Light and Optics Review PDF

**[Light and Optics]** - Properties of light (electromagnetic radiation) - Travels as a transverse wave - Properties (label a wave -- crest, trough, wavelength, amplitude) - Can also behave as a particle (wave-particle duality of light) - Travels in straight li...

**[Light and Optics]** - Properties of light (electromagnetic radiation) - Travels as a transverse wave - Properties (label a wave -- crest, trough, wavelength, amplitude) - Can also behave as a particle (wave-particle duality of light) - Travels in straight lines (linear propagation) - Is a disturbance in the electric and magnetic fields - Light is also called electromagnetic radiation - Travels at 300 000 km/s or 3 x 10^8^ m/s in a vacuum (believed nothing can go faster than light) - Light is created by vibrating electrons - What is a light year - Electromagnetic Spectrum -- names of parts of spectrum - Different types of light have different frequencies and wavelengths - Visible spectrum -- small part of the electromagnetic spectrum - ROYGBIV - Wave equation - v = f ƛ (wave speed = frequency x wavelength) -- units! - Convert from m/s to km/h -- x 3.6 - Km/h to m/s -- divide by 3.6 - Wifi, Bluetooth, cellular signals, microwaves - Colour theory - Additive (mixing light together) - Primary colours -- red, blue, green - Secondary colours -- cyan, magenta, and yellow - RGB theory - Uses - Subtractive (absorbing and reflecting light off objects) - Primary colours -- Cyan, magenta, yellow - Explains how/why we see objects as certain colours - CMYK and uses - Sources of light - Incandescent, bioluminescence, chemiluminescence, Triboluminescence, fluorescent, LED, Sun, Lightning, phosphorescent (glow) - Transparent, translucent, opaque - How do we see colour? Physics and biology - Reflection - Regular reflection (mirrors) - Diffuse reflection (other objects) - Law of reflection (angle of incidence = angle of reflection) - Regular mirror - Concave (converging mirror) - Convex mirrors (diverging) - Ray diagram for an object in a concave mirror and convex mirror - **Characteristics of images formed in mirrors (inverted, larger, smaller, real, virtual)** - **Concave mirrors can produce various types of images (see chart)** - Convex mirrors produce only virtual images which are upright and smaller than the object - Magnification - M = hi/ho or M = di/do (works for both mirrors or lenses) - **Refraction** - **What is refraction** - **What causes refraction (changing of light speed at the interface or boundary between 2 mediums)** - **Examples of refraction phenomenon (rainbows and dispersion, mirages, shimmering stars, heat shimmer, penny in a mug, straw 'breaking')** - **Index of refraction** - **n = c / v** - **Ray diagrams to show refraction of a light ray moving from one medium into another** - **Optical density** - **Total internal reflection (what is it, when does it occur, application -- fiber optics)** - **Occurs at or beyond the critical angle** - **Snell's law** - **n~1~sinƟ~1~ = n~2~sinƟ~2~** - **Lenses** - Converging lenses (convex) cause light rays to come together - Diverging lenses (concave) cause light rays to spread apart - Ray diagrams for lenses - The human eye -- parts found on diagram and function - Near and far sightedness, astigmatism, colour blindness (deficiency) - How do we correct it? - Thin lens equation - 1/f = 1/d~o~ + 1/d~i~ - Uses of lenses in technology (know one well!) - Glasses, cameras, telescopes, magnifying glasses, projectors, binoculars. Solar ovens, lasers