Summary

This document appears to be a past paper related to history. It contains questions and details about farmers, agriculture, and the Mughal Empire. (possibly).

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196 Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ oqQN fo"k; fo"k; fdlku] ”kehankj vkSj jkT; vkB Ñf"k lekt vkSj eqX+ky lkezkT; (yxH...

196 Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ oqQN fo"k; fo"k; fdlku] ”kehankj vkSj jkT; vkB Ñf"k lekt vkSj eqX+ky lkezkT; (yxHkx lksygoha vkSj l=kgoha lnh) lksygoha&l=kgoha lnh osQ nkSjku ¯gnqLrku esa djhc&djhc 85 I+kQhlnh yksx xk¡oksa esa jgrs FksA NksVs [ksfrgj vkSj Hkwfegj laHkzkar nksuksa gh o`Qf"k mRiknu ls tqMs+ Fks vkSj nksuksa gh i+Qly osQ fgLlksa osQ nkosnkj FksA blls muosQ chp lg;ksx] izfr;ksfxrk vkSj la?k"kZ osQ fj'rs cusA [ksrh ls tqM+s bu reke fj'rksa osQ rkus&ckus ls xk¡o dk lekt curk FkkA blh le; dbZ ckgjh rkdrsa Hkh xzkeh.k nqfu;k esa nkf[ky gqb±A buesa lcls egÙoiw.kZ eqX+ky jkT; Fkk tks viuh vkenuh dk cgqr cM+k fgLlk o`Qf"k mRiknu ls mxkgrk FkkA jkT; osQ uqekbans & jktLo fuèkkZfjr djus okys] jktLo olwyh djus okys] fglkc j[kus okys & xzkeh.k lekt ij dkcw j[kus dh dksf'k'k djrs FksA os rlYyh djuk pkgrs Fks fd [ksrksa dh tqrkbZ gks vkSj jkT; dks mit ls vius fgLls dk dj le; ij fey tk,A pw¡fd dbZ I+kQlysa fcØh osQ fy, mxkbZ fp=k 8-1 ,d xzkeh.k n`'; tkrh Fkha] blfy, O;kikj] eqnzk vkSj ck”kkj Hkh xk¡oksa esa ?kql vk, vkSj l=kgoha 'krkCnh osQ ,d eqX+ky fp=k dk blls [ksrh okys bykosQ 'kgj ls tqM+ x,A C;ksjk 1- fdlku vkSj o`Qf"k mRiknu [ksfrgj lekt dh cqfu;knh bdkbZ xk¡o Fkh ftlesa fdlku jgrs FksA fdlku lky Hkj vyx&vyx ekSle esa oks reke dke djrs Fks ftlls i+Qly dh iSnkokj gksrh Fkh & tSls fd ”kehu dh tqrkbZ] cht cksuk vkSj i+Qly idus ij mldh dVkbZA blosQ vykok os mu oLrqvksa osQ mRiknu esa Hkh 'kjhO+kQ gksrs Fks tks o`Qf"k&vkèkkfjr Fkha tSls fd 'kDdj] rsy bR;kfnA ysfdu flI+kZQ eSnkuh bykdksa esa cls fdlkuksa dh [ksrh gh xzkeh.k Hkkjr dh [+kkfl;r ugha FkhA dbZ ,sls {ks=k Hkh Fks & tSls fd lw[kh ”kehu osQ fo'kky fgLlksa ls igkfM+;ksa okys bykosQ & tgk¡ ml rjg dh [ksrh ugha gks ldrh Fkh tSlh fd ”;knk mitkmQ ”kehuksa ijA blosQ vykok] Hkw[kaM dk ,d cgqr cM+k fgLlk taxyksa ls f?kjk FkkA tc ge Reprint 2024-25 197 fdlku] ”kehankj vkSj jkT; o`Qf"k lekt dh ckr djrs gSa rc gesa bu HkkSxksfyd fofoèkrkvksa dk [+;ky j[kuk pkfg,A 1-1 Ïksrksa dh ryk'k pw¡fd fdlku vius ckjs eas [kqn ugha fy[kk djrs Fks blfy, xzkeh.k lekt osQ fØ;kdykiksa dh tkudkjh gesa mu yksxksa ls ugha feyrh tks [ksrksa esa dke djrs FksA urhtru] lksygoha vkSj l=kgoha lfn;ksa osQ o`Qf"k bfrgkl dks le>us osQ fy, gekjs eq[; Ïksr os ,sfrgkfld xzaFk o nLrkos”k gSa tks eqX+ky njckj dh fuxjkuh esa fy[ks x, Fks (nsf[k, vè;k; 9)A lcls egÙoiw.kZ ,sfrgkfld xzaFkksa esa ,d Fkk vkbu&,&vdcjh (la{ksi esa vkbu] nsf[k, vuqHkkx 8) ftls vdcj osQ njckjh bfrgkldkj vcqy i+Q”y us fy[kk FkkA [ksrksa oQh fu;fer tqrkbZ dh rlYyh djus osQ fy,] jkT; osQ uqekbanksa }kjk djksa dh mxkghs osQ fy, vkSj jkT; o xzkeh.k lÙkkiks'kkas ;kuh fd ”kehankjksa osQ chp osQ fj'rksa osQ fu;eu osQ fy, tks bar”kke jkT; us fd, Fks] mldk ys[kk&tks[kk bl xazFk esa cM+h lkoèkkuh ls is'k fd;k x;k gSA vkbu dk eq[; mís'; vdcj osQ lezkT; dk ,d ,slk [kkdk is'k djuk Fkk tgk¡ ,d e”kcwr lÙkkèkkjh oxZ lkekftd esy&tksy cuk dj j[krk FkkA vkbu osQ ys[kd osQ eqrkfcd] eqX+ky jkT; osQ f[kykI+kQ dksbZ cxkor ;k fdlh Hkh fdLe dh Lok;Ùk lÙkk dh nkosnkjh dk vliQy gksuk igys gh r; FkkA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] fdlkuksa osQ ckjs esa tks oqQN gesa vkbu ls irk pyrk gS og lÙkk osQ mQ¡ps xfy;kjksa dk u”kfj;k gSA [kq'kfdLerh ls vkbu dh tkudkjh osQ lkFk&lkFk ge mu Ïksrksa dk Hkh bLrseky dj ldrs gSa tks eqX+kyksa dh jktèkkuh ls nwj osQ bykdksa esa fy[ks x, FksA buesa l=kgoha o vBkjgoha lfn;ksa osQ xqtjkr] egkjk"Vª vkSj jktLFkku ls feyus okys os nLrkos”k 'kkfey gSa tks ljdkj dh vkenuh dh foLr`r tkudkjh nsrs gSaA blosQ vykok] bZLV bafM;k daiuh osQ cgqr lkjs nLrkos”k Hkh gSa tks iwohZ Hkkjr esa o`Qf"k&lacaèkksa dk mi;ksxh [kkdk is'k djrs gSaA ;s lHkh Ïksr fdlkuksa] ”kehankjksa vkSj jkT; osQ chp rus >xM+ksa dks ntZ djrs gSaA yxs gkFk] ;s Ïksr ;g le>us esa gekjh enn djrs gSa fd fdlku jkT; dks fdl u”kfj;s ls ns[krs Fks vkSj jkT; ls mUgsa oSQls U;k; dh mEehn FkhA 1-2 fdlku vkSj mudh ”kehu eqX+ky dky osQ Hkkjrh;&i+Qkjlh Ïksr fdlku osQ fy, vkerkSj ij jS;r (cgqopu] fjvk;k) ;k eq”kfj;ku 'kCn dk bLrseky djrs FksA lkFk gh] gesa fdlku ;k vklkeh tSls 'kCn Hkh feyrs gSaA l=kgoha lnh osQ Ïksr Reprint 2024-25 198 Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ oqQN fo"k; Ïksr 1 nks fdLe osQ fdlkuksa dh ppkZ djrs gSa & [kqn&dk'r o ikfg&dk'r A fdlku cfLr;ksa dk cluk&mtM+uk igys fdLe osQ fdlku os Fks tks mUgha xk¡oksa esa jgrs Fks ftuesa mudh ”kehu FkhaA nwljs (ikfg&dk'r) os [ksfrgj Fks tks nwljs xk¡oksa ls BsosQ ij ;g ¯gnqLrkuh o`Qf"k lekt dh ,d [ksrh djus vkrs FksA yksx viuh e”khZ ls Hkh ikfg&dk'r curs Fks [+kkfl;r Fkh vkSj bl [+kkfl;r us eqX+ky (elyu] vxj djksa dh 'krs± fdlh nwljs xk¡o esa csgrj feysa) 'kkld ckcj dh rs”k fuxkgksa dks bruk vkSj etcwju Hkh (elyu] vdky ;k Hkq[kejh osQ ckn vk£Fkd pkSadk;k fd mlus bls vius laLej.k ijs'kkuh ls)A ckcjukek esa uksV fd;k% mÙkj Hkkjr osQ ,d vkSlr fdlku osQ ikl 'kk;n gh dHkh ,d ¯gnqLrku esa cfLr;k¡ vkSj xk¡o] njvly tksM+h cSy vkSj nks gy ls ”;knk oqQN gksrk Fkk_ ”;knkrj osQ ikl blls 'kgj osQ 'kgj] ,d yegs esa gh ohjku Hkh gks tkrs gSa vkSj cl Hkh tkrs gSaA o"kks± Hkh deA xqtjkr esa ftu fdlkuksa osQ ikl 6 ,dM+ osQ djhc ”kehu Fkh ls vkckn fdlh cMs+ 'kgj osQ ck¯'kns mls os le`¼ ekus tkrs Fks_ nwljh rjI+kQ] caxky esa ,d vkSlr fdlku oQh NksMd + j pys tkrs gS]a rks os ;s dke oqQN ”kehu dh mQijh lhek 5 ,dM+ Fkh_ 10 ,dM+ ”kehu okys vklkeh dks bl rjg djrs gSa fd Msk tkrk FkkA [ksrh O;fDRkxr fefYd;r osQ fl¼kar ij mudk gj ukeksfu'kku (ogk¡ ls) feV vkèkkfjr FkhA fdlkuksa dh ”kehu mlh rjg [kjhnh vkSj csph tkrh Fkh tkrk gSA nwljh vksj] vxj os fdlh tSls nwljs laifÙk ekfydksa dhA txg ij cluk pkgrs gSa rks mUgsa ikuh osQ jkLrs [kksnus dh ”k:jr ugha gksrh mUuhloha lnh osQ fnYyh&vkxjk bykosQ esa fdlkuksa dh fefYd;r D;ksafd muoQh lkjh i+Qlysa ckfj'k osQ dk ;g fooj.k l=kgoha lnh ij Hkh mruk gh ykxw gksrk gS% ikuh esa mxrh gSa] vkSj pw¡fd ¯gnqLrku gy tksrus okys [ksfrgj fdlku gj ”kehu dh gnksa ij feV~Vh] dh vkcknh cs'kqekj gS] yksx meM+rs pys b±V vkSj dk¡Vksa ls igpku osQ fy, fu'kku yxkrs gSa] vkSj ”kehu vkrs gSaA os ,d ljksoj ;k oqQvk¡ cuk ysrs gSa_ mUgsa ?kj cukus ;k nhokj [kM+h osQ ,sls g”kkjksa VqdMs+ fdlh Hkh xk¡o esa ns[ks tk ldrs gSaA djus dh Hkh ”k:jr ugha gksrh--- [kl oQh ?kkl cgqrk;kr esa ikbZ tkrh gSa] 1-3 flapkbZ vkSj rduhd taxy vikj gS]a >ksia fM+;k¡ cukbZ tkrh gS]a ”kehu dh cgqrk;r] etnwjksa dh ekStwnxh] vkSj fdlkuksa dh xfr'khyrk vkSj ;dk;d ,d xk¡o ;k 'kgj [kM+k gks dh otg ls o`Qf"k dk yxkrkj foLrkj gqvkA p¡wfd [ksrh dk izkFkfed tkrk gS! mís'; yksxksa dk isV Hkjuk Fkk] blfy, jks”kejkZ osQ [kkus dh t:jrsa tSls pkoy] xsgw¡] Tokj bR;kfn I+kQlysa lcls ”;knk mxkbZ tkrh FkhaA ftu bykdksa esa izfr o"kZ 40 bap ;k mlls ”;knk ckfj'k gksrh Fkh] ogk¡ Ü o`Qf"k thou osQ mu igyqvksa dk fooj.k nhft, tks ckcj dks mÙkj dekscs'k pkoy dh [ksrh gksrh FkhA de vkSj derj ckfj'k okys Hkkjr osQ bykosQ dh [+kkfl;r yxhA bykdksa esa Øe'k% xsgw¡ o Tokj&cktjs dh [ksrh ”;knk izpfyr FkhA ekulwu Hkkjrh; o`Qf"k dh jhrs Ü fp=k esa n'kkZ;h xbZ xfrfof/;ksa dk Fks fd xzke iapk;r dks bldh lquokbZ djuh pkfg, vkSj ;g o.kZu dhft,A lqfuf'pr djuk pkfg, fd jkT; viuk uSfrd I+kQ”kZ vnk djs vkSj U;k; djsA ¶fupyh tkfr¸ osQ fdlkuksa vkSj jkT; osQ vfèkdkfj;ksa ;k LFkkuh; ”kehankjksa osQ chp >xM+kas esa iapk;r osQ I+kSQlys vyx&vyx ekeyksa esa vyx&vyx gks ldrs FksA vR;fèkd dj dh ek¡xksa osQ ekeys esa iapk;r vdlj le>kSrs dk lq>ko nsrh FkhA tgk¡ le>kSrs ugha gks ikrs Fks] ogk¡ fdlku fojksèk osQ ”;knk mxz jkLrs viukrs Fks] tSls fd xk¡o NksM+dj Hkkx tkukA tksrus yk;d [kkyh ”kehu vis{kko`Qr vklkuh ls miyCèk Fkh tcfd Je dks ysdj izfr;ksfxrk FkhA bl otg ls] xk¡o NksM+dj Hkkx tkuk [ksfrgjksa osQ gkFk esa ,d cM+k izHkkoh gfFk;kj FkkA 2-3 xzkeh.k nLrdkj vyx&vyx rjg osQ mRiknu dk;Z esa tqVs yksxksa osQ chp iSQys ysu&nsu osQ fj'rs xk¡o dk ,d vkSj jkspd igyw FkkA vax”zs kh 'kklu osQ 'kq#vkrh Ok"kks± esa fd, x, xk¡oksa osQ los{Z k.k vkSj ejkBkvksa osQ nLrkos”k crkrs gSa fd xk¡oksa esa nLrdkj dkI+kQh vPNh rknkn esa jgrs FksA dgha&dgha rks oqQYk ?kjksa osQ 25 I+kQhlnh ?kj nLrdkjksa osQ FksA dHkh&dHkh fdlkuksa vkSj nLrkdkjksa osQ chp I+kQoZQ djuk eqf'dy gksrk Fkk D;ksfa d dbZ ,sls lewg Fks tks nksuksa fdLe osQ dke djrs FksA [ksfrgj vkSj mlosQ ifjokj osQ lnL; dbZ rjg dh oLrqvksa osQ mRiknu esa f'kjdr djrs FksA Reprint 2024-25 205 fdlku] ”kehankj vkSj jkT; elyuµj¡xjs”kh] diM+s ij NikbZ] fe^h osQ cjruksa dks idkuk] [ksrh osQ vkS”kkjksa dks cukuk ;k mudh ejEer djukA mu eghuksa esa tc muosQ ikl [ksrh osQ dke ls I+kqQjlr gksrhµtSls fd cqvkbZ vkSj lqgkbZ osQ chp ;k lqgkbZ vkSj dVkbZ osQ chpµml le; ;s [ksfrgj nLrdkjh dk dke djrs FksA oqQEgkj] yksgkj] ck;k gS fd dh otgsa ogh gSa ftudk f”kozQ geus bl u, cls bykdksa osQ [ksfrgj leqnk;ksa us ftl rjg èkhjs&èkhjs bLyke dks vuqHkkx esa fd;k gS ;k muls vyx\ viuk;k mlesa lwI+kQh larksa (ihj) us ,d cM+h Hkwfedk vnk dh Fkh (vè;k; 6 Hkh nsf[k,)A 5- ”kehankj eqX+ky Hkkjr esa o`Qf"k lacaèkksa dh gekjh nkLrku rc rd vèkwjh jgsxh tc rd xk¡oksa esa jgus okys ,d ,sls rcosQ dh ckr u dj ysa ftudh dekbZ rks [ksrh ls vkrh Fkh ysfdu tks o`Qf"k mRiknu esa lhèks fgLlsnkjh ugha djrs FksA ;s ”kehankj Fks tks viuh ”kehu osQ ekfyd gksrs Fks vkSj ftUgsa xzkeh.k lekt esa Å¡ph gSfl;r dh otg ls oqQN [kkl lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd lqfoèkk,¡ feyh gqbZ FkhaA ”kehankjksa dh cyfd;k¡ fn[kkdj vkSj mlosQ ckf'kanksa o mRiknksa osQ ckjs esa lkaf[;dh; vk¡dM+s nsdj] vcqy Ik+ Q”y eè;dkyhu bfrgkldkjksa dh vc rd izpfyr ijaijkvksa ls dgha vkxs fudy x, vkSj ;g fuf'pr rkSj ij ,d cM+h miyfC/ FkhA xkSjryc gS fd eè;dkyhu Hkkjr esa vcqy I+kQ”y ls igys osQ bfrgkldkj ”;knkrj jktuhfrd okjnkrksa osQ ckjs esa gh fy[krs Fks&tax] I+kQrg] fl;klh lkf”k'ksa] ;k Reprint 2024-25 221 fdlku] ”kehankj vkSj jkT; oa'kh; mFky&iqFkyA ns'k] mlosQ yksx ;k mRiknksa dk f”kozQ xkgs cxkgs izlaxo'k gh vkrk Fkk vkSj og Hkh ,d ,sls ys[k ¶lkt&lTtk¸ osQ :i esa ftldh fn'kk ewyr% jktuhfrd gksrh FkhA Hkkjr osQ yksxksa vkSj eqx+y lkezkT; osQ ckjs esa foLr`r lwpuk,¡ ntZ djosQ vkbu us LFkkfir ijaijkvksa dks ihNs NksM+ fn;k vkSj bl rjg l=kgoha lnh osQ eqgkus ij Hkkjr osQ vè;;u osQ fy, ,d lanHkZ fcanq cu x;kA tgk¡ rd o`Qf"k laca/ksa dk loky gS] vkbu osQ lkaf[;dh; lcwrksa dh vgfe;r pqukSfr;ksa osQ ijs gSA ysfdu blls Hkh egÙoiw.kZ] yksxksa] muosQ is'kksa vkSj O;olk;ksa] lkezkT; dh O;oLFkk vkSj mlosQ mPpkf/dkfj;ksa osQ ckjs esa tks lwpuk,¡ ;g xazFk eqgS;k djkrk gS] mudh enn ls bfrgkldkj ledkyhu Hkkjr osQ lkekftd rkus&ckus dk bfrgkl iqu% jprs gSaA dky js[kk eqxy + lkezkT; osQ bfrgkl osQ eq[; iM+ko 1526 fnYyh osQ lqyrku] bczkfge yksnh dks ikuhir esa gjkdj ckcj igyk eqx+y ckn'kkg curk gS 1530–40 gqek;w¡ osQ 'kklu dk igyk pj.k 1540–55 'ksj'kkg ls gkj dj gqek;w¡ lI +kQkoh njckj esa izoklh cu dj jgrk gS 1555–56 gqek;w¡ [kks;s gq, jkT; dks fiQj ls gkfly djrk gS 1556–1605 vdcj dk 'kklu dky 1605–27 tgk¡xhj dk 'kklu dky 1628–58 'kkgtgk¡ dk 'kklu dky 1658–1707 vkSjax”ksc dk 'kklu dky 1739 ukfnj'kkg Hkkjr ij vkozQe.k djrk gS vkSj fnYyh dks ywVrk gS 1761 vgen 'kkg vCnkyh ikuhir osQ rhljs ;q¼ esa ejkBksa dks gjkrk gS 1765 caxky osQ nhokuh vf/dkj bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh dks lkSai fn;s tkrs gSa 1857 vafre eqx+y ckn'kkg cgknqj 'kkg ”kI+ kQj dks vaxzs”k xíh ls gVk nsrs gSa vkSj ns'k fudkyk nsdj jaxwu (vkt dk ;kaxksu] E;kaekj esa) Hkst nsrs gSaA Reprint 2024-25 222 Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ oqQN fo"k; mÙkj nhft, (yxHkx 100 ls 150 'kCnksa esa ) 1- o`Qf"k bfrgkl fy[kus osQ fy, vkbu dks Ïksr osQ :i esa bLrseky djus esa dkSu lh leL;k,¡ gSa\ bfrgkldkj bu leL;kvksa ls oSQls fuiVrs gSa\ 2- lksygoha&l=kgoha lnh esa o`Qf"k mRiknu dks fdl gn rd eg”k xq”kkjs osQ fy, [ksrh dg ldrs gSa\ vius mÙkj osQ dkj.k Li"V dhft,A 3- o`Qf"k mRiknu esa efgykvksa dh Hkwfedk dk fooj.k nhft,A 4- fopkjk/hu dky esa ekSfnzd dkjksckj dh vgfe;r dh foospuk mnkgj.k nsdj dhft,A 5- mu lwcrksa dh tk¡p dhft, tks ;s lq>krs gSa fd eqx+y jktdks"kh; O;oLFkk osQ fy, Hkw&jktLo cgqr egÙoiw.kZ FkkA fuEufyf[kr ij ,d y?kq fuca/ fyf[k, (yxHkx 250-300 'kCnksa esa ) 6- vkiosQ eqrkfcd o`Qf"k lekt esa lkekftd o vkfFkZd laca/ksa dks izHkkfor djus esa tkfr fdl gn rd ,d dkjd Fkh\ 7- lksygoha vkSj l=kgoha lnh esa taxy okfl;ksa dh f”knaxh fdl rjg cny xbZ\ 8- eqx+y Hkkjr esa ”kehankjksa dh Hkwfedk dh tk¡p dhft,A fp=k 8-15 9- iapk;r vkSj xk¡o dk eqf[k;k fdl rjg ls xzkeh.k lekt dk fu;eu djrs lqukjksa dks n'kkZrs gq, l=kgoha 'krkCnh dk fp=k Fks\ foospuk dhft,A Reprint 2024-25 223 fdlku] ”kehankj vkSj jkT; ekufp=k dk;Z ;fn vki vkSj tkudkjh pkgrs 10- fo'o osQ cfgjZs[kk okys uD'ks ij mu bykdksa dks fn[kk,¡ ftudk gSa rks bUgsa if

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