SoHP503 Literature Review PDF

Lecture 3. Perform a comprehensive literature search SoHP503 Project studies Dr Joanne Paton What is this session about? AIM: To learn how to search, identify, read and critique the best available and most relevant reviews, papers and journals for your UG research topics...

Lecture 3. Perform a comprehensive literature search SoHP503 Project studies Dr Joanne Paton What is this session about? AIM: To learn how to search, identify, read and critique the best available and most relevant reviews, papers and journals for your UG research topics 04/10/2022 SoHP503 Literature review | Dr Joanne Paton 3  SoHP503 (interdisciplinary module for Y2) Learning outcomes 1. Learn how to judiciously select studies and report their findings based on relevance 2. Assess the rational, empirical, and methodological strengths and weakness of different studies 3. Conduct a systematic search of the relevant research literature, in a defined area of health/ medicine interest 4. Compare and contrast the empirical findings from a variety of studies SoHP503 Literature review | Dr Joanne Paton 4  Literature Review ▪ The introduction and background to your project ▪ Persuade the reader that this research is worth doing? ▪ Help refine your research question ▪ Must have references ▪ No need to provide your search strategy e.g. PICO SoHP503 Literature review | Dr Joanne Paton Assignment brief 1. Introduction as a narrative written in one paragraph. 2. A succinct background and rationale for your study. This needs to include a critique of the existing literature (~600-700 words) in which the literature relevant to the topic is identified and critically applied to identify an existing gap in knowledge and a need for your work. This will form the rationale for the proposed study. i. This should be done by undertaking a search of the literature relevant to the research question. Given the constraints of undergraduate research, searches limited to the last 10 years would be considered acceptable. ii. The search strategy for your background section does not need to be included in the proposal but can be attached as an appendix. iii. The background and rationale include the introduction of key areas, bringing the key area into context, finding the research gap, the impact of answering that gap and the rationale for the research proposed. 3. At the end of the background section, you should clearly state the impact and rationale for your research which leads to the research question and aims and objectives that you would like to address. 4. You should have a research question following PICO (or similar), one research aim and several research objectives(between 2 and 5). SoHP503 Literature review | Dr Joanne Paton 04/10/2022 6 Literature Review Framework Introduction Development of research rationale Critical review of literature Conclusion Aim SoHP503 Literature review | Dr Joanne Paton  Literature Review Framework 1. A general introduction orientating the reader to the topic of the research 2. A critical appraisal of relevant studies (published in the last 10 years) Brief description of studies (Study’s aim, sample size, methods, main findings) Critical review (Not a description, critique the studies validity, reliability, methodology, implications) SoHP503 Literature review | Dr Joanne Paton  Literature Review Framework 3. Conclusion to justify the need for the study 4. Aim – ‘the statement of intention for the research’ The aim of this project is to determine if hand washing with alcohol based disinfectant is more effective than hand washing with non- antiseptic soap at reducing contamination in healthcare worker 5. The research question (PICO) or (PEO) Stage 1. Identify your research topic area What are you investigating? Does diabetic footcare education improve self footcare in people with diabetes. Conduct preliminary research Check out the internet Find some relevant information 04/10/2022 SoHP503 Introduction | Dr Daniela Oehring 11 Stage 2. Identify your search criteria and key terms (PICO / PEO) Key Term Alternate term Population: Who will it Diabetic benefit Intervention / Exposure Footcare Education Comparison / Setting Outcome Self footcare behaviour 5min task: Complete this table for your study 04/10/2022 SoHP503 Literature review Dr Joanne Paton 12 Step 2. Identify your search criteria and key terms (PICO / PEO) Key Term Alternate term Alternate term Alternate term Population: Diabetic Diabetes Mellitus Diabetic Foot Neuropathic foot Who will it Ulceration benefit Intervention / Footcare Education Health promotion Self care Motivational Exposure interviewing Comparison / Setting Outcome Behaviour change Patient compliance adherence Foot ulcer incidence 04/10/2022 SoHP503 Introduction | Dr Daniela Oehring 13 Step 2. Identify your search criteria and key terms (PICO / PEO) Key Term Alternate term Alternate term Alternate term Population: Diabetic (Diabetes Mellitus) Diabetic Foot Neuropathic foot Who will it Ulceration benefit Intervention / (Footcare Education) (Health promotion) Self care (Motivational Exposure interviewing) Comparison / Setting Outcome Behaviour change (Patient compliance) adherence (Foot ulcer) 04/10/2022 SoHP503 Introduction | Dr Daniela Oehring 14 Step 2. Identify your search criteria and key terms (PICO / PEO) Key Term Alternate term Alternate term Alternate term Population: Diabet* (Diabetes Mellitus) Diabetic Foot Neuropathic foot Who will it Ulceration benefit Intervention / (Footcare Education) Health promotion Self care Motivational Exposure interviewing Comparison / Setting Outcome Behaviour change Patient compliance adherence (Foot ulcer) 04/10/2022 SoHP503 Introduction | Dr Daniela Oehring 15 Step 2. Identify your search criteria and key terms (PICO / PEO) Key Term Alternate term Alternate term Alternate term Population: Diabet* OR (Diabetes Mellitus) OR Diabetic Foot OR Neuropathic foot Who will it Ulceration benefit AND AND AND AND Intervention / (Footcare OR Health promotion OR Self care OR Motivational Exposure Education) interviewing AND AND AND AND Outcome Adherence OR Patient compliance OR Lifestyle OR (Foot ulcer) 04/10/2022 SoHP503 Introduction | Dr Daniela Oehring 16 Step 3. Search for studies Electronic Databases Endnote Online Pubmed Library guide for Endnote Online MEDLINE https://plymouth.libguides.com/Endno CINAHL teonline AMED Embase Guidance on registering, managing and Cochrane Database of collecting the references, the Cite Systematic Reviews, While You Write plugin and a reminder about preparing for hand in PsycINFO. Top tip: Make sure you catalogue and store all your references and full text papers on Endnote  https://primo.plymouth.ac.uk/primo- Primo explore/search?vid=VU_PLY&lang=en_US&sortby=rank 1 8  5 min task: What other information might be useful to Step 4. Data extraction collect to help descript the participants? Study number 10 Year 1992 Author Kruger and Guthrie Healthcare setting Hospital context Geographical USA locations Study aim To investigate the effectiveness of podiatric education using a participative, hands-on teaching / learning approach, with a six month follow-up evaluation. Doesn’t say up what but later it appears they thought HbA1c may be influenced, neuropathy - no mention of ulcers that I can see….. Foot health actions Daily foot inspection Daily foot washing Use of pumice stone for corns Trimming toenails regularly Intervention group Experimental group Comparator group Control group N = 23 N = 27 Intervention Hands on teaching / learning sessions to Comparator Videotape on foot care and supplementary wash feet, inspect and assess feet, explanation from an instructor. demonstration of the care of corns and Encourage to inspect feet daily and record callus and cutting of toenails, identification results. of foot problems and footwear evaluation. Kit provided including buff pads, and a mirror. Encourage to inspect feet daily and record results. Research methods RCT Outcome measures Knowledge inventory form Foot care history and assessment of feet form. Daily foot check sheet. Important findings No significant increases in knowledge about foot care observed. HbA1c levels improved significantly for both /Evidence of groups. (One assumes that there must have been some education that might have influenced this that has not effectiveness been explained – or I missed it). Top tip: It’s a good idea to pilot your data collection sheet Step 5. Evaluate and critical appraisal Synthesising in Practice 1 Step 5. Evaluate and critical appraisal Analysis Unpicking, Explaining, Justifying, Breaking Down, Arguing, Clarifying, Highlighting, Scrutinizing, Dissecting, Investigating, Exploring etc. Synthesis Combining, Linking, Connecting, Associating, Integrating, Constructing, Drawing out, Creating, Comparing, Contrasting. Evaluation Assessing, Weighing up, Considering the Implications, Consequences, Significance, Judging. 5 mins task: Read and reflect upon these two examples Example Two ‘Greenhalgh (1994), in their seminal study exploring Example One the safety of doctors replacing nurses in expanded roles concluded that ‘doctor nurse’ substitution was “There are a number of seminal studies safe in conducting venesection and cannulation. However closer examination of the study detail reveals in the field of nurse led care. Greenhalgh that the sole outcome measures considered was the (1994) demonstrated comparable length of wait for patients to receive treatment, and performance by nurses and doctors when the number of attempts made by each practitioner....’ undertaking cannulation, and later Lattimer et al (2000) found that nurses could safely replace doctors in the field of “In contrast Lattimer et.al (2000) conducted a large telephone triage. In contrast Vine (2005) scale equivalence study to determine whether it was found nurse led consultations in primary safe for nurses to undertake ‘telephone triage’ with care took longer and cost more, and patients seeking a same day GP appointment. This was when asked patients expressed a the first study of its kind to use a sufficiently large preference for being seen by a GP.” sample size to compare rare adverse events such as serious illness or death, and consequently their conclusions that nurse led telephone triage was safe have become a widely respected seminal study in the field of nurse led care.”  Example One What does it not say? Nothing on the relevance or significance of “There are a number of seminal studies these studies. in the field of nurse led care. Greenhalgh (1994) demonstrated comparable How or why Greenhalgh and Lattimer et al performance by nurses and doctors when came to those views. undertaking cannulation, and later Lattimer et al (2000) found that nurses What evidence they used in coming to could safely replace doctors in the field of these perspectives. telephone triage. In contrast Vine (2005) Whether one or the other is more found nurse led consultations in primary care took longer and cost more, and convincing or significant. when asked patients expressed a How it ties into their wider argument. preference for being seen by a GP.” Greenhalgh (1994), in their seminal study exploring the safety of doctors replacing nurses in expanded roles concluded that ‘doctor nurse’ substitution (i) Highlights how the was safe in conducting venesection and cannulation. However closer literature has developed. examination of the study detail reveals that the sole outcome measures (ii) Shows nuanced understanding of how Greenhalgh’s study was considered was the length of wait for patients to receive treatment, and the conducted. number of attempts made by each practitioner....’ In contrast Lattimer et.al (2000) conducted a large scale equivalence study to determine whether it was safe for nurses to undertake ‘telephone triage’ with (i) Builds upon their argument. patients seeking a same day GP appointment. This was the first study of its kind (ii) Distinguishes Lattimer from to use a sufficiently large sample size to compare rare adverse events such as Greenhalgh. (iii) Clarifies main results and serious illness or death, and consequently their conclusions that nurse led highlights the implications of this telephone triage was safe have become a widely respected seminal study in study. the field of nurse led care. Gather information and organise your thoughts https://casp-uk.net/casp-tools-checklists/ CASP Randomised Controlled Trial Checklist CASP Systematic Review Checklist CASP Qualitative Studies Checklist CASP Cohort Study Checklist CASP Diagnostic Study Checklist CASP Case Control Study Checklist CASP Economic Evaluation Checklist CASP Clinical Prediction Rule Checklist 04/10/2022 SoHP503 Introduction | Dr Daniela Oehring 26 Use the Appraisal tools to look at: Strengths and Generalisability: ❑ What is the significance of the study? ❑ How transferable to your practice is the study? Limitations and improvements: ❑ What are the study’s weaknesses? ❑ What could be done differently? You may wish to consider some of the following: Sample size, selection, statistical and clinical significance, reliability and validity, location, patients, equipment? SoHP503 Literature review | Dr Joanne Paton Step 6. Plan your review SoHP503 Literature review | Dr Joanne Paton Step 7. Writing Notes Reading Pre-writing Writing Draft Revision Edit Publication SoHP503 Literature review | Dr Joanne Paton What is the (clinical) benefit to answering your research question? 5 minute task SoHP503 Literature review | Dr Joanne Paton 04/10/2022 30 Any questions SoHP503 Literature review | Dr Joanne Paton 04/10/2022 31 Please use the discussion board in case of questions. Thank you! Thanks ☺