or supernatural intervention in human affairs are invoked. - **Non-ritualistic Literature**: Consists of secular forms which can be performed on any occasion, during festivities or moments of leisure, to express communal sentiments or personal yearning. ##### Epic Poetry - Like other Philippine folk epics, Cordillera epic poetry revolves around the daring feats and adventures of a folk hero who possesses extraordinary attributes and embodies the beliefs and ideals held by the community. - Hudhud (Aliguyon) - Ullalim - Gawan - Alim - Examples of Cordillera epic poetry are _The Harvest Song of Aliguyon_ (Ifugao) and _The Heroic Exploits of Banna_ (Kalinga). ##### Hudhud (Aliguyon) - A mythical figure known for wealth and prowess. It is sung: during the wake for the member of the upper class, at weeding time when women work the rice fields, and during the harvest season. ##### Ullalim - Are long ballads chanted either by men or women during feats and other social occasions such as peace pact assembles. It represents the epic tradition of Southern Kalinga. ##### Alim - Has ritual connections and its principals characters are divine beings, not mortal. It also exclusively by men. It may be performed on other occasions, e.g., during the conduct of prestige feasts and at harvest time. ##### Gawan - In the northern part of the province the main hero is Gawan, a human being who has supernatural attributes. Called gasumbi these epic songs are sung at night during the harvest time and are all about headhunting and courtship, with the narrative being enlivened by elements of magic and supernatural. #### Cordillera Myths - Cordillera myths talk of a very remote past when the world had not yet taken its present form and human affairs went on with a lot of divine intervention. - Their myths are of a sacred nature, hence there are restrictions as to when and where they can be told. - They are recited to affirm the propriety of ceremonies, to summon the spirits, or to validate certain belief. ##### Diam - Ritual myth, recited be mediums, meant to explain the origin of the particular rituals and how these rituals should be conducted. - Examples of Cordillera myths are _How Balitok and Bugan Obtained Children_ (Ifugao), _Lumawig and Kabigat and Balitok and Kabigat_ (Ibaloy). ##### Legends - Legends are considered as truthful accounts although the events they narrate often takes place at a time that is more recent than the mythological past. - The principal characters are human and not supernatural being, and they are not recited as part of ritual or sacrifice. - Examples: - _The Origin of Man_ (Kankanay) - _The Legend of Magat River_ ### (NCR) National Capital Region - It is the smallest of the country of the administrative region, but the most populous and the most densely populated. - It is also the only region without any provinces. - It is actually divided into four (4) districts: - 1st District: City of Manila- Manila itself. The capital city of the Philippines. - 2nd District: Mandaluyong City, Maricina City, Pasig City, Quezon City and San Juan City - 3rd District: Caloocan City, Malabon City, Navotas City and Valenzuela City - 4th District: Las Pinas City, Makati City, Muntinlupa City, Paranaque City, Municipality of Pateros and Taguig City - NCR does not have many provinces but composed of 16 cities and 1 Municipality, which is Pateros. #### Authors: - **Andres Bonifacio**: Known as the "Father of the Philippine Revolution", led the fight for Philippine independence from Spanish rule. - **Emilio Jacinto**: A Filipino revolutionary and close ally of Andres Bonifacio. - **Jose Dela Cruz**: Nicknamed Huseng Sisiw or "King of Poets", was a significant figure in Philippine literature during the Spanish colonial era. - **Jose Corazon de Jesus**: Also known as Huseng Batute or the "King of Debate Poetry", was a renowned Filipino poet and writer. - **Cecilio Apostol**: Hailing from Sta. Cruz, Manila, was a versatile writer. - **Faustino Aguilar**: A Filipino novelist, journalist, and revolutionary. - **Amado V. Hernandez**: Known as "Ka Amado", was a distinguished Filipino poet, playwright, and journalist. - **Severino Reyes**: Also known as "Lola Basyang", was honored as the "Father of Sarsuwela" and "Father of Tagalog Theater." - **Liwayway Arceo**: A versatile writer, made significant contributions as a feature writer, novelist, narrator, translator, and editor. - **Lualhati Torres Bautista**: A highly esteemed Filipino female novelist, is famous for her socially relevant and thought-provoking novels. #### Works: * **"Bahay Kubo"**: A cherished Philippine folk song that wonderfully portrays the rural and traditional elements of Filipino culture. * **"Banyaga"**: A short story by Liwayway Arceo, delves into the challenges faced by a foreigner in a new land. * **"Ibong Adarna"**: A famous epic poem in Philippine literature, attributed to Jose Dela Cruz. * **"Bata, Bata Pa'no ka Ginawa?":** A novel, tells the story of a single mother, Lea, as she deals with the challenges of motherhood, womanhood, and societal expectations. * **"Bugtong2x Butong binalot ng bakal, bakal na binalot ng Kristal- Lansones"** : A fun Filipino tradition that plays with words and metaphors to describe lansones fruit wrapped in metal and crystal layers. * **"Don't trust strangers"**: A brief way of emphasizing the need to be cautious and skeptical when dealing with people you don't know. ## Mythical Allusion - An allusion to a mythological story or figure. - For example, the poem 'Heart of Darkness' by Joseph Conrad: _"The two women knitted black wool feverishly... a cat reposed on her lap... a wart on one cheek... guarding the door of darkness... Not many of those she looked at ever saw her again"_ - In the novel, the two administration women are alluded to be the three witch-like women who spin, measure, and cut the thread of human life, known as Fates, from Greek mythology. This shows Marlow's feeling that these women determine his fate. ## Mythological Allusions Activity - The following list includes some of the most common mythical allusions in literature. - Choose TWO allusions from the list. - For each allusion, provide a brief summary of the myth story it alludes to then explain the meaning of the statement. - I'm trying to eat healthy but ice cream is my Achilles Heel. - The team put in a Herculean effort to win the tournament. - It's hot as Hades in this classroom. - I've been hit by Cupid's Arrow. - He only started his business two months ago but he seems to have the Midas Touch. - By going through his phone you've opened Pandoras Box. - Her seemingly innocent offer turned out to be a Trojan Horse. ## Literary Allusion - An allusion to a literary text or character. - For example, the novel ‘Jane Eyre’ by Charlotte Bronte: _"narrow, low, and dim, with only one little window at the far end, and looking, with its two rows of small black doors all shut, like a corridor in some Bluebeard's castle"_ - This alludes to the character of Bluebeard, a story of a murderous husband who has a locked chamber with the bodies of his previous wives, from the French folktale by Charles Perrault. - This alludes to the character of Bluebeard, a story of a murderous husband who has a locked chamber with the bodies of his previous wives, from the French folktale by Charles Perrault. ## Literary Allusions Activity - The following list includes some common literary allusions. - Choose TWO allusions from the list. - For each allusion, provide a brief summary of the work it alludes to then explain the meaning of the statement. - She's such a Scrooge when it comes to splitting the bill. - My boss is a regular Jekyll and Hyde - I can never tell what mood he's going to be in. - I know everyone's chosen the easier course but I prefer taking the road less travelled. - I told him to think things through but he's got a real Icarus complex. - I don't trust smartphones. Big Brother is always watching us. - The final exam week of the year is both the best of times and the worst of times. ## Historical Allusion - An allusion to a historical event or period. - For example, from the play Macbeth by William Shakespeare: _"Faith, here's an equivocator that could swear in both the scales against either scale, who committed treason enough for God's sake, yet could not equivocate to heaven. Oh, come in, equivocator"_ - This scene alludes to the Gunpowder Plot - whereby Catholic priest Henry Garnet was executed for treason as he attempted to blow up the English Parliament and King James I in 1605. ## Historical Allusions Activity - The following list includes some common literary allusions. - Choose TWO allusions from the list. - For each allusion, provide a brief summary of the work it alludes to then explain the meaning of the statement. - It's hard to resist him because he's such a Casanova. - I met my Waterloo in that game of chess. - I don't think any country could follow any of these make-believe Draconian laws. - Her lie slowly unraveled like Watergate. - That kid is a genius, he might as well be the next Einstein. - I'm trying to get the information but I keep being stonewalled. - I owe $20,000 tax to Uncle Sam. - No wonder she won the vote, she's a regular Mother Teresa. ## Implicit Intertextuality - Implicit intertextuality is more subtle and indirect. - It refers to the presence of other texts or underlying connections without explicitly mentioning or citing them. ## Genre Conventions - Genre conventions connect texts, even when there is no direct reference or explicit mention of another specific work. - It occurs when a text evokes or alludes to certain patterns, tropes or conventions that are commonly associated with a particular genre. - These implicit references rely on the audience's familiarity with them to make connections and interpret meaning. - For example, the detective genre often includes a crime, a detective protagonist, a puzzle-like plot structure, and a resolution that uncovers the truth. - When a new detective story follows these generic conventions, it implicitly references the great detectives of classic detective fiction, like Sherlock Holmes without explicitly mentioning them. - Through implicit intertextuality, genre conventions can also be subverted or parodied. - For example, a comedic film that mocks the genre of action implicitly refers to the action genre by highlighting their familiar tropes or clichés. - The intertextual connection relies on the audience recognizing and understanding the genre conventions being referenced in order to appreciate the humor. - Additionally, genre conventions can serve as a shared cultural reference point that allows audiences to make connections between seemingly unrelated texts. - When a science fiction film includes futuristic technology, aliens, and space exploration, it implicitly references other science fiction works, creating a network of intertextual associations that contribute to the broader development and evolution of the genre. ## Parody - A parody is a text that imitates or mocks the style, themes or elements of another text, often with deliberate exaggeration of humorous or satirical effects. - The word parody is derived from the Greek parōidía, meaning 'a song sung alongside another'. - For instance, a satirical cartoon might mimic the visual style of a famous painting while portraying a current event. - Parodies are typically negative in intent as they call to attention to a writer's perceived weaknesses or a genres overused conventions and seeks to ridicule them. - However, successful parody cannot be written without a thorough appreciation of the work that it mimics, regardless of intent. ## Archetypes - Archetypes refer to recurring themes, motifs, or character types that are universally recognized and appear across different texts and cultures. - These also evoke intertextuality through invoking associations with other texts, without explicitly mentioning them. - Archetypes have built-in cultural or literary meanings that the audience recognizes, allowing them to understand the implicit reference. - For example, a character who embodies the archetype of the "tragic hero" inevitably recalls references to other literary tragic heroes, such as Oedipus or Hamlet. - This implicit reference creates depth and resonance by tapping into the collective knowledge and emotions associated with those archetypal narratives. - Archetypal imagery or symbols can also be used implicitly to establish intertextuality. - For instance, the image of a snake as a symbol of temptation or the apple as a symbol of forbidden knowledge subtly references the biblical story of Adam and Eve. - Even without directly mentioning the biblical text, the implicit intertextuality through archetypes invokes the audience's knowledge and understanding of the original story. ## Analyzing Intertextuality 1. Read the text and identify intertextual references (either explicit or implicit). 2. Research these source texts or use your own knowledge of them to identify similarities or differences in ideas, perspectives, style etc. that can be linked to the current text. Remember, the source text might not offer the same perspective - it might contradict or challenge it. 3. Consider the author's reason for the intertextual reference (if deliberate) or if not, consider how intertextual knowledge shapes your response. Ultimately, ask yourself how does intertextuality impact the meaning you make from the text. ## To Conclude - Intertextuality serves as a powerful tool in an author's arsenal, allowing them to transform and build upon existing source material to create something entirely new and thought-provoking. - By reading intertextually, we can examine how a text might position our response by inviting us to draw on ways of thinking we have encountered in other texts. - By analyzing this fascinating aspect of literary creativity, we can gain a deeper appreciation for the interplay between texts, the multiple layers of meaning created and the ways in which intertextuality enhances the literary landscape. ## Explicit Intertextuality - Explicit intertextuality involves direct or overt references to other texts. - It occurs when a specific text or source is mentioned, quoted, or paraphrased explicitly within a different text.