LITE-CHAPTER1.docx

**IT versus ICT** When do we use the term ICT and how does it differ from IT? ICT, or Information and Communications Technology, is often used in a more general sense, and is described as using computers and other digital technologies to assist individual or institutions in handling or using inform...

**IT versus ICT** When do we use the term ICT and how does it differ from IT? ICT, or Information and Communications Technology, is often used in a more general sense, and is described as using computers and other digital technologies to assist individual or institutions in handling or using information. ICT is technology that supports activities involving information such as gathering, processing, storing, and presenting data. Increasingly, these activities also involve collaboration and communication. IT, or information technology, pertains to the industry that involves computers, software, networking, and other IT infrastructure to help relay or manage information important in modern-day living as seen primarily in large companies or corporations. Simply, put, IT is a subset of ICT as the technology used in the field of IT aids in the use of ICT (Wang 2016) **Breakdown of ICT** **Information** Information refers to the knowledge obtained from reading, investigation, study, or research. Process Some of the tools that transmit information are the telephone, television and radio. Not to be confused with the data, information is regarded as processed data. Computers normally process data that are later understood as information. For example, while typing on your laptop, you usually punch in random letters on your keyboard to make up words and sentences. The typing on the keyboard is considered as input data while the words and sentences you see on your computer monitor is considered as output information. Information is needed to make decisions and to foresee the future. For example, scientists can detect the formation of a tsunami using the latest technology and warn the public to avoid disasters in the affected areas. Processed information is called knowledge. Knowledge helps fulfill daily tasks. For, example, knowledge is used to predict tomorrow's weather and decide if there is a need to bring an umbrella. Knowledge is also used to analyze the stock market and check which company is worth investing in. **Communication** Communication is an act of transmitting messages. It is a process in which information is exchanges between individuals through verbal and non-verbal means. In prehistoric days, humans communicated through signs or symbols as evidenced by cave paintings and drawings, rock art, stone carvings, and the like. Forms of communication have evolved through time as communicating more and more complex ideas has become necessary. With technology, communication is faster, more convenient, and more efficient. When face-to-face meeting is not possible, long distance communication or virtual communication is now common and easy with the use of smartphones and computers with internet access. **Technology** Technology has evolved in ways that improve people's daily activities. As mentioned above, technology has made communication much easier and faster through telephones, fax machines, mobile devices, and the internet. It has also made broadcasting of information, such as news or weather report, more effective. Radio, television, satellites, and the World Wide Web are powerful tools that can be used by individuals to gather needed information to aid them in their office, school or house work, or in simple day-to-day activities. **References:** Caoli-Tayuan and Eleazar, Living in the IT Era \*(eto yung book natin na ginagamit. Dapat unai to sa mga sources niyo.) **What is IT?** Information technology (IT) refers to the use, development, and management of computer-based systems and software to store, process, transmit, and retrieve data. IT professionals are responsible for maintaining and managing computer systems, networks, and databases to ensure the smooth operation of an organization's technology infrastructure. **Key aspects of IT include:** - **Hardware:**IT professionals work with computer systems, servers, and other physical devices to ensure their proper functioning. - **Software:**IT professionals develop, install, and maintain software applications and operating systems. - **Network:**IT professionals manage and maintain computer networks to enable data communication and resource sharing. - **Security:**IT professionals implement measures to protect computer systems and data from unauthorized access and cyber threats. - **Support:**IT professionals provide technical support and assistance to end-users, troubleshooting issues and resolving technical problems. **What is ICT?** Information and communications technology (ICT) is a broader term that encompasses IT but also includes the use of communication technologies, such as telecommunication networks and the internet, to enable the exchange of information. ICT focuses not only on the technology itself but also on how it is used for communication and collaboration. **Key aspects of ICT include:** - **Information Systems:**ICT professionals design, develop, and manage information systems that integrate hardware, software, and communication technologies. - **Telecommunications:**ICT professionals work with telecommunication networks to enable voice, data, and video communication. - **Internet Technologies:**ICT professionals utilize internet technologies to facilitate information sharing, online collaboration, and e-commerce. - **Digital Media:**ICT professionals create and manage digital content, such as websites, multimedia presentations, and social media platforms. - **Data Management:**ICT professionals handle the collection, storage, and analysis of data to support decision-making processes. **Are IT and ICT the same?** Although IT and ICT are closely related, they are not the same. IT focuses primarily on the management and use of computer-based technology, whereas ICT encompasses a broader range of technologies that facilitate communication and information exchange. To put it simply, IT is a subset of ICT. IT is concerned with the technical infrastructure and systems that enable the processing and storage of data, while ICT includes IT but also encompasses telecommunication networks, internet technologies, and digital media. **References:** https://ccitraining.edu/blog/what-is-the-difference-between-ict-and-it/ **IT:** Imagine a bustling city where computers are skyscrapers, networks are highways, and data zips around like speedy delivery drones. That\'s IT, folks! It\'s all about managing information, keeping the digital infrastructure humming like a well-oiled machine. Think fixing computer woes, setting up networks, and making sure your boss\'s cat video doesn\'t crash the entire system (again). **ICT:** Now, picture that same city, but with everyone connected via smartphones, video calls, and social media. That\'s the magic of ICT! It\'s about using technology to communicate, collaborate, and share information seamlessly. Think video conferencing with colleagues in pyjamas, educational apps that make learning as fun as Angry Birds, and the ever-present struggle to explain emojis to your grandma.\ \ It\'s like comparing apples and\...well, slightly more high-tech apples. IT focuses on the nuts and bolts of technology, the hardware and software that make it all work. ICT, on the other hand, is about the human element, how we use technology to connect and interact. Think of it this way: IT is the engine that powers your car, while ICT is the road trip you take with your friends in that car. Both are crucial, but for different reasons. **References:** **References:**  **References:** **EVOLUTION OF TECHNOLOGY** The evolution of technology has always depended on one thing: the human rationale. Humans tend to think of ways on how to discharge tasks or work load, or do daily activities easily. The concept of technology always starts with the basic tool. In order to build a house, one cannot simply use his or her own two hands to cut wood and attach the wooden pieces together. A hacksaw, hammer, and set of nails are needed to accomplish the task. The concept of a wheel has also made transportation much easier, and enabled people to move several objects from one place to another with ease. By combining a set of tools, people have come up with machines that can do the tasks faster and more efficiently. A single-wheel transportation tool has inspired the creation of machine capable of transporting, not just objects, but also passengers. Thus, vehicles have nowadays become more of a necessity rather than a form of luxury. Another type of machine that is considered a necessity is the computer. A computer is an electronic device, operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory, that can accept data, manipulate the data according to specified rules, produce results, and store the results for future use. However as technology evolves, so do machines. Computers today are no longer the same computers your parents must have first used. Most machines, including computers, have evolved through the process of automation. Automation is defined as "the technique of making an apparatus, a process, or a system operate automatically." Automation includes a broad range of technologies normally connecting computer systems to other systems, such as sensors, wireless applications, expert systems, and systems integration, among others. The integration is made in such a way that these interconnected systems are capable of self-acting of regulation. Automated systems can reduce the instances of errors, which are usually caused by human-based decision and comprehension. Production companies often use automated systems as part of their business process as automation increases productivity and lessens the time to market. However, an automated system is not the same as an intelligent system. Intelligent systems are far more complex and are capable of learning. This is where the concept of artificial intelligence comes in. One of the latest inventions in the automotive industry is the intelligent car which is capable of driving and parking by itself. **References:** Caoli-Tayuan and Eleazar, Living in the IT Era **History of Computer** **References:** Caoli-Tayuan and Eleazar, Living in the IT Era **COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER** What makes a computer work? By definition, a **computer** is an electronic device that manipulates information or data. It has the ability to store, retrieve, and process data. It contains both hardware components and software applications. The **HARDWARE** pertains to the computer's physical devices It is any part of the computer that can be seen and touched. A computer's hardware consists of interrelated electronic devices that are used to manipulate the computer's operation, input devices, and output devices. **Input Devices** Working with a computer would be ineffective if one does not intermingle with it because the machine cannot accept and receive instructions and/or deliver an output on its own. Input devices enter or send data and instructions from the user or from another computer system on the internet while output devices send back the administered data to the user or to another computer system. The following are some of the most common and important input devices of a computer: **Keyboard** is the most common input device that accepts letters, numbers, and commands from the user. **Mouse** - lets one select options from on-screen menus. A mouse is used by moving it on a flat surface, pressing its two buttons (left and right), and scrolling the wheel that is located between the buttons. There are also alternatives to using a mouse: - A **trackball** has a ball that can rotate using a finger or the palm of a hand to move the pointer. - A **touchpad** also called a trackpad is a touch-sensitive pad that lets the user move the pointer by touching and dragging his or her finger on the pad. Touchpads are commonly built-in on laptop computers. **Microphone** allows a user to speak into the computer to input data and instructions. While there are available stand-alone microphones for computers, most of the time, users buy a headset-a combination of microphone and earphones for the sake of practicality. **Scanner** converts printed material (such as text and pictures) into a form the computer can use. There are different types of scanners available; the most common is the flatbed scanner. Scanners look like miniature printers with a flip-up cover protecting the glass platen. They are often built into multi-function printers (MFPs). Another type becoming common nowadays is the hand-held or portable scanners. Portable scanners can be small enough to fit inside one's pocket. Pen scanners are just a bit bigger than fountain pens and can scan the text of a document line by line. They do not give high-resolution scans and are more expensive than flatbed scanners. **Digital camera**- allows one to take pictures then transfer the photographed images to the computer or printer instead of storing the images on a traditional film. **PC video camera** is a digital video camera that enables users to create a movie or take still photographs electronically. With the PC video camera attached to the computer, users can see each other as they communicate via the computer. **Output Devices** An **output device** is any hardware component that transmits information to one or more people. The three commonly used output devices are as follows: **Printer** -- produces text and graphics on a physical medium such as paper. The two types of printer are the impact printer and the non-impact printer. An impact printer makes contact with the paper by pressing an inked ribbon against the paper using a hammer or pins. An example of an impact printer is the dot-matrix printer. A non-impact printer does not use a striking device to produce characters on the paper, and because it does not hammer against the paper, the printer produces less noise. Examples of non-impact printers are inkjet printers and user printers **Monitor** displays text, graphics, and videos on a screen Many monitors look similar to a television. The three types of monitor available in the market are the following: a. **Cathode ray tube (CRT)** is a vacuum tube containing an electron gun at one end and a fluorescent screen at another end. From this electron gun, a proces called thermionic emission generates a strong beam of electrons. These electrons travel through a narrow path within the tube with high speed using various electromagnetic devices and finally strike the phosphor points present on the fluorescent screen, thus creating an image. Monitors employ the CRT technology used most commonly in the manufacturing of television screens. A stream of intense high-energy electrons is used to form images on a fluorescent screen. b. **Liquid crystal display (LCD)** is a flat-panel display that consists of a layer of color or monochrome pixels arranged schematically between a couple of transparent electrodes and two polarizing filten. Optical effect is achieved by polarizing the light in varied amounts and making it pass through the liquid crystal layer. c. **Light-emitting diode (LED**) is a flat-panel display that uses light-emitting diodes for backlighting. The display is of LCD only but the backlighting is done by LEDs LED monitors are said to use much lesser power than CRT and LCD. Thus, they are also considered environment-friendly. **Speaker** allows one to hear music, voice, and other sounds. The signal used to produce the sound that comes from a computer speaker is created by the computer's sound card. **System Unit** The system unit is the enclosure composed of the main elements of a computer that are used to administer data. This can be referred to as a computer case or tower. The circuitry of the system unit containing the primary components of a computer with connectors into which other circuit boards can be positioned is recognized as *motherboard.* **Storage Devices** A computer can be utilized with only processing, memory, input, and output devices. To make it very valuable however a computer also needs a place to hold program files and all related files when they are not in use. The goal of using a storage is to keep data permanently. There are many types of storage devices which include the flash disk drive, a small portable storage device often referred to as pen drives, thumb drives, or jump drives. It has memory capacity of 2 gigabytes, 4 gigabytes, 8 gigabytes, 16 gigabytes, 32 gigabytes, 64 gigabytes, 128 gigabytes 1 TB and now at the 2 TB. Another type of storage is the *hard disk drive.* Most personal computers have at least one non-removable hard disk that is regarded as a non-volatile memory which permanently stores and retrieves data. Another storage device is the **compact disc.** It is a flat, round, and portable metal disc. One type of compact disc is a CD-ROM which can be accessed using most CD and DVD drives. Another type of compact disc is a DVD-ROM, which has enough storage capacity to store full length movie. **References:** Caoli-Tayuan and Eleazar, Living in the IT Era **WHY COMPUTERS ARE POWERFUL** Computers are powerful for a variety of reasons. They work with remarkable speed, reliability, consistency and accuracy. Computers can store large amounts of data and information. Also, computers allow users to communicate with other users or computers. A user is anyone who communicates and interacts with a computer or makes use of the information it generates. **Speed** In the system unit, operations get done through electronic circuits. When data, instructions, and information drift along these circuits, they travel at incredibly fast speeds. Most computers bring out billions of operations in a single second. The world's fastest computer can perform trillions of operations in one second. **Reliability and consistency** The electronic components in modern computers are dependable because they have a low failure rate. The high reliability of components enables the computer to produce consistent results. **Accuracy** Computers process large amounts of data and generate error-free results, provided the data is inputted correctly and the instructions work properly. If data is inaccurate, the resulting output is also incorrect. A computing phrase known as garbage in, garbage out points out that the accuracy of a computer's output depends on the accuracy of the input. **Communication** It is unbearable to go through a day without communication. Communication happens between two or more people sending and receiving messages from one another. The one sending the message is referred to as the sender while the one receiving the information is known as the receiver. The message being transmitted can contain facts, thoughts, perceptions, judgements, beliefs, attitudes, commands and even reactions. For example, two computers connected by a communications device, such as a modem, can share stored data, instructions, and information. These two computers can be located in the same room or thousands of miles away from each other in two different countries. **References:** Caoli-Tayuan and Eleazar, Living in the IT Era **CLASSIFYING COMPUTERS** Computers can be classified based on size and computing power. However, as technology advances, these classifications tend to overlap as modern computers have become smaller, yet more powerful, and relatively cheaper. The general classifications of computers are as follows: Personal Computer- is a small single-user computer based on a microprocessor. In addition to the microprocessor, a personal computer has a keyboard for entering data, a monitor for displaying information, and a storage device for saving data. Work station- in a powerful, single-user computer. A workstation in like a personal computer, but it has more powerful microprocessor and a higher-quality monitor. Microcomputer - in a multi-user computer capable of supporting from 10 to hundreds of users simultaneously Mainframe- in a powerful multi-user computer capable of supporting hundreds or thousands of users simultaneously. Mainframe- in a powerful multi-user computer capable of supporting hundreds or thousands of users simultaneously. Personal Computer- is a small single-user computer based on a microprocessor. In addition to the microprocessor, a personal computer has a keyboard for entering data, a monitor for displaying information, and a storage device for saving. Work station- in a powerful, single-user computer. A workstation in like a personal computer, but it has more powerful microprocessor and a higher-quality monitor. Microcomputer - in a multi-user computer capable of supporting from 10 to hundreds of users simultaneously. Mainframe- in a powerful multi-user computer capable of supporting hundreds or thousands of users simultaneously. Super computer- in an extremely fart computer that can perform millions of instructions per second. To compare. computer with an Intel core i3 processor, has only two cores for running its programs and applications. Core i5 and i7 models usually have only four course. core i7 extreme processor can have six to eight cores; however, most applications cannot use all the cores to full advantage. Thus, they do not operate at full capacity. Imagine having more than 245,000 cores. How many applications and programs can your computer run in a second? Computers are also categorized into several types due to the introduction of mobile devices and the proliferation of internet-capable devices-Specialized computers are now classified according to specific uses. The different type of computers are as follows: Desktop Computers - are computers designed to be placed on a desk, and are normally made up of a few different parts, including the computer case, central processing unit (CPU), monitor, keyboard, and mouse. Laptop computers- are battery- powered computer devices whose portability makes them possible to use almost anytime, anywhere. Tablet Computers- are hand- held computers with touch- sensitive screen for typing and navigation. Smartphones- are hand- held telephones which can do things that computer do, including arousing and searching the internet and even playing console games. Wearables- include fitness tracker and smartwatches that can be worn throughout the day. Smart TVs - are the latest television sets that include applications present in computers. For example, videos can be stream from the internet directly onto the TV- the TV can also be used as a computer monitor and gaming monitor. **References:** Caoli-Tayuan and Eleazar, Living in the IT Era **Digital Age, Information Age, and computer Age** Digital age, information age, and computer age used interchangeably, capture the ubiquitous nature of computing and the prolific use of technology in almost all aspects of human activity such that digital interaction is a defining characteristic of human activity. It is a period in human history characterized by the shift from traditional industry to information technology-based economy brought by industrialization during the Industrial Revolution. The continues to change over time as new technologies, user devices, and methods of interaction with other people and devices enter the domain of research, development, and market launch. This period is also characterized by the digital industry creating a knowledge-based society surrounded by a high-tech global economy that exerts its influence on how the manufacturing process and the service sector work in an efficient and convenient way. **References:** Caoli-Tayuan and Eleazar, Living in the IT Era **Media in the Digital Age** Media normally refers to the means of communication that uses unique tools to interconnect among people. The forms of media include television, radio, cellular phones, and internet (which involves the access and use of various social media sites such as Facebook, twitter, Instagram, and, YouTube, among others). In the digital age, however, media can be considered as the message, the medium, and the messenger. The Message Media is considered to be the message itself for those who create and own the rights of content. The forms of content can be user-generated on professionaly-produced. User- generated content (UCG) has grown exponentially especially with the wide internet coverage an easy WiFi access, increased social media participation. and affordable smart devices. Below is one of the many examples of media tools used especially by millennials to generate content. → Blog Keeping a diary on a journal is a traditional method of recording one\'s thoughts or expressing ones\' emotions through writing. with the advent of the internet, expressing one\'s feelings and thoughts was given a new concept through online writing or blogging. A blog is a combination of two words - web and log. It works the same way as pen and paper would but privacy becomes irrelevant given that a blog post can be seen by anyone online - A person who write blogs is called a blogger. One of the TV personalities in the Phillipine, who also does blogging to further express feelings, thoughts, and opinion is Maine Mendoza, also known as \"Yaya Dub\", in the Kalye sense of the noontime show\" Eat Bulaga\". Most recently, blogs have evolved into microblogs and video blogs. Microblogs have become popular due to the rise of Tumblr and twitter in which users instantly share limited content or short messages. Now, with the increasing number of Youtube viewers, people have explored uploading their own videos ranging from their travels and product reviews to any other random topics. Some vloggers, Youtubers or social media influencers even make money based on the number of views they get and on the products they feature in their video blogs. The Medium The medium used refers to the tool or tools used in sending a message from the source to the destination. Traditionally, for example, professionals send messages to the audience, such as a news anchor delivering the news on TV and/or radio. However, with the latest technologies, the so-called social media has become an avenue for information dissemination even taking over news sites in bringing the latest or up-to-date content. one such example is Twitter. users of this application can constantly update other Twitter users about a certain topic. In this platform, Twitter users can also share other users\' content (in the form of retweeting) and discuss any topic with one another. Thus, the media, instead of just being an avenue for delivering messages, is becoming increasingly social -with the audience themselves creating their own content and interacting with one another. The Messenger The messenger is the one who delivers the message. this is why broadcasters, for example, being the messenger of news are called \" media\". In the digital space, however, does the \"media\" also refer to social network users who create content themselves but are not professional journalists? **References:** Caoli-Tayuan and Eleazar, Living in the IT Era **Evolution of Media** The media has transformed itself based on two things - (1) how information is presented; and (2) how the connection is established. Woodcut printing on cloth or on paper was used in the early 15th century. It was in 1436 when Johannes Gutenberg started working on a printing press which used relief printing and a molding system. Now, the modern printing press delivers messages in print, such as newspapers, textbooks and magazines. In the 1800s, the telegraph was developed followed by the telephone which made the two-way communication possible. Message sending and recieving can now be donee both ways simultaneously. At the beginning of the 1900s, broadcasting and recorded media were introduced. Radio and television were used to send sound and video to homes and offices through electromagnetic spectrum or radio waves. Audio (lower frequency band) \'or video (higher Frequency band) content can be received depending on the frequency used. Later on, a combination of both audio and video information made the audience\'s viewing experience more exciting. Films and movies became popular as they catered to large audiences. As communication devices also evolved and became pervasive, so did information distribution. A phone taken using a smartphone can immediately be uploaded and shared on Facebook, twitter, or Instagram. Community websites such as OLX.ph, a Philippine counterpart of ebay.com, let its users buy and sell item online. This eliminates the need for going to physical stores. In line with this development, the audience regardless of their professions can now interact with one another and are no longer disconnected. News sites can even get news stories for example from Twitter or other social media sites. According to *Claudine Beaumont* author, from *the telegraph*, one good example of this happened on January 15, 2009, when dozens of New Yorkers sent 'tweets' about the plane crash in the city. News about the US Airways flight 1549 which was forced to land in the Hudson River in Manhattan, USA immediately spread all over the country. All the plane's engine shut down when it struck a flock of geese minutes after takeoff from New York\'s LaGuardia Airport. This is a typical example of how individuals can now deliver content to everyone and connections are no longer controlled by professionals. **References:** Caoli-Tayuan and Eleazar, Living in the IT Era **OVERVIEW OF CURRENT TRENDS**  A trend refers to something hip or popular at a certain point in time. It can be a particular style in fashion, devices, or entertainment. A new trend may always come along to replace the old one. Technology trends tend to change as time goes by. Following Moore's Law, technology is bound to upgrade itself every two years. In 1965, Gordon Moore predicted that the computing power would dramatically increase over time. But as it increases, cost is expected to proportionally go down. Nowadays, the two-year prediction has even decreased, with releases happening less than two years, if not, yearly. Aside from cost, sizes of hardware have also decreased in making devices, such as smartphones, more useful and dependable.  A few years ago, people would have a cellular phone, a digital camera, a portable music player, and a laptop with them. They would use their phones to text and make calls, the digital camera to take pictures, and the music player to listen to music while doing their work on their laptop. Now, smartphones are capable of doing the aforementioned activities and a lot more through applications or "apps" made available online. The term smartphone was coined as the cellular or mobile phone has now become smarter-it can run apps which help people perform their Introduction to Information and Communications Technology (ICT) day-to-day activities. Apps turn mobile devices into miniature PCs capable of browsing the web, taking down notes, and playing games, among others. By default, smartphones come installed with basic apps such as making calls, sending text messages, playing music, and managing schedules. As of 2017, Google Play has approximately 2.8 million apps available for Android users, whereas Apple's App Store is estimated to have 2.2 million. These apps are not just limited to smartphones. They can be used in other mobile devices, including tablets and, another recent trend, wearable devices.  In an article from Forbes.com, DeMers (2016) identified seven major trends in 2017.  1. **IOT (INTERNET OF THINGS) ** 2. **AUGMENTED REALITY AND VIRTUAL REALITY (AR AND VR TECHNOLOGY)** 3. **MACHINE LEARNING (ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE) ** 4. **AUTOMATION ** 5. **BIG DATA ** 6. **PHYSICAL-DIGITAL INTEGRATION ** 7. **EVERYTHING ON DEMAND IMPACT OF ICT ON INDIVIDUALS, ORGANIZATIONS, AND** **SOCIETY** **References:** Caoli-Tayuan and Eleazar, Living in the IT Era **Impact of ICT on Individuals, , Organizations, and Society** ICT brings both positive and negative effects to individuals, Organizations, and society. It improves education, access to Information, and security. However, it limits personal interaction And physical activity and poses problems in employment and Security. - **IMPACT OF ICT ON INDIVIDUALS** - **IMPACT OF ICT ON ORGANIZATION ** - - - - **Positive Effects** → **Improved access to education** There are new ways of learning such us the use of Learning management system (LMS) which implements educational Enhancements such as distance learning and online tutorials, Virtual reality, and interactive multimedia. → **Access to information and communication**  The internet is widely used in communication. Access to it is getting better as it has become available in almost all places such as commercial establishments and public spaces. New tools have been promoted such as VolP phone, Instant Messaging (IM), chat (e.g., FB Messenger, Google Hangouts, Yahoo! Messenger, etc.), video chat (e.g., Skype, FB video chat, etc.), and email. In addition, ICT has been maximized by most individuals nowadays for leisure and entertainment such as watching movies, playing games, or even reading news and article and for creating new relationships with people around the world. → **Security** With the advancement that ICT brings, individuals and Organizations can solve any security problems. Examples of security measure on applications are: (1) the use of encryption methods to keep and protect data from any malicious software; (2) the use of password/s for personal information protection; and (3) the development of physical security systems such as biometrics in a form of fingerprint, facial recognition, iris (eye) recognition, and voice recognition. **Negative Effects** → **Reduced personal interaction and physical activity** Because of virtual communication, ironically, people are less likely to talk to or meet each other in person. And because of the comfort of working from home and the entertainment that the internet offers (i.e., streaming movies, playing online games, etc.), physical activity is reduced leading to health issues such as obesity and heart disease. → **Job loss or increase in unemployment ** This can be considered as one of the worst effects of ICT. - - - → **Security** ICT brings not only improvement but also threat to security. Data or files must always be kept secure and safe. The internet connection must always be safeguarded from different attacks such as data modification, identity/IP address spoofing, password-based attacks, denial-of-service, etc. Computers should also be protected from various forms of viruses and malware which are released almost every day. **Ethical Issues in ICTS ** While some people apply ethical principles to the use of ICT, others simply do not, hence the proliferation of cyber malpractices The following are some of the ethical issues in ICT: 1\. **Plagiarism** It is an act of theft in which a person copies another person's ideas, words, or writings, etc. and pass them of as his or her own. Those who committed such action may lead to serious legal and ethical defilements.   2\. **Exploitation** - 3\. **Libel** - **Software Piracy**: It refers to an act of installing or copying a software into the computer in the absence of an end-user licensing agreement (EULA), and/or producing a copy disregarding the copyrights. **References:** Caoli-Tayuan and Eleazar, Living in the IT Era